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This paper presents the current state of conservation of historic roof churches located in the Żuławy of Gdańsk (Poland)
It also describes the architecture of these temples
the region itself and old carpentry techniques for constructing roof trusses
Interdisciplinary tests were carried out in six churches
The geometry of the load bearing structures
the moisture content and the carpentry technique were specified
The field survey also included visual inspections and non-destructive testing of timber structural elements of the roof constructions
The ground penetrating radar and ultrasonic testing methods were used to assess the structure and extent of the damage to the timber elements
The interdisciplinary research presented in this article is important in the planning of historic buildings conservation works and it might be applied to other timber structures
one of the interesting regions where historical objects have not been fully explored yet is the Żuławy of Gdańsk
located in the Vistula Delta where there are many timber buildings and structures
The churches built there since the fourteenth century are some of the most important preserved elements of the region’s architectural heritage
the number of historic churches in the Vistula Delta decreased significantly during the Second World War
The subject that has not been thoroughly studied yet is the state of preservation and typology of the timber roof structures of the Vistula Delta churches
They are a special case of the region’s material heritage and evidence of traditional construction techniques
The above-mentioned studies do not contain any information on the details of the roof structures
it is difficult to find research papers in the world literature that describe the application of these methods to study historic wooden components
there is still a lack of scientific studies on the sacred architecture of the Żuławy of Gdańsk
there is insufficient information on their construction
structural and diagnostic study of the current state of the selected roof trusses in the historic churches in the Żuławy of Gdańsk
The history of the region is presented and a brief description of the churches is given as well
The research includes an architectural and structural inventory
and an conclusions from the analysis of the available archival source material
Ultrasonic and ground-penetrating radar methods were used to examine the condition of the load-bearing elements of the roof trusses
the roof trusses typology of the considered churches was developed
Several types of non-destructive testing techniques are currently used to assess the physical and mechanical properties of timber structures in situ
One of these is the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method
which was first developed for soil testing
and has since been successfully applied to the inspection of masonry
GPR images allow for the detection of different types of anomalies in the form of voids
discontinuities or inclusions and their spatial location
There are many aspects that make the ground penetration radar technique an attractive approach to wood diagnostics
GPR inspection is faster than point-by-point testing and it allows for in-situ testing
the instrumentation is commercially available to customers
and its use does not require coupling agents between the antenna and the surface of the object being tested
while fairly intuitive in terms of locating internal features
requires experience in identifying the nature of the localized defect (air void
They proposed an innovative method of detecting damage in wooden beams
Churches in: a Miłobądz (#1) b Pruszcz Gdański I (#2) c Kiezmark (#3) d Pruszcz Gdański II (#4) e Koźliny (#5) f Trutnowy (#6)
The research involved archival queries and fieldwork
the available literature and source materials were analyzed
Field tests were then carried out to measure the geometry of the roof structure
and cross-sectional sizes of the main structural elements
The study also included taking measurements of the moisture content of the timber elements (rafters)
as well as the analysis of the joints and carpentry marks
The species of wood used for the roof trusses was also confirmed
non-destructive tests were carried out using ground penetrating radar and ultrasonic testing methods
The age of the roof structures was determined on the basis of: historical documentation
conservation documentation and informations collected from the churches guardians
V [m3]—volume of the timber construction elements (rafters
R [m]—average spacing of particular roof trusses
the data for the church in Pruszcz Gdański I #2: the volume of the timber load-bearing elements of one girder V = 3.56m3
the inspection of wood was conducted using two non-destructive techniques: ground penetrating radar and ultrasonic testing
while ultrasonic testing was performed in a transmission mode
NDT equipment used in in-situ tests: a ground penetrating radar b ultrasonic pulse velocity tester
Geometry and girders of the roof trusses with the indication of the measured timber elements
churches in: a Miłobądz (#1) b Pruszcz Gdański I (#2) c Kiezmark (#3) d Pruszcz Gdański II (#4) e Koźliny (#5) f Trutnowy (#6)
Roof trusses in: a Miłobądz (#1), b Pruszcz Gdański I (#2), c Kiezmark (#3), d Pruszcz Gdański II (#4), e Koźliny (#5), f Trutnowy (#6)
Carpentry joints in church roof trusses: a Miłobądz (#1), b Pruszcz Gdański I (#2), c Kiezmark (#3), d Pruszcz Gdański II (#4), e Koźliny (#5), f Trutnowy (#6)
Carpenters’ marks on roof trusses: a and e Pruszcz Gdański I (#2)
The average indicator \(\overline{V }\) of the roof trusses is 0.21 m3/m2
varying from 0.096 m3/m2 for the rebuilt roof truss in church #1
The angle of inclination varies from 51° for church #3 to 63° for church #2
the average angle for all the objects being 56°
The height of the roof trusses ranges from 6 m for church #5
The trusses span varies from 8 m for church #5 to 15 m for church #1
The average girder span ranges from 0.5 m for church #4 to 3.5 m for church #1
The truss of church #4 does not have an upper collar beam or a tie beam
In church #5 the truss has only one collar beam and no post
GPR radagrams locating bolts and nails in timber beams a plane parallel (a–f) and perpendicular (g, h) to the moving GPR antenna
GPR radargrams locating carpentry joints for electric cables in timber beams: a) Milobadz (#1); b) Koźliny (#5); c) Pruszcz Gdański I (#2); d) Koźliny (#5)
GPR radagrams locating the boarding of the roof truss and decay of timber beams: a) Pruszcz Gdański I (#2); b) Trutnowy (#6); c) and d) Koźliny (#5)
Comparison of GPR radargrams of beams from three different trusses from churches in a) Trutnowy
GPR is particularly sensitive in detecting metal components. In wood, these are mainly screws used to connect several beams or nails used to mount small elements such as lighting lamps or cable holders. Examples of the location of such elements in a plane parallel to the plane along which the antenna is led are shown in Fig. 8a–f
