The Kujawy and Pomorze community is commemorating the 106th anniversary of the victorious Greater Poland Uprising
Marshal Piotr Całbecki and the President of the Regional Parliament Elżbieta Piniewska participated today (January 10) in official ceremonies in Żnin
marking the beginning of a three-day series of anniversary events in the capital of the Pałuki region
The day began with the unveiling of additional Hero Stones on the Avenue of Greater Poland Insurgents
honoring Józef Kwiatkowski from Godawy and Feliks Majewski from Rogowo
with military protocol and the participation of authorities and local representatives
took place by the obelisk located at Primary School No
The ceremony was followed by an artistic program in the school gymnasium
featuring songs and recitations related to the uprising
Marshal Piotr Całbecki addressed the gathered crowd
we live in a truly free country today – and we are not wasting this opportunity
how we are rebuilding our homeland and growing wealthier
President of the Regional Parliament Elżbieta Piniewska highlighted the importance of memory and identity in her emotional speech:
“Saint John Paul II […] titled one of his books Memory and Identity
It is through memory that we know who we are and where we are headed
Through [ceremonies like today’s and] the rituals we engage in today […] we build our identity
That is why it is so important to cultivate the memory of the victorious Greater Poland Uprising
And there could not be a better place for this than here
and a better audience than the younger generation
The hosts of the ceremony included Żnin Mayor Łukasz Kwiatkowski and Żnin County Head Zbigniew Jaszczuk
along with municipal and county authorities
a historical reenactment of the insurgent battles for the city will take place in Żnin
see Celebrating the National Day of the Victorious Greater Poland Uprising
Marshal's Office of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Region
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Photocatalytic overall water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen is desirable for long-term renewable
sustainable and clean fuel production on earth
Metal sulfides are considered as ideal hydrogen-evolved photocatalysts
but their component homogeneity and typical sulfur instability cause an inert oxygen production
which remains a huge obstacle to overall water-splitting
a distortion-evoked cation-site oxygen doping of ZnIn2S4 (D-O-ZIS) creates significant electronegativity differences between adjacent atomic sites
with S1 sites being electron-rich and S2 sites being electron-deficient in the local structure of S1–S2–O sites
The strong charge redistribution character activates stable oxygen reactions at S2 sites and avoids the common issue of sulfur instability in metal sulfide photocatalysis
while S1 sites favor the adsorption/desorption of hydrogen
an overall water-splitting reaction has been realized in D-O-ZIS with a remarkable solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 0.57%
accompanying a ~ 91% retention rate after 120 h photocatalytic test
we inspire an universal design from electronegativity differences perspective to activate and stabilize metal sulfide photocatalysts for efficient overall water-splitting
</a>a Schematic of the synthetic process for ZIS
The enlarged image shows the edge structure of samples; b SEM image of D-O-ZIS; c TEM image of D-O-ZIS; d HRTEM image of D-O-ZIS (The lattice fringe enlargement of Fig.&nbsp;1c)
The yellow dashed square denotes shell thickness of ~2.2 nm for D-O-ZIS; e HRTEM image of D-ZIS
The yellow dashed square denotes shell thickness of ~1.3 nm for D-ZIS; f HRTEM image of ZIS
The yellow dashed square denotes shell thickness of ~0 nm for ZIS; g The respective line profiles on the edge of ZIS
and D-O-ZIS from the outer edge to the core in Fig.&nbsp;1d–f; h The corresponding EDX mapping images of D-O-ZIS
The scale bar is 500 nm; i SAED pattern of D-O-ZIS edge
The scale bar is 5 nm-1; j The element distribution and HAADF-STEM line scans of Zn
and O elements from the outer edge to the core for D-ZIS and D-O-ZIS
Source data are provided as a Source Data file
and D-O-ZIS; c The Fourier-transform curves of k3-weighted Zn K-edge EXAFS spectra of ZIS
and D-O-ZIS; d Zn K-edge EXAFS spectra of ZIS
and D-O-ZIS in k space; e Normalized S K-edge XANES spectra of ZIS
Embedded is an enlargement of S K-edge pre-edge; f Normalized O K-edge XANES spectra of D-O-ZIS; g The schematic process of the local structure transformation of D-O-ZIS to form distortion and cation-site O doping; Meanwhile
the corresponding bond lengths were depicted on the structures
Distortion-evoked cation-site O doping in ZIS has a formation energy (Ef) of 5.99 eV for distorted configurations with high-energy structures containing S-S bonds and Zn vacancies
Cation-site O doping has a negative energy of −3.45 eV
This suggests that distortion structures lower the energy required for cation-site O doping in Zn atom sites
the top and bottom box represent the upper and lower quartile
the small rectangle represents the mean value and the maximum/minimum values are indicated by the top/bottom bars; d Photocatalytic gas yield of ZIS
and D-O-ZIS before and after photocatalytic overall water splitting test in pure water
Error bars represent the standard deviations from the statistic results of three sets of experiments; e The S 2p XPS spectra of ZIS
and D-O-ZIS before and after 120 h photocatalytic test
The vertical bars indicate the difference in intensity before and after test; f HRTEM image of D-O-ZIS after 120 h photocatalytic test
and D-O-ZIS along three different structural directions
These findings confirmed that the increasing distortion states and O doping in D-O-ZIS enhanced the internal electric field
providing a strong driving force for charge separation
</a>a In-situ Raman spectra of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution process on D-O-ZIS
A series of Raman spectra at different potential (0.02–−0.12 V versus RHE) exhibit the dynamic variation of hydrogen evolution process; b In-situ Raman spectra of photocatalytic oxygen evolution process on D-O-ZIS
for the samples during hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution processes
The charge on atoms from Bader charge calculation for g ZIS structure
The negative value is referred to obtain electrons
while the positive value means losing electrons
The bottom is a partial display of the corresponding structure
The additional charge transfer (from S2 atoms to O atoms and electrons extracted at the Zn vacancy) improved charge mobility and generated a more positive charge center of the S2 site
which may switch the active sites in the local structure
</a>Distribution of partial charge density near the edge of conduction band and valence band of a ZIS
and S atom in ZIS; Fermi level (EF); e The computed values of △GH* at different sites in ZIS
and D-O-ZIS; f The free energy of sulfur ions oxidation in ZIS
The included configurations are the S atom leaching by photogenerated holes oxidation from pristine structure
D-O-ZIS exhibited hydrogen and oxygen species adsorbed at the S1 and S2 site
which would promote an overall water-splitting reaction
which suggests that D-O-ZIS preferred to generate oxygen during water-splitting reactions instead of being oxidized by photogenerated holes
</a>The local structure is shown in top view
and the bottom is a partial display of the corresponding structure
This work proposes an electronegativity difference strategy to activate and stabilize ZIS for photocatalytic overall water splitting
achieving a remarkable 0.57% solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency along with high stability
A distortion-evoked cation-site O doping in Zn atom sites of D-O-ZIS generates significant electronegativity differences between adjacent atomic sites
with S1 sites being electron-rich and S2 sites being electron-deficient in the local S1–S2–O structure
The strong charge redistribution character activates stable oxygen reactions at S2 sites and hydrogen adsorption/desorption at S1 sites
Our study showcases the universal applicability of activating and stabilizing metal sulfides photocatalysts
for efficient photocatalytic overall water splitting through distortion-evoked cation-site O doping strategy from the perspective of electronegativity differences
Synthesis of ZnIn2S4 (ZIS). The synthesis of ZIS typically involves the following procedure:<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Shi, X. et al. Protruding Pt single-sites on hexagonal ZnIn2S4 to accelerate photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nat. Commun. 13, 1287–1297 (2022)." href="/articles/s41467-024-44725-1#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d496268082e2342">7</a> 1 mmol of ZnCl2
and 4 mmol of thioacetamide were dissolved in 35 mL of deionized water and stirred vigorously for 30 min
The mixed solution was then transferred to a 50 mL Teflon-lined autoclave and heated at 180 °C for 12 h
the resulting yellow suspension was collected and washed with ethanol and deionized water four times
the product was dried at 60 °C overnight before further use
The D-ZIS was synthesized starting from ZIS
The synthesis process involved heating the precursor material of ZIS at 500 °C for 30 min under an atmosphere of Ar/H2 (1 bar)
the resulting powder product was allowed to cool naturally to room temperature
