awarded the Commander's Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta to Poles who saved Jews during World War II The award was handed over to the relatives of Pajewski and Kossower by Wojciech Kolarski the Secretary of State in the Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland The Order was also awarded to seven other people: Jan Hondra Convinced of the uniqueness and courageous achievements of both heroes currently a member of the Research Department of the Emanuel Ringelblum Jewish Historical Institute has sought to award them the Order since 2019 The initiative was first adopted by the Institute of National Remembrance with the consent of its director and it then gained the support of the JHI directorship as an opportunity to emphasize the Polish-Jewish brotherhood in arms visited the permanent exhibition at the JHI Bartosz Borys from the Education Department JHI directorship with the descendants of the awarded Teodor Pajewski was born in 1915 in Warsaw and soldier of the 7th Lublin Uhlan Regiment he managed to escape from the POW camp and returned to Warsaw and then the ‘Walerian Łukasiński’ Battalion of the Polish Home Army Pajewski took an active part in saving Jews from the Germans Together they went on missions to the German SS labor camps in the Lublin district as well as to Trawniki (Świdnik district) and Budzyń (Kraśnik district) They were an inseparable pair of emissaries acting on behalf of the Home Army and the Council to Aid Jews a writer and member of the conspiratorial group Oneg Shabbat After the outbreak of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April 1943 he got actor and director Jonas Turkow and his wife Diana Blumenfeld to the so-called “Aryan” side of the ghetto wall; he hid both in his apartment at 8 Brukowa Street Some of the people of Jewish origin he took care of are known today only by their surnames or first names: Engelberg as in the case of the wife of a carpenter from Radzymin or escapees from the “Gęsiówka” prison thanks to the initiative of Arnold Szyfman the Yad Vashem Institute awarded Pajewski with the Righteous Among the Nations medal Szoszana Kossower was born on May 10th 1922 in Radzymin near Warsaw Her parents were Aron-Jozef and Sara nee Elman structures of the armed resistance movement in the Warsaw Ghetto Kossower was actively involved in organising help for Jews she helped to lead from the Warsaw Ghetto to the “Aryan” side among others: writer Rubin Feldszuh with his wife and daughter soldiers of the Jewish Combat Organisation Hersz Berliński and Eliahu Erlich One of the most important achievements of Kossower and Pajewski was the liberation of the historian Emanuel Ringelblum creator of Oneg Shabat group and the Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto The heroine herself recalled: “I got a beautiful letter from his son thanking him for saving his father” she attempted to liberate more Jews from the German labor camp in Poniatowa but helping became impossible when the Germans shot 14,800 prisoners of this camp during Operation Erntefest on November 4th 1943 Thanks to the help of Kołaczyński and Olgierd Ostkiewicz-Rudnicki Emilka Kossower joined the ‘Walerian Łukasiński’ Battalion of the Home Army and participated in the Warsaw Uprising as a liaison and distributor of the underground press and distributed them to different places,” she recalled Chaim Lazar wrote that she was also the commander of the liaison officers and nurses she passed through the sewers to Śródmieście and then on the day of the surrender of the Uprising on October 2nd 1944 Kossower spent the rest of the war in the POW camp in Oberlangen (Stalag VI-C) The Jewish Historical Institute has made efforts to commemorate Teodor Pajewski Emanuel Ringelblum – the patron of the Jewish Historical Institute – and all people such as Fr who together with Pajewski formed a group helping Jews we plan to unveil a commemorative plaque at 2 Radzymińska Street in Warsaw and it was there that Ringelblum found shelter in August 1943 after leaving the German labor camp in Trawniki we are planning a ceremony to award Teodor Pajewski’s son with the Righteous Among the Nations medal Teodor Pajewski and Emilia Kossower-Rosenzweig despite many merits to the Polish and Jewish nations did not get a broader biography and their proper place in modern history Knowledge about their achievements should reach not only the group of researchers As the Emanuel Ringelblum Jewish Historical Institute we will strive to cultivate the memory of the heroes Information about Pajewski and Kossower was provided by Dr The Warsaw Ghetto Museum invites teachers and educators to a free field seminar “In the Footsteps of Operation Reinhardt” on March 26–27 “Operation Reinhardt” began – a perfectly planned operation to systematically murder the entire Jewish population of the Generalgouvernement and later the Białystok district to use the victims’ labor and loot their property The operation was probably named after Reinhard Heydrich the organizer of the Wannsee Conference and the main architect of the Holocaust The SS and police commander in the Lublin district Jews were murdered both in their places of residence and in extermination camps – such as Bełżec Treblinka and the camps designated as concentration camps: Majdanek and Auschwitz-Birkenau Registrations to the e-mail address wmlynarczyk@1943.pl by March 10 '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0 location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null "\/aktion-erntefest-how-the-nazis-murdered-43000-jews-in-2-days-at-sobibor\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=Hmy9aUZkfJakuknlN6KBNQhPyg.4B3PG_gnAdZy5uvc-1746518350-1.0.1.1-gC9Y72bqgpiwSn_tINIFSAhXgfY0pbAbBttNsiS7pGI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}()); 2013Get email notification for articles from David B German forces in the Lublin district of Poland carried out the Holocaust's largest massacre of Jews over a 24-hour period Dubbed Aktion Erntefest (Operation Harvest Festival) the Nazis oversaw the execution of some 43,000 people at Majdanek and two of its sub-camps Dr Halina Postek from the Education Department laid flowers on behalf of the Warsaw Ghetto Museum at the Monument to the Ghetto Heroes in Muranów The ceremony was attended by representatives of the Jewish community representatives of Polish cultural institutions The ceremony was organised by the Social and Cultural Society of Jews in Poland nearly 7,000 people were murdered by the Germans on the spot during the uprising and almost 7,000 were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp about 6,000 Jews were killed during the fighting were deported to labour and concentration camps in the General Government (mostly to Trawniki they tried to continue functioning and survive but most of them fell victim to the operation codenamed ‘Erntefest’ (‘Harvest Festival’) carried out on 3-4 November 1943 in the labour camps in Trawniki and Poniatowa and in KL Lublin.