These elements are marked as a single hyperbolas and their distance from the tested surface depends on the depth at which a particular element is located
In the case of screws and nails, where the main axis is perpendicular to the direction of GPR movement, their location is marked on the B-scan in the form of several hyperbolas located one above the other (Fig. 8g
GPR can therefore be used not only to locate a metal element but also to assess its orientation
the electrical cables are usually routed visibly on the beam
Ultrasonic wave signals in undamaged and damaged elements with photos of the tested beams: a) Trutnowy (#6); b) Koźliny (#5); c) Pruszcz Gdański II (#4); d) and e) Kiezmark (#3)
Ultrasonic wave signals in wooden beam connections: a) Pruszcz Gdański I (#2); b) Koźliny (#5)
The analysis of the historical roof trusses of the churches located in Żuławy has revealed changes in their construction over the centuries
The roof structures built in the twentieth century are modern solutions
The traditional roof trusses used in the past in the Vistula Delta are no longer built in this region
the angle of inclination and the roofing covering refer to historical schemes
The performed calculations of structural timber \((\overline{V })\) also indicate a reduction in the amount of construction wooden elements needed for the roof trusses
The contemporary solutions used in church #4 and in the rebuilt church #1 required a smaller amount of timber
GPR appeared to be a useful tool for detecting irregularities of wooden beams in historic buildings
mainly due to the lack of automated data analysis procedures
relatively imprecise accuracy of the defect localization and difficulties in determining the type of anomaly
The following results can be drawn from the conducted georadar surveys:
The GPR method provided excellent penetration and showed the full depth of the inspected element
Metal elements in the wood caused strong reflections of the electromagnetic waves
Screws and nails located in a plane parallel to the plane of the moving antenna appear as single hyperbolas
while the elements located in the perpendicular plane appear as a series of hyperbolas one above the other
GPR made it possible to locate carpentry joints in timber beams
either along one axis or in several planes
The roof boarding appeared on GPR radagrams as a collection of regular hyperbolas
Damage and air voids in the timber beams affected the path of electromagnetic waves in the wood
Comparing the results for several beams made of the same material
dimensions and location allowed for a more accurate analysis of the technical condition of the tested beams
it was possible to accurately assess the location of decay in the damaged beams
The ultrasonic transmission method was found to be a good tool for assessing the condition of preservation of timber beams
The limitations of the method was the local measurement
which provides information only on the selected
The following conclusions can be drawn from the ultrasonic transmission tests carried out:
The reference element (an undamaged beam) helped to determine the degree of failure of an element of the same geometry and importance degree
cracks and moisture significantly reduced the velocity of the ultrasonic wave
The diagnostic indicator based on ultrasonic wave velocity was sensitive in locating joints between elements with air voids
the wave propagation velocity did not change significantly
All the considered churches are still in use as sacred buildings and are local parishes
the community is able to finance or carry out ongoing renovations and simple repairs on their own
who are responsible for them and constantly inspect these historical monuments
The surveyed churches are listed in the Register of Monuments
so this group of buildings is under the legal protection of the Provincial Conservator of Monuments
The moisture content of the roof trusses meets the requirements of the technical standards and consequently the risk of biological decay is low
all the inspected roof trusses are in a good state of conservation
The interdisciplinary research conducted in this article forms the basis for further investigations of churches in other regions
The GPR method is suitable for wooden elements and can be applied to similar objects
The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request
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Monument Studia i Materiały Krajowego Ośrodka Badań i Dokumentacji Zabytków
Historyczne złącza ciesielskie Historical carpentry joints
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Architecture and building historical monument record—The church in Miłobądz
Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa w Gdańsku (The National Heritage Board of Poland in Gdańsk); 1965
Architecture and building historical monument record—the church in Miłobądz
Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa w Gdańsku (The National Heritage Board of Poland in Gdańsk); 1985
Architecture and building historical monument record—the church in Pruszcz Gdański
Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa w Gdańsku (The National Heritage Board of Poland in Gdańsk); 1959
Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa w Gdańsku (The National Heritage Board of Poland in Gdańsk); 2008
Architecture and building historical monument record—the church in Kiezmark
Architecture and building historical monument record—the church in Koźliny
Architecture and building historical monument record—the church in Trutnowy
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Rozprawa doktorska (Wooden roof trusses of medieval churches in Gdańsk
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PN-EN 1995-1-1: 2010 (NA.8.1—National Annex to Eurocode 5 – EN 1995-1-1: Design of timber structures
Part 1–1: General—Common rules and Rules for buildings
point 8.1—Limit of timber humidity for structural elements)
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The authors would like to thank the custodians of the churches for their permission to carry out the measurements and photographic documentation
Financial support of these studies from Gdańsk University of Technology by the [DEC-2/2022/IDUB/III.4.3/Pu] grant under the PLUTONIUM—‘Excellence Initiative—Research University’ program is gratefully acknowledged
Department of Technical Fundamentals of Architectural Design
Department Mechanics of Materials and Structures
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
TZ performed the case study and archival and historical query
JP and TZ performed the architectural survey
moisture measurements and described the outcomes from the field tests
MR and KG conducted NDT research and wrote out the results
All the authors participated in the discussion and data analysis
All the authors read and approved of the final manuscript
The authors declare that they have no competing interests
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will “strengthen the potential of Gdansk as the largest Polish sea port capable of competing with the ports of Western Europe.”