after which it was collected and washed several times using ethanol and deionized water
The product was then dried at 60 °C under vacuum overnight to ensure complete removal of any remaining solvent before further analysis
Synthesis of distortion-evoked cation-site oxygen doping of ZIS (D-O-ZIS)
the resulting D-ZIS was treated with Ar/O2 (5%) flow at 500 °C for 10 min
The resulting powder was then collected and washed three times with ethanol and deionized water
Here,\(\,R({{{\mbox{H}}}}_{2})\),\(\,\Delta {G}_{r}\),\(\,P\)
the reaction Gibbs energy during the water-splitting reaction
the light energy flux under the AM1.5 G irradiation
The value \(\Delta {G}_{r}\) used for the calculations is 237 kJ mol−1 for the liquid water in the reaction system
All data generated in this study are provided in the article and Supplementary Information, and the raw data generated in this study are provided in the Source Data file. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-44725-1#Sec12">Source data</a> are provided with this paper
Solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of more than 9% in photocatalytic water splitting
Tan, H. et al. Photocatalysis of water into hydrogen peroxide over an atomic Ga-N5 site. Nat. Synth. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-023-00272-z" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s44160-023-00272-z">https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-023-00272-z</a>
Zhang, Y. et al. Internal quantum efficiency higher than 100% achieved by combining doping and quantum effects for photocatalytic overall water splitting. Nat. Energy <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01242-7" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s41560-023-01242-7">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01242-7</a>
Boron-doped nitrogen-deficient carbon nitride-based Z-scheme heterostructures for photocatalytic overall water splitting
Atomically dispersed antimony on carbon nitride for the artificial photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide
Rational design of covalent heptazine frameworks with spatially separated redox centers for high-efficiency photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production
Protruding Pt single-sites on hexagonal ZnIn2S4 to accelerate photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Constructing direct Z-scheme heterostructure by enwrapping ZnIn2S4 on CdS hollow cube for efficient photocatalytic H2 generation
Interfacial chemical bond and internal electric field modulated Z-scheme Sv-ZnIn2S4/MoSe2 photocatalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution
A ternary dumbbell structure with spatially separated catalytic sites for photocatalytic overall water splitting
Scalable water splitting on particulate photocatalyst sheets with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency exceeding 1%
Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable water splitting via a two-electron pathway
Overall water splitting by an Ta3N5 nanorod single crystals grown on the edges of KTaO3 particles
Oxysulfide photocatalyst for visible-light-driven overall water splitting
Overall photocatalytic water splitting by an organolead iodide crystalline material
Interface engineering of Ta3N5 thin film photoanode for highly efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting
Breaking through water-splitting bottlenecks over carbon nitride with fluorination
Engineering β-ketoamine covalent organic frameworks for photocatalytic overall water splitting
Overall water splitting by a SrTaO2N-based photocatalyst decorated with an Ir-promoted Ru-based cocatalyst
A hydrogen-deficient nickel-cobalt double hydroxide for photocatalytic overall water splitting
Hydroformylation of olefins by a rhodium single atom catalyst with activity comparable to RhCl(PPh3)3
Two-dimensional all-in-one sulfide monolayers driving photocatalytic overall water splitting
Gradient hydrogen migration modulated with self adapting S vacancy in copper doped ZnIn2S4 nanosheet for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Enhanced photoexcited carrier separation in oxygen-doped ZnIn2S4 nanosheets for hydrogen evolution
Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide generation coupled with selective benzylamine oxidation over defective ZrS3 nanobelts
Incorporation of sulfate anions and sulfur vacancies in ZnIn2S4 photoanode for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting
3D hierarchical ZnIn2S4 nanosheets with rich Zn vacancies boosting photocatalytic CO2 reduction
Simultaneous manipulation of O-doping and metal vacancy in atomically thin Zn10In16S34 nanosheet arrays toward improved photoelectrochemical performance
Recent advances in metal sulfides: from controlled fabrication to electrocatalytic
photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting and beyond
Theory-driven design of high-valence metal sites for water oxidation confirmed using in situ soft X-ray absorption
Single-phase perovskite oxide with super-exchange induced atomic-scale synergistic active centers enables ultrafast hydrogen evolution
Electronically modified atomic sites within a multicomponent Co/Cu composite for efficient oxygen electroreduction
A XANES study of lithium polysulfide solids: a first principles study
UV-photochemistry of the disulfide bond: evolution of early photoproducts from picosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the sulfur K-edge
Atomic layer deposition triggered Fe-In-S cluster and gradient energy band in ZnInS photoanode for improved oxygen evolution reaction
Direct observation of reversible oxygen anion redox reaction in Li-rich manganese oxide
studied by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Operando time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals the chemical nature enabling highly selective CO2 reduction
Blocking the reverse reactions of overall water splitting on a Rh/GaN-ZnO photocatalyst modified with Al2O3
Surface modifications of (ZnSe)0.5(CuGa2.5Se4.25)0.5 to promote photocatalytic Z-Scheme overall water splitting
Lattice distortion induced internal electric field in TiO2 photoelectrode for efficient charge separation and transfer
Strong Schottky barrier reduction at Au-catalyst/GaAs nanowire interfaces by electric dipole formation and Fermi-level unpinning
Anion-exchange-mediated internal electric field for boosting photogenerated carrier separation and utilization
A promoted charge separation/transfer system from Cu single atoms and C3N4 layers for efficient photocatalysis
Photocatalyst for high-performance H2 production: Ga-doped polymeric carbon nitride
Hydrovoltaic effect-enhanced photocatalysis by polyacrylic acid/cobaltous oxide-nitrogen doped carbon system for efficient photocatalytic water splitting
Ultra-narrow depletion layers in a hematite mesocrystal based photoanode for boosting multihole water oxidation
Potentially confusing: potentials in electrochemistry
In situ Raman spectroscopic evidence for oxygen reduction reaction intermediates at platinum single crystal surfaces
In situ identification and time resolved observation of the interfacial state and reactive intermediates on a cobalt oxide nanocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction
Vibrational stark effects: ionic influence on local fields
Electronegativity-induced charge balancing to boost stability and activity of amorphous electrocatalysts
<a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41467-024-44725-1?format=refman&amp;flavour=references">Download references</a>
This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22261142666
the Shaanxi Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (2022JC-21)
the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing (NPU)
and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (3102019JC005
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
School of Materials Science and Engineering
Research &amp; Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University
Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC)
School of Engineering and Materials Science
Wang performed the photo-electrochemical experiments
analyzed the data and commented on the manuscript
The authors declare no competing interests
Nature Communications thanks Yurong Yang and the other
reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44725-1
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Separation and Purification TechnologyCitation Excerpt :In Fig
the peak at 288.6 eV belongs to O-CO of NH2-BDC
the peaks at 286.0 and 284.8 eV are part of CO and CC bonds
two characteristic peaks of O 1 s are at 531.5 eV and 529.7 eV
which are corresponded to the surface chemisorbed H2O/OH–
Bi-O bond in [Bi2O2]2+ groups and Zr-O bond in UNB-15
Two peaks appeared in N 1 s spectra at 399.7 and 398.4 eV in Fig
Chemical Engineering JournalCitation Excerpt :The aged SA-MIMs can be quickly revived through the photoinduced regeneration process
the electronic band structure of UiO-66-NH2 was illustrated according to previous reports and the results of this work
although experiment factors affect the band edge of semiconductor [49,50]
The self-assembled MOFs in the SA-MIMs is excited under visible light irradiation
the electrons (e−) in valence band (VB) could be excited into conduction band (CB) and the holes (h+) were left in valence band (VB)
All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V.