The most important investment will be taking place at the Outer Port
which will see the development of access infrastructure and widening of the existing fairway
coupled with construction of new breakwaters and turntables
hope to meet the increasing movement of ships projected for the Outer Port in the coming years
The project also includes upgrades to the Inner Port
along with the deepening of the fairway in the area to reach 90m in width and 12m in depth
Both parts of the project are co-financed by European Union (EU) from resources of the Connecting Europe Facility
The EU is subsidising more than €24m for the works to the Outer Port
these projects will use up all the land available for onshore infrastructure development along the shoreline
which is why extra conceptual work is exploring the development of another area of the port in the deep waters of the Gulf of Gdansk
came after the delivery of a new railway bridge that provides access to the right bank of the port
as well as the recent upgrade to the railway line from the Gdansk Northern Port station to the Pruszcz Gdanski station
both completed by the Port Authority last year
“The dynamic recovery in the global maritime economy has had a huge impact on the intensification of development plans for the Gdansk port,” the PGA said
ports are not only hubs connecting the maritime and land transport station
but are a key link in the global supply chain that generate added value.”
The Port of Gdansk is the largest and the oldest Polish seaport which
has slowly but steadily built its reputation as one of the leading ports in the Baltic
it ranked sixth place in terms of trade volumes in the area
Petersburg in terms of the number of containers handled
The port’s main trading partners are Russia (in a proportion of 54%)
followed by the UK and Estonia with 8% each
Gdansk is also seen to play a significant role in the EU’s Trans-European Transport Corridor 1
a strategy that aims to connect the Nordic countries with Southern and Eastern Europe
“Owing to its geographical and market-related location the Port of Gdansk is well-suited for playing the role of a distribution centre oriented towards the Baltic Sea Region
as well as the Central and Eastern European states,” according to the PGA
“The planned investment projects aim at the best possible level of cohesion between the Port of Gdansk on the one hand
and the infrastructure of Corridor 1 and the entire EU transportation network on the other hand.”
the port’s strategy aims to ultimately double its current throughput capacity and “diametrically change Poland’s position in the Baltic area and in East-Central Europe.”
“The high dynamics of growth in transhipments in general
[…] the capability to handle bigger and bigger vessels
high dynamics of Poland’s economic growth
provide a realistic basis to assume that the Port of Gdansk and its further development will keep growing in the coming decades,” PGA said
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The first tanks have already arrived from Ukraine to the Bumar-Ląbędy plant
Polish Minister of National Defense Mariusz Blaszczak announced this
In April 2023, during one of the meetings of the Contact Group on Ukraine’s Defense in the Rammstein format, the head of the Polish defense ministry signed an agreement with his German counterpart to establish a service center for the entire family of Leopard 2 tanks at Bumar-Labędy
Ukraine would receive two battalions of Leopard 2 tanks in the 2A4 and 2A6 versions
which will also be serviced and repaired at the same plant
Mariusz Blaszczak added that the employees’ experience will be utilized
and the company has excellent development opportunities
“T-72 tanks are also being modernized here at the Bumar-Ląbędy plant
The tanks donated to Ukraine are working perfectly well there (on the battlefield – ed.)
This is thanks to the experienced staff of the company that modernizes these tanks,” the Polish Minister of National Defense emphasized
Russia plans to move to the East of Kharkiv region – ISW
This includes capturing the rest of Luhansk region and moving westward to the eastern part of Kharkiv and the Northern part of Donetsk regions
Kupiansk to get a twin city with Pruszcz Gdański in Poland. It is located in northern Poland, close to the Baltic Sea.
Subscribe to news from Kharkiv, UkraineMost important stories from the frontline region
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Broadband TV News
December 2, 2022 11.08 Europe/London By Chris Dziadul
The Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) has launched proceedings against the country’s leading cable operator Vectra for failing to comply with conditions it imposed for the acquisition of Multimedia Polska
UOKiK says the case concerns the decision of early January 2020
when its president issued a decision in which he consented to a transaction between cable TV operators and Internet providers
Vectra was able to acquire Multimedia Polska
but the company had to meet the condition set out in the decision
It concerned a total of 21 towns/cities and consisted of two parts
it involved the sale of the network in eight cities
Vectra had to allow customers to switch operators at no cost
UOKiK’s president Tomasz Chrósty said: “From the information available to us
it appears that Vectra has not yet fully complied with the imposed structural condition
The company sold the network in only three cities
In the five others – contrary to the decision issued – the condition has not been implemented
which poses the risk of restricting competition
I have initiated proceedings to impose a financial penalty on the company”
UOKiK notes that Vectra has fulfilled the condition for subscribers to switch operators and has also sold the network in Gorzów Wielkopolski as well as Pruszcz Gdanski and Pogórze
the company has not yet sold its network in Kwidzyn
The penalty may amount up to €10,000 for each day of delay in implementing the conditional decision
The president of UOKiK may also revoke the conditional decision if Vectra does not comply with the conditions imposed
As previously reported by Broadband TV News
Vectra completed the acquisition of Multimedia Polska in February 2023
it became the country’s largest cable operator
Today, consumers are increasingly using bandwidth-intensive and latency-sensitive workloads, such as 4K and 8K streaming, online gaming, and AR/VR applications. As a result, Internet Service Providers must update their networks and by extension Wi-Fi experiences and performance. … [Download the White Paper ...]
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In the period from March 2022 to April 2023, in the city of Gdańsk, the city and commune of Pruszcz Gdański, the city and commune of Żukowo and the commune of Kolbudy, the Gdańsk Traffic Research was carried out to learn about daily transport habits of the respondents
which is understood as any movement for a specific purpose by any means of transport or on foot
According to the report summarizing the research
the most time consuming travels were made on the route: university-home (37 minutes)
work-home (33 minutes) and home-work (28 minutes)
Taking into account the results of the report and the longer term
it takes an average of 240 hours a year to travel to and from work or university
For people who have a sedentary office job
traveling by car means an extra hour in this position
because research shows that on average 1.2 people travel in a single passenger car
A large part of the respondents travel in this way - 45% of the trips took place by car
Among the reasons for choosing this means of transport
the passengers most often indicated convenience
shorter travel time and no need to change trains
It's worth looking at commuting as a time that can be more than just a necessary trip
It is true that traveling by car can be convenient
but this convenience costs a lot - it limits daily physical activity
it is often more expensive than public transport
it contributes to increasing air pollution and traffic
Considering that many people do not find time for regular physical activity
traveling by public transport and walking to the bus stop can be a daily dose of exercise
which in the long perspective will certainly bring health benefits
This is a good reason to consider changing transport habits
It must be remembered that changing habits in everyday life is a process that begins in our mind
known as the Transtheoretical Model of Change
divides the process of change into several stages
The authors of this approach prove that by understanding these stages
the process of change can be carried out faster and more effectively
there is resistance to any suggestion of change
the person does not believe that change is necessary
rationalization and projection can be activated
the person begins to consider initializing a change
Some people may stay at this stage for a long time
but actually making no effort to change anything
The next step is to move to specific actions and introduce new habits
This is a time that requires a lot of commitment and energy
there may also be temptations to return to previous habits
it is worth making an effort and take a closer look at our transport habits
collecting information about possible connections
If there is no convenient public transport connection from home to work or school
it may be worth considering combined transport and get to the transfer station by bike
Results of Gdańsk Traffic Research 2022 shows that the three main reasons for choosing public transport in everyday travel are the lower cost of travel
heavy traffic and satisfactory quality of public transport
Reasons for using public transport when traveling
Source: Gdańsk Traffic Research, www.brg.gda.pl/
25.1% of respondents traveling by public transport were motivated by concern for the environment
Half of the reasons for using public transport concerned car parks - 25.1% of respondents indicated difficulties in finding a parking space at their destination
while 24.9% mentioned parking fees as the reason for using public transport
If you want to assess the benefits of limiting or resigning from car travelling in everyday commuting
how long the journey takes and how much of that time we spend standing still
Summary of the daily travel cost of a Gdańsk Tech employee from Pruszcz Gdański
assuming commuting for 20 days a month by car (1 person in the car) and public transport (normal monthly ticket on the route Pruszcz Gdański – Gdańsk Tech - Pruszcz Gdański)
Summary of the total daily travel time and its structure of a Gdańsk Tech employee from Pruszcz Gdański on the route: home-Gdańsk Tech-home by car and public transport (distance of 15 km)