the enduring shell of a 19th century sugar factory
commonly referred to as the Cukrownia &#379;nin (&#379;nin Sugar Factory)
Located near &#379;nin&rsquo;s historic city centre
the complex is positioned to the south of a lake that once served as its primary water source
the body of water boasts ideal conditions for a number of recreational offerings that enhance the appeal of the overall development - including windsurfing and motorised water sports.&nbsp; 
the whole project has retained its natural authenticity.&rdquo; 
and pitched roofs that gave the factory its distinct visual character
on entering the main production building - which houses a large portion of the hotel&rsquo;s suites - the atmosphere encountered within the interior still retains all the trappings of a factory
This is evident in the exposed steel frame
to the sheer expanse of the lobby and its exposed services
as well as the overhead trusses that support the structure&rsquo;s long-span roof
Of the numerous facilities that constitute the former factory, the main production building at the heart of the development contains 4-star accommodations - including 184 standard guest rooms and 15 two-floor rooms, five conference rooms, and a <a href="https://www.stirworld.com/tags-restaurant">restaurant</a> and bar
one of the former warehouse structures functions as a 3-star hotel
Towards the complex&rsquo;s other extremity
another warehouse structure hosts a conference space with a capacity of 800
and an auditorium that can also double as a cinema hall
a stable building near the main hotel is home to a 4-lane bowling alley as well as a club room
"Mastering the form of such complex buildings proved to be a design challenge
and creating a layout of functions and communication within the vast space was time consuming
we approached that complexity as a unique asset
Construction required load transfer calculations of the new structures
while reinforcing the old parts,&rdquo; shares the design team at Bulak Projekt
and high ceilings with full-height windows in this space are another marker of this interplay between old and new
Guest rooms are no exception, where the idea of laying the structure&rsquo;s story bare for all to witness is taken to new levels, as brick and concrete-finished surfaces meld into one another, to the point where they appear to narrate the tale of the structure&rsquo;s gradual wearing itself.&nbsp;The design team reveals, &ldquo;The approach to the interiors embraced connections to the surrounding <a href="https://www.stirworld.com/tags-urban-landscape">urban landscape</a>
and other equipment remaining where they were
infusing a recognisable character into the site from the moment the entrance gates are crossed.&rdquo;
In every respect, the project&rsquo;s realisation would not have been possible without the collaborative efforts of the dozens of designers who partook in the process of making this ambitious vision a reality. Polish practices MML architekci and MIX - who specialise in <a href="https://www.stirworld.com/tags-hospitality-design">hospitality design</a> projects - were involved in crafting the interiors
This endeavour also enjoyed the support of local municipal offices and also benefited from the inputs of former workers at the factory
Through collective products of their efforts
as well as those of W&#322;adys&#322;aw Grochowski
President of the ARCHE Group who saw the potential of this once-doomed structure
the Cukrownia &#379;nin has risen from the ashes
potentially reborn as a future landmark in &#379;nin&rsquo;s leisure industry
Jerry's work as a writer is fuelled by an innate desire to ascertain the driving forces behind exemplary architecture and design
he directs this interest towards crafting riveting narratives that attempt to capture the essence of creative endeavours from all over the world
From vernacular knowledge to modern sustainability
Middle Eastern pavilions serve as living archives of architectural thought
offering fresh frameworks for global adoption
STIR engages with the curators of the Togo
Oman and Qatar pavilions&mdash;debuting at the Venice Architecture Biennale 2025&mdash;on representation
the book presents a fictional story depicting algorithms exercising control over humans and how this affects the built environment
Tipnis shares how the toolbox democratises the practice of restoration via DIY resources to repair tangible urban heritage made of common building materials
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by <a href="https://www.stirworld.com/author-jerry-elengical" target="_blank"  title="Jerry Elengical">Jerry Elengical</a> | Published on : Apr 06
<a href="https://emag.archiexpo.com/">Home</a> » Former Sugar Factory Transformation in Żnin
A 19th-century Polish sugar factory is becoming a multi-use complex
Here’s how repurposing buildings can preserve history
The Żnin Sugar Factory was built at the end of the 19th century and operated producing sugar from beets from 1894 until 2004 when industrial restructuring rendered the factory obsolete
the factory complex was abandoned and designated for demolition by the European Union
But in 2017, the destiny of the factory changed when its historic collapsing buildings were purchased by <a href="https://hotelearche.pl/">ARCHE</a> hotel group. ARCHE, together with Bulak Projekt, <a href="https://milimlodziludzie.com/">MML Architects</a> and <a href="https://www.mixd.io/">MIXD Interior Design</a> created the design for the complex’s renovation and adaptive reuse.&nbsp;
the factory was the largest employer in the region
holding an important place in the lives of the factory workers
it was important to pay respects to this history by preserving as much of the factory complex as possible
there was an open day for people from Żnin to come and see what we were planning to do
Some former factory workers were moved even to tears because they were impressed with how we respected their work and their life,” Bulak told ArchExpo e-Magazine in an interview
demolition had already begun and most of the factory equipment had been removed
whatever had been left behind was recycled by the architects and designers and integrated into the new project
Old factory equipment in good condition was left in place
including visible piping on the outside of the building which was landscaped as part of the renovation and has plants growing from them today
One of Bulak’s favorite features of the old factory building is its <a href="https://www.archiexpo.com/architecture-design-manufacturer/high-window-78493.html">high windows</a> with multiple small glass panes. The glass had to be removed but the architects kept the small frames, preserving the effectiveness and aesthetic of the original <a href="https://www.archiexpo.com/architecture-design-manufacturer/window-390.html">window</a>.&nbsp;If the equipment was in very bad condition
it was disassembled and used as a design element elsewhere in the complex
“In the entrance, we reused a tank from the former factory as a <a href="https://www.archiexpo.com/architecture-design-manufacturer/planter-345.html">planter</a>,” Bulak told ArchiExpo e-Magazine.&nbsp;
While preserving the complex’s original character
the designers and architects also integrated contemporary details
including a red-painted staircase that compliments the building’s brick walls.&nbsp;
One of Bulak’s big disappointments came at the beginning of construction when a hurricane struck Żnin. There had been a tall factory chimney that architects had hoped to turn into a viewing <a href="https://www.archiexpo.com/architecture-design-manufacturer/deck-board-3465.html">deck</a> but most of it was destroyed by the hurricane and re-building it was deemed too costly
so Bulak had to bid adieu to this part of the plan
ARCHE and Bulak Projekt share a passion for historic buildings and have collaborated on other projects including the renovation of a former palace near Warsaw
They also worked together to convert a former communist-era building as well as a former hospital
Adaptive reuse projects like these and the Żnin Sugar Factory serve to keep the history of built environments and the people who frequented them alive
as well as limit waste by reusing elements rather than throwing them away.&nbsp;
READ our article <a href="https://emag.archiexpo.com/battersea-power-station-reopens-after-40-years-of-vacancy/">Battersea Power Station Reopens after 40 Years of Vacancy</a>
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Engineering an efficient semiconductor to sustainably produce green hydrogen via solar-driven water splitting is one of the cutting-edge strategies for carbon-neutral energy ecosystem
a superhydrophilic green hollow ZnIn2S4 (gZIS) was fabricated to realize unassisted photocatalytic overall water splitting
The hollow hierarchical framework benefits exposure of intrinsically active facets and activates inert basal planes
The superhydrophilic nature of gZIS promotes intense surface water molecule interactions
The presence of vacancies within gZIS facilitates photon energy utilization and charge transfer
Systematic theoretical computations signify the defect-induced charge redistribution of gZIS enhancing water activation and reducing surface kinetic barriers
the gZIS could drive photocatalytic pure water splitting by retaining close-to-unity stability for a full daytime reaction with performance comparable to other complex sulfide-based materials