which car users apreciate in everyday travel
can be replaced with extra steps every day
with time to read an interesting book or a talk to a friend who is returning home on the same bus
Small steps can help you change your transport habits
We encourage you to visit the Gdańsk Tech Sustainable Development website
where you can find information about the implementation of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals at the Gdańsk University of Technology
LATROBE, PA – A $1 million-winning Millionaire Maker Scratch-Off was sold at a SHOP ‘n SAVE located at 1910 Dailey Avenue, Latrobe in Westmoreland County, according to the Pennsylvania Lottery
The retailer is set to receive a $5,000 bonus for selling the winning ticket
Millionaire Maker is a $20 game that offers top prizes of $1 million
and players can learn more about the game by visiting the Lottery’s website or downloading the Official App
Scratch-Off prizes expire one year from the game’s end-sale date posted at palottery.com
and winners should immediately sign the back of their ticket and call the Lottery at 1-800-692-7481 as a reminder
and the Pennsylvania Lottery and its retailers do not know where winning tickets will be sold
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Polish Mi-24 pilots have trained on the simulator of the said helicopter for the first time in 2018
For pilots of all types of aircrafts such as helicopters
simulator is a standard part of the training
for those who sit behind the controls of the Mi-24 - it was not
and no company in Europe has met the requirements of the 1st Land Forces Aviation Brigade (1 Brygada Lotnictwa Wojsk Lądowych)
which is in charge of the air bases equipped with Mi-24 in Inowrocław and Pruszcz Gdanski
we have tried to find a provider of such training
Even a suitable tender inquiry has been submitted
no one came forward," says Lieutenant-Colonel Krzysztof Kwiatkowski
commander of the 1st Helicopter Assault Squadron of 56th Air Base in Inowrocław
a company providing training in the Mi-24 simulator at its compound in Petrovac (Macedonia)
it turned out that the device is adapted to the more modern version of Mi-24
In order to check whether the training makes sense and how the simulators look like
Lieutenant Colonel Krzysztof Kwiatkowski and Lieutenant Colonel Marcin Kurandy
commander of the Aviation Action Group at 49th Air Base in Pruszcz Gdański
The basic difference between the Polish Mi-24 and the version called Alexander concerns displays in the upper pilot cabin (Mi-24 has two cabins: the upper one is for the first pilot - the crew commander
and the lower one is for the second pilot - the operator)
pilots have decided that the simulator will be suitable for training
"Main analog instruments were left in the simulator booth
speedometer and variometer are located in the simulator in exactly the same position where they are in the Polish Mi-24
says the commander of the Inowrocław squadron
Many more differences have been discovered in the lower cabin of the helicopter
"Instead of a station to control the weapons
there are two displays and a mission computer
so the training is difficult for the co-pilot," says Lt
A total of about 50 pilots from 56th Air Base and 49th Air Base went to Macedonia in 2018
Why the training did not cover all the pilots serving in both bases
when we did not yet knew that the training would take place
how to modify the course in the future and how to diversify the missions
I can count on such tips from pilots who already have some experience"
The Mi-24 helicopter simulator located at the training compound in Petrovac is an FMS (Full Mission Simulator)
From the outside it looks like a large sphere
some images corresponding to the mission that the pilot performs are being displayed
The airmen emphasize that the flight in the simulator is very realistic
it tilts the same way and gives the impression of moving in a circle
Jacek Janowski from the 56th Air Base in Inowrocław
The center has also a simulation control center
Macedonian and Polish instructors are watching - while standing meters away - what pilots are doing inside the sphere
"The Macedonians were rather responsible for the technical maintenance of the simulator
but we were the ones to decide on how the mission should look like
Each movement of the pilot is being recorded
so in real time we saw which devices he turned on
Polish instructors do not have such possibility
because the Mi-24 is constructed in such a way that pilots from the first and the second cabin cannot see each other
Instructors cannot control whether trainees are being focused on right instruments
"Sometimes a procedure in the simulator was failing and it turned out that the pilot was watching the wrong indicator
For what emergency situations have the pilots trained for
"When the hydraulic installation fails - first the main one
one of the most important tasks of the pilots is to control the helicopter
The problem is that the installation is responsible for control assistance
so in order to safely land a three-ton helicopter on the ground
Sometimes you need the strength of two pilots in order to pull the control stick"
It is difficult to train such situation in the real world
as is the case of the event of a fire of engines - one of the most dangerous failures
"In the simulator it looks the same as in reality
so we receive information about the fact that we have a fire
a system that loudly informs about a failure
I look at the control devices of the power unit - if there is a fire
I can see how the engine temperature is rising"
Pilots perform next steps listed on the checklist
you can control the situation" - one of them says
The pilot checks whether the fire extinguishing tank has worked and then turns off the burning engine
I go to the next point of the protocol - a flight with one engine..
And then to the next - an emergency landing"
but during the first flights in the simulator
even experienced pilots have crashed the helicopter
they are all as important as the knowledge of procedures
because these are the situations that carry a huge risk
We do it at a safe height and at a safe distance
everything happens by surprise and in the least comfortable conditions"
some of the procedures are being practiced on the ground
Turn on the lights and turn them off again..
The pilot memorizes and masters these activities
but there is no adrenaline and stress" says the commander of the Inowrocław squadron
The CRM (Crew Resource Management) - that is crew's cooperation in emergency situations - has also been practiced
it was supposed to be a training for crew commanders only
but it turned out that the simulator can also be used in pilot-operator training"
"They learned that their role during the flight
is very important," adds the commander of the Aviation Action Group
responsibilities must become divided between the two pilots
"The number of stimuli that the crew commander is experiencing is so high that at some point
the other pilot has to take over some tasks - from reading points from the checklist to the helicopter control
Then the crew commander has time to deal with switching
turning off or switching on further devices in his cabin
Due to the fact that in the Mi-24 they are not only in the cockpit in front of the commander
he may find it difficult to turn them off and simultaneously look ahead
help of the co-pilot is very important in such cases"
How experienced pilots benefited from the training
My chances of surviving the malfunction of a helicopter have increased
I know that if something would happen to me in the air
I will have what I have practiced in the simulator before my eyes" says Lt
"There is no way to train for all emergency situations during the real flight
I had a small amount of hours spent in the air at that time
because I finished the School of Eaglets only a year and a half earlier
have allowed me to happily land in a casual area
so nobody paid any attention to mistakes thant I have made
And such knowledge is very important for pilots and the simulator gives us the opportunity to obtain it"
Pilots admit that it would be best to train more frequently
Since there is no chance of that to happen
But the training program will be slightly modified
training procedures in emergency situations
to be a surprise for the pilot in training
so that he cannot be prepared for a specific situation"
that in 2019 all pilots of this machine will undergo training in the Mi-24 flight simulator
"Training in Macedonia has already been included in their individual training plans"
president of the management board of LPP Logistics
talks about the plans of the LPP Group and LPP Logistics
Find 4 minutes and listen to an expert practitioner
Listen to the all hot Eurobuild podcasts on your smartphone via Spotify
The archive episodes (since 21st January of 2024) are available here
CA Immo exits non-core market Serbia with the sale of the 19,600 sqm office building Sava Business Center in Belgrade
Both the sales price and the buyer are subject to confidentiality
As the PBSA sector finally takes off in Poland
it is now increasingly attracting international operators and investors
Eurobuild CEE spoke to Xior's investment manager
about why it has such confidence in the Polish market
Residential developer Develia has signed a preliminary agreement to acquire all the shares in Bouygues Immobilier Polska
the Polish subsidiary of Bouygues Immobilier
ESA logistika has leased 15,000 sqm in Prologis Park Piotrków
GLP has completed the development of its Wrocław V Logistics Centre and has received a BREEAM rating of Outstanding
Panattoni has secured EUR 40 mln in financing from BNP Paribas for the development of Panattoni Park Sosnowiec IV
Newgate Investment (NGI) and Redkom Development are developing a large retail park in Bydgoszcz
Deutsche Hypo – NORD/LB Real Estate Finance has provided a five-year green loan to Olivia Seven for the refinancing of the Olivia Prime A office building in Gdańsk-Oliwa
communications and security company Motorola Solutions has signed a five-year lease renewal
18,000 sqm at the Green Office complex in Kraków’s Podgórze district
Falling interest rates and easing monetary policy across the eurozone and CEEi are boosting investor confidence in the region’s commercial real estate market
reveals Colliers in its ‘Beyond Real Estate | Economy’ report
Panattoni is to build the Panattoni Park Mainz Süd in Erbes-Büdesheim bei Alzey
Axi Immo has presented its latest report “Warsaw Office Market – Q1 2025
The market opened in 2025 on a steady footing
with a notable increase in leasing activity and a modest decline in vacancy
landlords continue to focus on upgrading existing assets and prioritizing quality over quantity
Convenience store chain Żabka has officially opened a new logistics centre in Kąty Wrocławskie
The first stage of the development will serve 1,500 stores in the Wrocław area
Romanian Post has leased over 5,000 sqm of logistics space in CTPark Bucharest to serve as its temporary regional courier and logistics hub for Bucharest
JLL has announced the sale and leaseback of two properties by a manufacturing company in a deal worth over PLN 1 bln
Warehouse developer CTP is adding 2,000 sqm to its Clubco coworking development in Brno
pbb Deutsche Pfandbriefbank has extended an investment facility to PineBridge Benson Elliot for the Diuna Office Park in Warsaw
The hotel market in Bucharest continued its recovery in 2024
while the ADR has finally surpassed the milestone of EUR 100
Torus has announced its All.inn students’ residence concept that is soon to appear on ul
Enjoy the last set of recordings with comments straight from this year's MIPIM
we asked experts from our home country for their input
Listen to the latest recording from our Eurobuild FM series
Head of Business Development and Head of Research & Data Intelligence
we bring you another brief recording from Expo Real 2024
and immerse yourself in the event's atmosphere
We are launching a series of short recordings from Expo Real 2024
we talk about the specifics of the Kraków housing market with Jarosław Szanajca and Marcin Rams
the respective CEOs of Dom Development and Dom Development Kraków
The latest episode of Eurobuild FM smells of salty wind
as we've just recorded it in Pruszcz Gdański
visiting the largest facility of LPP Logistics
new warehouse space and hundreds of new showrooms - listen to details in the latest edition of our podcast
comments on the condition of the housing sector
the European Central Bank finally decided to cut interest rates by 0.25 percentage points
What does such a reduction mean for the market
how will it affect investors and how quickly will we notice its effects – says Jacek Bagiński
managing director of Zeitraum Student Housing
comments on the condition of the sector in Poland
and also reveals the company's expansion plans for the coming months
Welcome to a special episode of Eurobuild FM
the May issue of the "Eurobuild CEE" monthly will be released
and today we have a preview of the cover topic in the form of a podcast
We invite you to listen to our still hot Eurobuild FM podcast
managing director and the head of European investment at W.P
shares his opinions exclusively for Eurobuild's readers
EUR 115 bln – this is the amount the Swedish government and local authorities intend to invest in construction and infrastructure projects in the Stockholm region by 2040
The biggest problem for this investment is not financing
This opens up a huge opportunity for Polish companies – and not only those in the construction sector
We invited an excellent expert to the today's episode – distinguished structural engineer Tristram Carfrae
deputy chair of world-renowned design consultants Arup gave us an exclusive interview
We invite you to the third and last episode of the special podcast from Cannes
three different views on different market segments
united by one approach – quite healthy optimism
TECHNOLOGIES - this is a word that must be written in capital letters
because the role of this segment at the concluded MIPIM 2024 fair was equally capital
Listen to the second episode of the special podcast straight from Cannes
Is there still a glass ceiling in the real estate industry
Listen to the special edition of Eurobuild FM prepared on the occasion of 8 March
Spring has very much sprung and everywhere is bathed in the first warm sunshine of the year
I have in the back of my mind the terrifying fo ..