single-component cocatalyst-free gZIS with great exploration value
potentially providing a state-of-the-art design and innovative aperture for efficient solar-driven hydrogen production to achieve carbon-neutrality
a distinctive superhydrophilic green ZnIn2S4 (gZIS) was constructed in this work via a one-step in-situ solvothermal synthetic route
The gZIS with hollow hierarchical framework is found to possess higher specific surface area with more exposed active facets
The superhydrophilic surface enhances interaction with surrounding water molecules to drive water decomposition
gZIS experiences an optical absorption property analogous to natural leaves
utilizing both the high and low wavelength of solar light to generate electron-hole pairs for photoreaction
The defects within the structure further regulate the charge redistribution and activate the inert basal plane with facile charge transfer and enhanced surface reaction
The first-principle calculations provide theoretical insights and verify the significant roles of vacancies in electronic properties modulation
this self-activated gZIS demonstrated its capability in catalyzing solar-driven overall water splitting with close-to-unity stability for a full daytime reaction
the single-component cocatalyst-free gZIS exhibited an apparent quantum yield (AQY) and solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency (STH) that is comparable to other noble-metal loaded and complex sulfide-based photocatalysts
These groundbreaking deliveries represent a significant breakthrough in addressing the longstanding concealed obstacles of sulfide-based materials
particularly the unassisted overall water splitting capability and photostability
This discovery will pave a way towards the development of high-performing photocatalysts to achieve efficient and sustainable overall water splitting without the incorporation of expensive noble metal cocatalysts
</a>a Schematic of the formation of ZIS and gZIS
The charges of the complexes are omitted in the figure for clarity
False-colored FESEM images for (b) ZIS and (c) gZIS
Magnified false-colored FESEM view for (d) ZIS and (e) gZIS
with the insets showing the original FESEM images
EDX elemental mappings for (f) ZIS and (g) gZIS
with an inset showing the enlarged region with lattice distortion and defects in gZIS
Theoretical structural models for (e) pristine ZIST and (f) S-vacant gZIST
g Atomic-resolution spherical aberration-corrected BF-STEM imaging of gZIS with pre- and post-FFT
The magnified view shows the atomic arrangement with distorted hexagonal in concordance to the simulated result
</a>High-resolution XPS spectra of (a) Zn 2p and (b) S 2p for the as-synthesized samples
c EPR spectra for ZIS and gZIS indicating the presence of Sv
d Computed 3D charge density difference for gZIST¸ with the top showing the whole bilayer structure and the bottoms focus on the monolayer where Sv is present
Gray and green areas dictate the charge depletion and accumulation isosurfaces
b Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of ZIS and gZIS with inset showing the respective pore size distribution
c Surface wettability static contact angle measurements for ZIS and gZIS; error bars represent the standard deviation from three independent runs
d Free water molecule with its respective O-H bond length and H-O-H bond angle
Theoretical modeling of water adsorption along the basal plane: (e) on Zn atom of ZIST
(b) EIS Nyquist plot with the equivalent Randle circuit
(c) steady-state PL emission spectra and (d) transient TRPL decay spectra of ZIS and gZIS
</a>a UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra with inset showing the actual color of the samples
(b) KM function for band gap determination
d Schematic of the electronic band structures of ZIS and gZIS with light absorption properties and photogeneration electron-holes pair formation mechanisms
e Theoretical calculated DOS and (f) respective εp for ZIST and gZIST
These empirical findings collectively suggest a higher charge accumulation around active S sites to facilitate H* adsorption and promote photoelectron transfer for augmented HER
</a>Gibbs free energy maps for (a) HER and (b) OER for ZIST and gZIST
c Photocatalytic HER and OER half-reaction under different sacrificial conditions
d Time-dependent solar-driven overall water splitting performance and (e) long-term photocatalytic stability performance of gZIS
Error bars represent the standard deviation from two independent runs
a unique superhydrophilic green gZIS was successfully constructed via an in-situ solvothermal strategy
In-depth experimental investigations and theoretical computations conducted in this study systematically unraveled the fundamental insights on the critical roles of morphology transformation
The efficient photocatalytic water splitting activity of self-activated gZIS is attributed to the exclusive hollow hierarchical framework
exposing more intrinsically active facet and activating the inert basal plane
as well as the presence of superhydrophilic surface enhancing water interaction
These intriguing occurrences allow gZIS to maximize the utilization of surface areas
the presence of Sv within the structure propagates significant charge redistribution and induces asymmetric dipole moment
which consequently boosts the charge transfer
reduces the surface HER and OER kinetic barriers
The existence of defect state in the electronic band structure of gZIS further expands the optical absorption properties and mediates photoexcitation of electrons via alternative two-step process
Besides exhibiting more than 6-fold enhancement in photocatalytic half-reaction of H2 production than conventional yellow pristine ZIS
this gZIS could also catalyze solar-driven overall water splitting reaction with high stability
and performance comparable to other complex sulfide-based photocatalysts
This self-activated high activity single-component noble-metal-free gZIS contains high value of exploration and could open up a brand-new design opportunity
It is believed that this could encourage the generation of novel ideas to conceive and devise a highly efficient gZIS-based photocatalyst to sustainably drive large-scale green H2 production for achieving a carbon-neutral future
Analytical grade reagents were used directly without any purification
indium (III) chloride tetrahydrate (InCl3∙4H2O
resistivity ≥18 MΩ∙cm) used in this experiment was obtained from Millipore Milli-Q water purification system
Pristine ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) was synthesized via one-step hydrothermal method
where stoichiometric ratio of 0.5 mmol ZnCl2
1.0 mmol InCl3∙4H2O and 2.0 mmol C2H5NS were dissolved homogeneously in 30 mL DI water
The solution was transferred into a Teflon vessel held in a stainless-steel autoclave maintained at 160 °C for 12 h
the solution was subjected to thorough washing with ethanol and DI water to completely remove any unreacted precursor
Yellow ZIS powder was obtained upon overnight freeze drying
A similar process was used to obtain green hollow ZnIn2S4 (gZIS) powder by replacing DI water with ethylene glycol (EG) in a solvothermal synthesis process
The surface morphology and elemental composition of the samples were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) using the Hitachi SU8010 microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX)
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) imaging were taken using the JEOL
Atomic-resolution spherical aberration-corrected bright field scanning TEM (BF-STEM) imaging with fast Fourier transformation (FFT) was obtained from the Hitachi HD-2700
The crystallographic properties and information of the samples were obtained via X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis by utilizing the Bruker D8 Discovery X-ray diffractometer with an Ni-filtered Cu Kα radiation
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of surface chemical states were obtained using the Thermo Fisher Scientific Nexsa G2 XPS with monochromatic Al-Kα (hν = 1486.6 eV) X-ray source
The binding energies were referenced to adventitious carbon signal (C 1 s peak) at 284.6 eV prior to peak deconvolution
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) analysis was performed using the Thermo Fisher Scientific Nexsa G2 surface analysis system by using vacuum UV radiation for induction of photoelectric effects
The photon emission possessed an energy of 21.22 eV through He I excitation
The contact potential differences of the materials were obtained through Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) using Bruker Multimode 8 atomic force microscope (AFM) electric mode
The sample powders were evenly spray-coated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass and mounted onto AFM sample stage with silver paste to ensure uninterrupted electrical connection
The surface area information of the samples was obtained from the multipoint Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm at 77 K using the Micrometrics ASAP 2020
The samples were subjected to degassing at 150 °C for 8 h to remove any adsorbed species prior to the analysis
Surface wettability test and water contact angle measurement were conducted using the Ramè-hart Co Model 250 goniometer
3 μL droplets of DI water was adapted as working medium to drop onto sample-coated FTO glass slide to perform contact angle analysis with triplicate measurement data collected