The Polish warehouse market has finally stabilised after the post-pandemic boom
but new challenges and opportunities are on the horizon for the sector
UBM Development has been given the go-ahead for the first wooden office building in Poland: Timber Park in Poleczki Business Park in Warsaw
The office market in Warsaw is currently experiencing a period of stability in terms of supply and take-up
Recent data on overall tenant activity indicates that clients in the cap ..
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the construction of the Aura residential building
designed by Robert Konieczny's office KWK Promes
According to a report by research company Spectis “Construction companies in Poland 2025-2030”
the total revenues of the 300 leading construction gro ..
The Globalworth Foundation has provided the authorities in Bucharest with office space for a Covid vaccination centre
Panattoni BTS and Commercecon together support the establishment of the second Centaurus Foundation centre in Poland to help horses and other animals
intends to focus on operations in other reg ..
Six class A office buildings in the PRO Portfolio
which is jointly owned by PineBridge Benson Elliot and Sharow Capital have been granted BREEAM In-U ..
Who won this year's 14th edition of the Eurobuild Awards
The jury and guests gathered at the Double Tree by Hilton hotel in Warsaw chose this year's ..
will take place on 9-10 April 2025 at the Norblin Factory Event Hall in W ..
we invite you to hot episode of the "Eye to eye" podcast
The UN Nansen Refugee Award award will go to Poland for the first time
According to the office of the UNHCR High Commissioner this year's regional wi ..
Czech developer CTP has been granted a EUR 200 mln loan from the European Investment Bank for the roll-out of its large-scale solar panel installation ..
while the ADR has finally surpassed the milestone ..
Jarosław Szanajca plans to resign from the position of president of the management board of Dom Development at the end of the year and join the superv ..
The Polish and Danish governments have entered preliminary discussions for the construction of a tunnel between Szczecin and Copenhagen underneath the ..
Viterra has moved into its new 1,500 sqm offices in Olivia Prime
part of the Olivia Centre business complex in Gdańsk
Panattoni has acquired two properties near Gothenburg
The brownfield sites will be replaced by a modern 43,000 sqm facility
Contemporary cities are grappling with the challenge of fostering dynamic growth while alleviating environmental pressures
Colliers has taken over the management of the Studio B office building located in the Warsaw Wola district
The property is owned by Stena Real Estate ..
The University of Warsaw has signed a contract with the general contractor for a project at ul
The new building will house the faculti ..
Velis Real Estate Tech is officially changing its name to Singu
adopting the title of its property management product
the construction of the Panattoni Park Unterfranken has officially started
Panattoni is expanding its cooperation with LPP Logistics
The logistics operator from the LPP Group – the largest fashion company in the CEE region – has leased over 18,000 sqm at Panattoni Park Bydgoszcz II
LPP Group currently operates in 41 countries and has over 2,500 retail stores
Its international expansion requires efficient logistics
which Panattoni has supported multiple times by delivering suitable infrastructure
two fulfilment centres for the company to handle e-commerce orders—69,000 sqm in Jasionka near Rzeszów and 64,000 sqm in Pruszcz Gdański
The lease in Bydgoszcz marks another step for LPP Logistics in expanding its logistics infrastructure
enabling efficient service of its growing retail network
The new space will supply brick-and-mortar stores of the Reserved
strengthening the company’s distribution capabilities in Central Europe
The location of the new warehouse was not chosen by chance – it perfectly complements our logistics network from an operational perspective
It is situated in direct proximity to our largest fulfilment centre in Białe Błota near Bydgoszcz and only 100 km from the distribution centre in Brześć Kujawski
Panattoni Park Bydgoszcz II offers over 36,500 sqm of modern industrial space within a single building
The complex is within the city limits – next to the Bydgoszcz Industrial and Technological Park
just 3 km from the city bypass and national road no
Bydgoszcz stands out for its business-oriented approach and an above-average level of entrepreneurship
Our latest agreement with industry giant LPP Group confirms the attractiveness of this location for the biggest market players
we’ve already delivered over 550,000 sqm of modern industrial space
yet we still see great potential for further development
UG from the Department of the History of Political Thought and Culture of the Faculty of History UG
with the duties of the Director of the Second World War Museum in Gdańsk
Following the resignation of dr Karol Nawrocki from the post of Director of the Second World War Museum in Gdańsk (due to his appointment as President of the Institute of National Remembrance)
Piotr Gliński handed over the duties of the Director of the World War II Museum in Gdańsk to dr
The duties of the Director of the II World War Museum were entrusted to dr hab
Grzegorz Berendt for a limited period of time
until the appointment of a Director selected in accordance with the provisions of the Act of October 25
on the organisation and pursuit of cultural activities
Berendt has been continuously associated with the University of Gdańsk
he has been active as a researcher at the University of Gdańsk
he worked at the Institute of History of the University of Gdańsk
currently at the Department of History of Political Thought and Culture
Berendt was the head of Postgraduate Studies in History at the Faculty of Philology and History of the University of Gdańsk
He was also involved in the implementation of the ECTS scoring system
he has promoted 7 PhDs and over 40 Bachelor's and Master's degrees
he conducts research into the history of Polish Jews and other population groups in Gdańsk Pomerania in the 20th century
He is the author of over 100 scientific publications and over 30 popular science ones
His scientific output includes three independent monographs and 7 co-authored books
Pruszcz Gdański and Kashubian rural communities
Current research projects concern the extermination of Jews in Polesie and Polish-Jewish relations during the Holocaust
Berendt has also been professionally associated with the Second World War Museum in Gdańsk - for over 4 years he served as Deputy Director of the Second World War Museum in Gdańsk for scientific affairs
More information on the Museum's website
tel. portiernia:+ 48 58 523 30 00
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Director of the National Hydrological Protection Center at IMGW-PIB talks about the unique maps
Flood hazard maps (FHM) and flood risk maps (FRM) were developed on the basis of the provisions of the Floods Directive
the provisions of which were implemented into Polish legislation by the Water Law Act
the detailed requirements for the preparation of maps were described in the relevant regulation
The maps have to be updated every six years
Their image results in flood risk management plans and actions to improve the country’s level of flood protection
Has the mapping been a very demanding project
it is one of the largest and most important projects in the Institute in the last decade
We have been working on it for almost three years
The Institute was the project leader in a consortium with ARCADIS and MGGP
we adopted an offensive strategy and engaged our flood and drought modeling centers
hydrological forecasts and studies offices
everyone showed accuracy and professionalism
The maps are an indicator of the threat and risk of flooding in a given area
Each of us is able to analyze hazard maps
to understand where and how high water levels are expected during a flood
provide information on the potential flood losses and negative effects of floods
The essential information on the maps are the flood hazard areas
which are determined based on the results of mathematical hydraulic modeling
using geographic information systems (GIS)
based on the numerical terrain model (NTM)
the water depth values are specified on the FHM maps
additionally velocities and directions of its discharge
The greater the depth and velocity of the water
for an even more accurate assessment of the flood risk
the FHM maps show the water table’s maximum ordinates during an expected flood and the embankment height
Flood Hazard Maps (FHM) visualize the potential negative effects of a flood on society
The process of determining flood hazard areas seems complicated
We used mathematical hydraulic modeling to produce the maps
maximum discharges with a specified exceedance probability and hypothetical waves for modeled streams
Although it might sound mysterious to our recipients
the final effects on the maps are clear and transparent
Hydrological data were prepared in the hydrological forecasts offices of the IMGW-PIB throughout the country
Collected data were implemented into hydraulic models that were calibrated and verified in advance and were based on historical floods
The next step was modeling flood scenarios
The modeling results were then processed in a GIS machining process that must be accurate and error-free
Flood hazard areas were then symbolized depending on the type and nature of maps
You mentioned the diligence in elaborating the maps
Can you guarantee the accuracy of the results presented there
The maps were subject to control at various stages of their development
it should be remembered that the excellent quality of the maps is a combination of reliable input data
The teams of experts responsible for maps’ development should not be forgotten
Their involvement has helped to deal with this extremely difficult project
I wonder whether the flood hazard areas are mapping areas where floods have already occurred in the past
They present the areas for which floods have been statistically determined with the appropriate probability or for a specific event
it does not mean that a flood actually occurred in the areas with designated flood hazard areas
or at least we do not have any evidence of it
this does not change the fact that flood hazard areas are essential information on the level of flood hazard and risk in a given area
we developed flood scenarios for the probability of flooding with 0.2% flow – once every 500 years
The maps were created and are updated on a regular basis
I am curious about the area and the number of rivers covered by the study
FHM has been developed or updated for approx
It resulted in either the development or updating of almost 60,000 map sheets
and the amount of data processed was gigantic
as well as other tasks under the Floods Directive
These tasks’ outputs are reviewed and updated in 6-year cycles
Can maps be developed and in what direction
Flood hazard maps should be developed towards rapid floods resulting from the accumulation of surface runoff as due to heavy rainfall
It is a need resulting from climate change
Intensive rainfalls separating more extended periods of drought increase the risk of such floods
What were the essential qualifications necessary to implement the project
The skills of hydraulic and hydrological modeling
as well as the ability to operate under time pressure were particularly important
Last year was unusual due to the pandemic and implementation of remote working in IMGW-PIB
I would like to thank all the specialists that they organized time in a way that enables them to complete the project to relevant standards
often reconciling it with the presence of all household members
The team that I have the pleasure to work with and lead are experts with the highest skills
Main Photo: Andreas Eriksson | Unsplash