The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements were performed at room temperature using a spectrometer (JEOL
Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) diffused reflectance spectra of the samples were obtained from the Agilent Cary 100 UV-Vis spectrophotometer equipped with an integrated sphere and BaSO4 as reflectance standard
The optical band gap was obtained from the Kulbeka-Munk relationship
Steady-state photoluminescence (PL) spectra was acquired from the Perkin Elmer LS55 fluorescent spectrometer
Time-resolved PL (TRPL) spectra was recorded using the DeltaPro Fluorescence lifetime system (Horiba Scientific) with an excitation wavelength of 317 nm
In photocatalytic H2 evolution half-reaction
30 mg of photocatalyst was dispersed homogenously in a 60 mL aqueous solution containing 0.35 M Na2S/Na2SO3
The solution was then transferred into a Pyrex top-irradiated vessel with quartz window
The outlet of the vessel was connected to the Agilent 7820 A gas chromatography (Ar carrier gas) for gas measurement at hourly sampling interval
Prior to photocatalytic performance analysis
the system was purged with a high flowrate of N2 gas for at least half an hour
The reactor was illuminated using 500 W Xe arc lamp with AM1.5 filter (c.a
Photocatalytic O2 evolution half-reaction was carried out under the same conditions except that 0.1 M NaIO3 was adopted as the sacrificial reagent
Photocatalytic overall water splitting reaction was carried out under the exact same condition as photocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution half-reaction as described
except that the solution consists of pure DI water without the presence of any sacrificial reagent
the apparent quantum yield (AQY) was evaluated under different monochromatic light under various band pass filters (355
in which \({{{{{{\rm{N}}}}}}}_{{{{{{{\rm{H}}}}}}}_{2}}\) = total number of H2 molecules evolved
\({{{{{{\rm{N}}}}}}}_{{{{{{\rm{p}}}}}}}\) = total number of incident photons
\({{{{{{\rm{r}}}}}}}_{{{{{{{\rm{H}}}}}}}_{2}}\)= amount of H2 molecule generated at time t (in mol)
S = irradiation area and λ = wavelength of monochromatic light
solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency was determined at 1 Sun illumination with AM 1.5 filter in concordance to the equation:
whereby \({{{{{{\rm{R}}}}}}}_{{{{{{{\rm{H}}}}}}}_{2}}\) = rate of H2 evolution (in mol∙s−1)
\(\Delta {{{{{{\rm{G}}}}}}}_{{{{{{\rm{r}}}}}}}\)= Gibbs free energy change of water splitting reaction and Psun = energy flux of the incident ray
Reaction Gibbs free energy (\(\Delta {{{{{{\rm{G}}}}}}}_{{{{{{\rm{r}}}}}}}\)) calculations for the HER and OER processes were evaluated utilizing:
wherein \(\Delta {{{{{{\rm{E}}}}}}}_{{{{{{\rm{r}}}}}}}\) is the reaction adsorption energy
∆ZPE is the zero-point energy correction factor
T∆S is the temperature dependent entropy contribution and eU is the external bias accounting the elementary proton-coupled transfer step
The data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its Supplementary Information
The source data is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request
Particulate photocatalysts for light-driven water splitting: Mechanisms
Toward practical solar hydrogen production – an artificial photosynthetic leaf-to-farm challenge
modification and photocatalytic applications of ZnIn2S4
A mini-review on ZnIn2S4-based photocatalysts for energy and environmental application
Recent advances in nanoscale engineering of ternary metal sulfide-based heterostructures for photocatalytic water splitting applications
ZnIn2S4-based nanostructures in artificial photosynthesis: Insights into photocatalytic reduction toward sustainable energy production
ZnIn2S4-based photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications
Morphology engineering and photothermal effect derived from perylene diimide based derivative for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of ZnIn2S4
Ultrathin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets anchored on Ti3C2TX MXene for photocatalytic H2 evolution
Photocorrosion inhibition of sulphide-based nanomaterials for energy production through photocatalytic water splitting
Half-unit-cell ZnIn2S4 monolayer with sulfur vacancies for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Inert basal plane activation of two-dimensional ZnIn2S4 via Ni atom doping for enhanced co-catalyst free photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Insights from density functional theory calculations on heteroatom P-doped ZnIn2S4 bilayer nanosheets with atomic-level charge steering for photocatalytic water splitting
Ultrathin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets with active (110) facet exposure and efficient charge separation for cocatalyst free photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
An engineered superhydrophilic/superaerophobic electrocatalyst composed of the supported CoMoSx chalcogel for overall water splitting
Metal-ionic-conductor potassium ferrite nanocrystals with intrinsic superhydrophilic surfaces for electrocatalytic water splitting at ultrahigh current densities
Photocatalytic H2 production over S-scheme Co3Se4/TiO2 nanosheet with super-hydrophilic surface
Defect-mediated electron–hole separation in one-unit-cell ZnIn2S4 layers for boosted solar-driven CO2 reduction
Shape-controlled synthesis of ternary chalcogenide ZnIn2S4 and CuIn(S,Se)2 nano-/microstructures via facile solution route
Low-temperature and template-free synthesis of ZnIn2S4 microspheres
Tuning Zn2+ coordination environment to suppress dendrite formation for high-performance Zn-ion batteries
Rapid mass production of hierarchically porous ZnIn2S4 submicrospheres via a microwave-solvothermal process
ZnS nanoparticles well dispersed in ethylene glycol: coordination control synthesis and application as nanocomposite optical coatings
A novel deep-eutectic solvent with strong coordination ability and low viscosity for efficient extraction of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries
Controllable fabrication of sulfur-vacancy-rich Bi2S3 nanorods with efficient near-infrared light photocatalytic for nitrogen fixation
Spinel-type FeNi2S4 with rich sulfur vacancies grown on reduced graphene oxide toward enhanced supercapacitive performance
Facile synthesis and photocatalytic efficacy of UiO-66/CdIn2S4 nanocomposites with flowerlike 3D-microspheres towards aqueous phase decontamination of triclosan and H2 evolution
Gradient hydrogen migration modulated with self-adapting S vacancy in copper-doped ZnIn2S4 nanosheet for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
MoS2 quantum dot growth induced by S vacancies in a ZnIn2S4 monolayer: atomic-level heterostructure for photocatalytic hydrogen production
Photocatalytic H2 evolution over sulfur vacancy-rich ZnIn2S4 hierarchical microspheres under visible light
Two-dimensional Janus heterostructures for superior Z-scheme photocatalytic water splitting
Supporting ultrathin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets on Co/N-doped Graphitic carbon nanocages for efficient photocatalytic H2 generation
Effective charge carrier utilization in photocatalytic conversions
Lattice expansion boosting photocatalytic degradation performance of CuCo2S4 with an inherent dipole moment
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: towards reliable binding energy referencing
“O-S” charge transfer mechanism guiding design of a ZnIn2S4/SnSe2/In2Se3 heterostructure photocatalyst for efficient hydrogen production
Sulfur-deficient ZnIn2S4/oxygen-deficient WO3 hybrids with carbon layer bridges as a novel photothermal/photocatalytic integrated system for Z-Scheme overall water splitting
Evaluation of the BET theory for the characterization of meso and microporous MOFs
Stacking-layer-number dependence of water adsorption in 3D ordered close-packed g-C3N4 nanosphere arrays for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Consciously constructing heterojunction or direct Z-scheme photocatalysts by regulating electron flow direction
MXene─a new paradigm toward artificial nitrogen fixation for sustainable ammonia generation: synthesis
Hole scavenger-free nitrogen photofixation in pure water with non-metal B-doped carbon nitride: Implicative importance of B species for N2 activation
Mechanisms and applications of steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy in two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides
Enhanced catalytic performance by multi-field coupling in KNbO3 nanostructures: Piezo-photocatalytic and ferro-photoelectrochemical effects
Graphene-like carbon nitride nanosheets for improved photocatalytic activities
How to correctly determine the band gap energy of modified semiconductor photocatalysts based on UV–Vis spectra
Overall pure water splitting using one-dimensional P-doped twinned Zn0.5Cd0.5S1-x nanorods via synergetic combination of long-range ordered homojunctions and interstitial S vacancies with prolonged carrier lifetime
Insights on the impact of doping levels in oxygen-doped gC3N4 and its effects on photocatalytic activity
Engineering nanoscale p–n junction via the synergetic dual-doping of p-type boron-doped graphene hybridized with n-type oxygen-doped carbon nitride for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Non-metal doping induced dual p-n charge properties in a single ZnIn2S4 crystal structure provoking charge transfer behaviors and boosting photocatalytic hydrogen generation
Activating p-blocking centers in perovskite for efficient water splitting
Activating surface sulfur atoms via subsurface engineering toward boosted photocatalytic water splitting
Engineering p-band center of oxygen boosting H+ intercalation in δ-MnO2 for aqueous zinc ion batteries
Nobel prize in chemistry 1912 to sabatier: organic chemistry or catalysis
Mechanism for spontaneous oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions on CoO
Highly active deficient ternary sulfide photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting
Heteroatom nitrogen- and boron-doping as a facile strategy to improve photocatalytic activity of standalone reduced graphene oxide in hydrogen evolution
Rationale for mixing exact exchange with density functional approximations
Generalized gradient approximation made simple
Influence of the exchange screening parameter on the performance of screened hybrid functionals
Effect of the damping function in dispersion corrected density functional theory
<a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41467-023-43331-x?format=refman&amp;flavour=references">Download references</a>
This research project was funded by the Malaysia Research University Network (MRUN) from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (Grant No
304/PJKIMIA/656501/K145) and MUM-ASEAN Research Grant Scheme (Ref
ASE-000010) from Monash University Malaysia
This work was also supported by the High Impact Research Support Fund (HIRSF) (Ref
REU00354) and Advanced Computing Platform (APC) from Monash University Malaysia
We thank Hong Yuan Tok from Hi-Tech Instruments Sdn
for the spherical aberration-corrected BF-STEM measurements
Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering
University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)
and theoretical calculations as well as wrote the paper
discussed and validated the experimental and theoretical results
performed EPR analysis and validated the results
All authors contributed to the overall scientific interpretation and revised this paper
Nature Communications thanks Juncheng Hu and the other
reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43331-x
Chemical Engineering JournalCitation Excerpt :Zhao et al
synthesized In-O-Cd bond-modulated S-type heterojunctions of In2O3/CdSe-DETA by a simple microwave-assisted hydrothermal method for accelerated photogenerated electron transfer
which exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity for CO2.[33] However
its wide bandgap makes its absorption of sunlight poor leading to limited catalytic performance
and the selective construction of heterostructures is one of the effective ways to enhance their photocatalytic activities.[34] Notably
as a catalytic material capable of both photocatalysis and thermal catalysis
Journal of Water Process EngineeringCitation Excerpt :The photodegradation of RhB was examined using 5 % Ag/AgCl/g-C3N4/Sn-In2O3 composite
and BQ were used as the scavengers to capture ·OH
EDTA-2Na or BQ resulted in a significant decrease in the degradation rate of RhB from 98.5 % to 87.6 %
<a href="/articles/s41467-021-24511-z/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics details</a>
Construction of Z-scheme heterostructure is of great significance for realizing efficient photocatalytic water splitting
the conscious modulation of Z-scheme charge transfer is still a great challenge
interfacial Mo-S bond and internal electric field modulated Z-scheme heterostructure composed by sulfur vacancies-rich ZnIn2S4 and MoSe2 was rationally fabricated for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Systematic investigations reveal that Mo-S bond and internal electric field induce the Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism as confirmed by the surface photovoltage spectra
DMPO spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance spectra and density functional theory calculations
Under the intense synergy among the Mo-S bond
the optimized photocatalyst exhibits high hydrogen evolution rate of 63.21 mmol∙g−1·h−1 with an apparent quantum yield of 76.48% at 420 nm monochromatic light
which is about 18.8-fold of the pristine ZIS
This work affords a useful inspiration on consciously modulating Z-scheme charge transfer by atomic-level interface control and internal electric field to signally promote the photocatalytic performance
the only defect introduction is not enough for realizing efficient photocatalytic property
The question is that there is no direct and intimate interfacial connection between MoSe2 and ZnIn2S4
The poor interfacial contact is like erecting a “wall” between the two semiconductors
seriously preventing the trajection of charge flow
the formation of intimate interface contact became the hinge to Z-scheme photocatalyst fabrication
an efficient Z-scheme photocatalyst can be obtained through establishing intimate interfacial chemical bond connection between two semiconductors with specific band structure and Fermi level
the interfacial bonding and internal electric field are always considered separately
the jointly modulation and their synergy effect on photocatalytic performance still remains a challenging task
</a>Schematic presentation of the synthetic route of Sv-ZnIn2S4 and Sv-ZnIn2S4/MoSe2 heterostructure
It is worth noting that the Sv-ZIS sample shows almost the same XRD pattern with ZIS
indicating that the introduction of S vacancies can hardly affect the size and crystal structure of ZIS
a new peak at about 13.7° can be well assigned to the (002) crystal face of MoSe2
reconfirming the successful synthesis of Sv-ZIS/MoSe2 composite
</a>a H2 evolution amount at different irradiation time and b H2 evolution rate of different photocatalysts
c wavelength-dependent apparent quantum yield (AQY) and d cycling stability test of Sv-ZIS/5.0MoSe2
The vertical error bars indicate the maximum and minimum values obtained; the dot represents the average value
c photocurrent response and d electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the as-prepared samples
the Sv-ZIS/5.0MoSe2 shows the highest photocurrent density
which is the result of high-efficiency separation and transfer of photogenerated electron and hole
further revealing the optimum photocatalytic performance of Sv-ZIS/5.0MoSe2
the prominent photocatalytic performance requires the coordination among the efficient light absorption
photocarrier separation and transfer ability
</a>a The optimized structure and b the side view of charge density difference of Sv-ZnIn2S4/MoSe2 heterostructure
c photocatalytic reaction mechanism of Sv-ZIS/MoSe2 under light irradiation
d Surface photovoltage (SPV) measurement of Sv-ZIS
and e DMPO spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of DMPO- ∙ O2- of Sv-ZIS/MoSe2 in methanol solution
the ∙O2- should be the reaction product between the photoinduced electrons on the CB of Sv-ZIS and O2 (the CB potential of Sv-ZIS is about −1.10 eV
lager than the redox potential of O2/ ∙ O2-)
indicating that a mass of photogenerated electrons were accumulated on the CB of Sv-ZIS under irradiation of visible light
which should be contributed by the recombination between the electron on the CB of MoSe2 and the hole on the VB of Sv-ZIS
thus verifying the direct Z-scheme charge migration mechanism
Above SPV and EPR spin-trapping technique provides the direct proof for the direct Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism inside the Sv-ZIS/MoSe2 photocatalyst
we have successfully demonstrated an interfacial Mo-S bond and internal electric field modulated Z-scheme Sv-ZnIn2S4/MoSe2 photocatalyst through a defect-induced heterostructure constructing strategy for boosting the photocatalytic H2 evolution performance
The internal electric field provide the necessary driving force steering the photogenerated electrons on the conduction band of MoSe2 transfer to the valence band of Sv-ZnIn2S4 following the Z-scheme mechanism
while the interfacial Mo-S bond creates direct charge transfer channels between Sv-ZnIn2S4 and MoSe2
further accelerates the Z-scheme charge transfer process
the abundant S-vacancies also contribute to the enhanced light absorption and accelerated photocarriers separation
The above factors together lead to the efficient photocatalytic performance of the Sv-ZnIn2S4/MoSe2
the optimized photocatalyst exhibits a high AQY of 76.48% at 420 nm
and an ultrahigh H2 evolution rate of 63.21 mmol·g−1 ∙ h−1 under visible light (λ &gt; 420 nm)
which is about 18.8 times higher than that of pristine ZnIn2S4
the Sv-ZnIn2S4/MoSe2 also shows favorable recycling stability by remaining above 90% rate retention after 20 h of 5 continuous photocatalytic tests
This work not only provides an efficient direct Z-scheme ZnIn2S4-based heterostructure photocatalyst
but also affords a beneficial prototype for designing other Z-scheme photocatalyst for efficient green energy conversion
Analytical grade reagents were used directly without purification
Zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O) was bought from Tianjin guangcheng chemical reagent Co
≥99.99% metal basis) were bought from Shanghai Macklin biochemical technology Co
Ascorbic acid (AA) and hydrazine monohydrate (N2H4·H2O
85%) were bought from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.
Sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na2MoO4·2H2O) was purchased from Tianjin Fengchuan Chemical Reagent Technology Co.
Deionized water was obtained from local sources
and TAA (4 mmol) were orderly dissolved into 50 mL deionized water
and then stirred at room temperature for 30 min
the clear solution was poured into 100 mL stainless steel autoclave
After cooling naturally to indoor temperature
the sediment was separated by centrifugation
followed by washing with deionized water and ethanol
The obtained yellow powder ZnIn2S4 were labeled as ZIS
Sv-ZnIn2S4 was prepared via a N2H4·H2O-assisted hydrothermal method
100 mg the as-synthesized ZIS was dispersed into 20 mL deionized water for 1 h
5 mL N2H4·H2O was added into the mixing solution and stirred for another 30 min
the mixture was transfer to 50 mL stainless steel autoclave
the precipitate was separated by centrifugation
and washing with deionized water for several times
The obtained light-yellow powder was labeled as Sv-ZIS
The Sv-ZnIn2S4/MoSe2 heterostructure were synthesized by the similar process with Sv-ZnIn2S4
except that Na2MoO4·2H2O and Se powders were added into the mixture
The Sv-ZnIn2S4/MoSe2 with different mass ratio of MoSe2 to ZnIn2S4 (0.5%
and 7.0%) were synthesized by adjusting the addition of Na2MoO4·2H2O and Se
and the synthesized samples were labeled as Sv-ZIS/0.5MoSe2
the pure MoSe2 was prepared following the above steps without adding ZIS
the Sv-ZIS-5.0MoSe2 mixture was also fabricated by ultrasonic mixing the Sv-ZIS with MoSe2 for 1 h
The morphology and microstructure were investigated by SU8010 scanning electron microscope (SEM) outfitted with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS)
and JEM-2100 plus transmission electron microscope (TEM)
The crystalline and phase information were characterized by Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffraction (XRD)
The chemical states were investigated by Thermo ESCALAB 250 XI X X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS
and the XPS data was calibrated by C 1 s spectrum (binding energy is 284.8 eV)
The light absorption property was researched by the PerkinElmer Lambda 750 S UV-vis spectrophotometer using barium sulfate as standard reference
The recombination of photogenerated carriers was tested by F-4600 spectrofluorometer (375 nm excitation wavelength)
The secondary cutoff binding energy was measured by AXIS SUPRA X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with He I as the excitation source
The surface photovoltage (SPV) measurement were carried out on the system consisting a 500 W Xe lamp source equipped with a monochromator
The Raman spectra were conducted on LabRAM HR Evolution Raman spectrometer with 325 nm excitation wavelength to analysis the composition
The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurement was conducted on JEOL JES-FA200 EPR spectrometer with a 9.054 GHz magnetic field
The 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) was adopted as spin-trapping reagent and the ∙O2- and ∙OH were tested in methanol and aqueous solution
The hydrogen production experiments were proceeded on Labsolar-6A (Beijing Perfectlight)
photocatalyst (50 mg) was ultrasonically suspended into 100 mL solution involving 0.1 M ascorbic acid sacrificial agent
the reaction system was degassed for 1 h to thoroughly exclude the air and the dissolved oxygen in reaction system
Then the reaction was proceeded under PLS-SEX300D 300 W Xenon lamp (Beijing Perfectlight) with a 420 nm cut-off filter
The light intensity was determined by PLMW2000 photoradiometer (Beijing Perfectlight) to be about 254 mW/cm2
The generated hydrogen was analyzed by GC 7900 gas chromatograph (Techcomp
5 Å molecular sieve stainless steel packed column
All the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical measurements were conducted by a three-electrode system on CHI-660E electrochemical workstation
the working electrode was a piece of nickel foam coating with the as-prepared photocatalyst
The electrolyte was 0.5 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution
The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was conducted under open-circuit potential with 0.01 to 1×105 Hz frequency range and 0.005 V AC amplitude
The photocurrent response was tested under FX-300 Xe lamp
Mott-Schottky (M-S) plots were collected from −1 to −0.2 V under 10 kHz frequency and 0.01 V amplitude
The working electrode was fabricated as follows: a certain amount of photocatalyst
carbon black and polyvinylidene fluoride were weighted according to the mass ratio of 8:1:1
and then dispersed into N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to gain a homogeneous paste
The paste was daubed on a piece of pre-cleaned 1×1 cm2 FTO collector
a 3×3×3 Monkhorst-pack k-point (Γ point) mesh sampled the Brillouin zone with a smearing broadening of 0.05 eV were applied during the whole process
The convergence criteria of self-consistent field (SCF)
and maximum displacement are 2.0×10−6 eV/atom
The experimental data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request
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Direct and indirect Z-scheme heterostructurecoupled photosystem enabling cooperation
Recent progress of vacancy engineering for electrochemical energy conversion related applications
Structure-activity relationship of defective metal-based photocatalysts for water splitting: experimental and theoretical perspectives
Defects engineering in photocatalytic water splitting materials
Constructed 3D hierarchical micro-flowers CoWO4@Bi2WO6 Z-scheme heterojunction catalyzer: two-channel photocatalytic H2O2 production and anti‐biotics degradation
Two dimensional porous molybdenum phosphide/Nitride heterojunction nanosheets for pH-universal hydrogen evolution reaction
Piezotronic effect boosted photocatalytic performance of heterostructured BaTiO3/TiO2 nanofbers for degradation of organic pollutants
Metal-oxide-mediated subtractive manufacturing of two-dimensional carbon nitride for high-efficiency and high-yield photocatalytic H2 evolution
Ultrathin visible-light-driven Mo Incorporating In2O3-ZnIn2Se4 Z-Scheme Nanosheet Photocatalysts
Tunable charge transfer efficiency in HxMoO3@ZnIn2S4 hierarchical direct Z-scheme heterojunction toward efficient visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution
Se-rich MoSe2 nanosheets and their superior electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction
Self-surface charge exfoliation and electrostatically coordinated 2D hetero-layered hybrids
Hierarchical ZnIn2S4/MoSe2 nanoarchitectures for efficient noble-metal-free photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible Light
Atomic-level and modulated interfaces of photocatalyst heterostructure constructed by external defect-induced strategy: a critical review
Interfacial charge modulation: An efficient strategy for boosting spatial charge separation on semiconductor photocatalysts
Internal electric field engineering for steering photogenerated charge separation and enhancing photoactivity
Construction of Z-scheme MoSe2/CdSe hollow nanostructure with enhanced full spectrum photocatalytic activity
Engineering the novel MoSe2-Mo2C hybrid nanoarray electrodes for energy storage and water splitting applications
High-performance optoelectronic devices based on van der Waals vertical MoS2/MoSe2 heterostructures
Facile preparation of nanosized MoP as cocatalyst coupled with g-C3N4 by surface bonding state for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production
Recent advances of doped graphite carbon nitride for photocatalytic reduction of CO2: a review
MoS2 Quantum dot growth induced by S vacancies in a ZnIn2S4 monolayer: atomic-level heterostructure for photocatalytic hydrogen production
Hydrogenated ZnIn2S4 microspheres: boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by sulfur vacancy engineering and mechanism insight
Carbon inserted defect-rich MoS2-X nanosheets@CdS nanospheres for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation
Determination of peak positions and areas from wide-scan XPS spectra
Unique S-scheme heterojunctions in selfassembled TiO2/CsPbBr3 hybrids for CO2 photoreduction
Visible-light-driven nitrogen fixation catalyzed by Bi5O7Br nanostructures: enhanced performance by oxygen vacancies
Molybdenum sulfide-modified metal-free graphitic carbon nitride/black phosphorus photocatalyst synthesized via high-energy ball-milling for efficient hydrogen evolution and hexavalent chromium reduction
Controllable S-Vacancies of monolayered Mo-S nanocrystals for highly harvesting lithium storage
Interfacial chemical bond-modulated Z-scheme charge transfer for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting
Integrating 2D/2D CdS/α-Fe2O3 ultrathin bilayer Z-scheme heterojunction with metallic β-NiS nanosheet-based ohmic-junction for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution
Self-integrated effects of 2D ZnIn2S4 and amorphous Mo2C nanoparticles composite for promoting solar hydrogen generation
&amp; Yao Facile construction of three-dimensional netted ZnIn2S4 by cellulose nanofibrils for efficiently photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI)
The evolution from a typical type-I CdS/ZnS to type-II and Z-Scheme hybrid structure for efficient and stable hydrogen production under visible light
Z-Scheme 2D/2D α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 heterojunction for photocatalytic oxidation of nitric oxide
Recycling of spent alkaline Zn-Mn batteries directly: Combination with TiO2 to construct a novel Z-scheme photocatalytic system
Electron directed migration cooperated with thermodynamic regulation over bimetallic NiFeP/g-C3N4 for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Soft self-consistent pseudopotentials in a generalized eigenvalue formalism
Generalized gradient approximation made simple [Phys
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The work reported here was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No
Major Basic Research Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant No
Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program (SPKR&amp;DP) under Grant No
the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant No
the Innovation and Technology Program of Shandong Province under Grant No
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No
2020M683450) and the Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province under No
We express our grateful thanks to them for their financial support
College of Materials Science and Engineering
Qingdao University of Science and Technology
Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
School of Material Science and Engineering
International S&amp;T Cooperation Foundation of Shaanxi Province
Xi’an Key Laboratory of Green Manufacture of Ceramic Materials
Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating
College of Sino-German Science and Technology
prepared photocatalysts and conducted all the experiments
performed the electrochemistry measurement
offered help to analyze the characterization experiment data
gave suggestions on the experiment and writing
Peer review information Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contributions to the peer review of this work
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24511-z
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The global need for clean water and sanitation drives the development of eco-friendly and efficient water treatment technologies to combat biological pollution from pathogens
a novel heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized by incorporating ZnIn2S4 into covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to enable environmentally friendly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) photosynthesis and explore its potential for in situ disinfection
The ZnIn2S4/COF photocatalyst achieved remarkable H2O2 yields of 1325 µmol∙g−¹∙h−¹
surpassing pristine COF and ZnIn2S4 by factors of 3.12 and 16.2
The produced H2O2 was efficiently activated into hydroxyl radicals (·OH) through reaction with Fe(II)
enabling rapid sterilization via a photocatalysis-self-Fenton system
supported by physicochemical characterizations and theoretical calculations
highlighted the role of the internal electric field (IEF) in enhancing carrier separation and transfer
thereby boosting photosynthesis efficiency
This work presents a sustainable approach to H2O2 photosynthesis and activation for disinfection
offering a promising solution to global water treatment challenges
the transportation and storage of H2O2 also entail considerable safety concerns that warrant serious attention
it is essential to consider that the use of sacrificial reagents can conflict with the principles of green and sustainable chemistry
researchers have been investigating alternative approaches to improve the efficiency of COFs
the conduction band (CB) and Fermi level (Ef) of ZnIn2S4 possess more negative values relative to most COFs
thereby enabling the establishment of an efficient S-scheme heterojunction
This facilitates the generation of an internal electric field (IEF)
propelling the separation of useful carriers with enhanced redox potential in the ZnIn2S4/COF composite while minimizing recombination losses
Although some heterostructures have been exploited for photocatalytic purposes
accurately determining and quantifying the driving force behind photogenerated carrier separation and unraveling the electron migration pathways between the components remain complex challenges in the field
TaTp was selected as the COF component of heterojunction owing to its abundant active sites and superior light absorption properties
These characteristics are expected to accelerate the adsorption and activation of reactive substances and produce more electrons
thus facilitating their migration to other components
The heterojunction photocatalyst was constructed by hybridizing TaTp with ZnIn2S4 and employed for the in situ inactivation of Escherichia coli (E
coli) through the utilization of generated H2O2
Experimental results indicated that without the addition of H2O2
the photocatalytic Fenton system completely inactivated 2 × 107 colony forming unit (cfu) mL−1 E
coli by incorporating in situ synthesized H2O2 with Fe (II)
The S-scheme transport paths of the carriers have been unveiled through in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (in situ XPS)
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
the primary mechanism for enhancing the efficiency of carrier separation and prolonging the carrier lifetime was elucidated through the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) test
along with the quantified analysis and calculation of the IEF intensity
this research establishes both the theoretical and experimental groundwork for the evolution and development of S-scheme heterojunction
It expands the scope of COF-based photocatalyst studies in the eco-friendly synthesis of H2O2
realizing in situ activation and utilization
as well as affording a referable strategy for green
and efficient water disinfection technology
</a>Illustration of ZIS/TaTp synthesis (a)
XRD (b) and FTIR (c) patterns of photocatalysts
and 20% ZIS/TaTp (f); TEM images of 20% ZIS/TaTp (g–i)
This is primarily due to the mesoporous structure of TaTp being able to accommodate ZIS
resulting in the lamellar structure of ZIS partially blocking the pores of TaTp
This occlusion provides additional surface active sites on the catalyst
thereby facilitating the adsorption of reactants and intermediates
</a>UV-Vis diffuse reflection spectra of photocatalysts (a)
transient absorption spectroscopy of TaTp (c) and 20% ZIS/TaTp (d)
decay kinetics of TaTp (e) and 20% ZIS/TaTp (f)
The lifetime of carriers was distinctly prolonged from 92 ps in TaTp to 243 ps in 20% ZIS/TaTp
chiefly due to the efficient transfer of photogenerated e− within the ZIS to TaTp
These findings suggest that the heterojunction of ZIS and TaTp markedly improved the separation of carriers and effectively extended the relaxation lifetime of photogenerated e−
implying a kinetic enhancement of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)
photocurrent curves of as-prepared catalysts (b)
linear scanning voltammetry curves of TaTp
photosynthesis of H2O2 activity by photocatalysts (d)
control and trapping experiments of the catalysts on the photosynthesis of H2O2 (e)
the in situ FTIR of 20% ZIS/TaTp for H2O2 synthesis (f)
the decomposition of H2O2 by 20% ZIS/TaTp was negligible and significantly slower compared to TaTp and ZIS
These results suggest that the 20% ZIS/TaTp exhibits modified charge transfer pathway
with the photogenerated e− and h⁺ primarily participating in reactions with O2 and water rather than contributing to the in situ decomposition of H2O2 on the material surface
These results indicate that 20% ZIS/TaTp possesses excellent activity and structural stability
Ɛ is the low-frequency dielectric constant
surface photovoltage intensity of prepared samples (b)
the successful construction of novel S-scheme COF-based heterojunction photocatalysts was demonstrated
</a>KPFM potential images of 20% ZIS/TaTp in dark (a) and under 420 nm light illumination (b)
The line-scanning surface potential from TaTp to ZIS (c)
The schematic illustration of photoirradiation KPFM (d)
</a>Work functions of TaTp (a) and ZIS (b) by DFT calculation, charge density difference (c) and electron localization function (d) of 20% ZIS/TaTp, and schematic diagram of photogenerated H2O2 over 20% ZIS/TaTp (e–g).
</a>Schematic diagram of H2O2 photosynthesis by 20% ZIS/TaTp
</a>Photocatalytic bacterial inactivation experiments under different conditions (a)
fluorescence spectra of 7-hydroxycoumarin in 20% ZIS/TaTp system with and without Fe(II) (b
photos of the agar plates inoculated with reaction solutions from 20% ZIS/TaTp + Fe(II) at different sampling times (d)
All chemicals utilized in this work were bought from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co
and were directly employed for experiments after purchase without any treatment
The ZIS/TaTp heterojunction was prepared as follows:
TaTp was fabricated via a solvothermal method
31.5 mg (0.15 mmol) of 1,3,5-triformyl phloroglucinol
53.1 mg (0.15 mmol) of 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl) triazine
0.515 mL of mesitylene and 3.085 mL of 1,4-dioxane were added into a 10 mL autoclave and stirred for 30 min
0.6 mL of 3 M acetic acid was injected into the autoclave
the autoclave was heated at 120 °C in an oven for 72 h
Upon completion of the reaction and cooling to room temperature
the obtained mixture was washed with methanol
the catalyst was dried in a vacuum desiccator at 100 °C for 12 h to obtain TaTp
ZIS/TaTp catalysts were fabricated through a hydrothermal approach
27.5 mg (0.125 mmol) of Zn(CH3COO)2 ∙ 2H2O
and 300 mg of TaTp were dissolved in 50 mL deionized (DI) water
The autoclave was subsequently sealed and heated at 180 °C in an oven for 24 h
The obtained powder samples were washed thoroughly with DI water and ethanol
other products with different load ratios (10% ZIS/TaTp
ZnIn2S4 was synthesized accordingly without the addition of TaTp
The photosynthesis of H2O2 was carried out under the irradiation of a 300 W Xenon lamp with a 420 nm cut-off filter
10 mg of photocatalyst was added to a beaker containing 50 mL of ultrapure water without other sacrificial reagents or photosensitizers
the mixture was stirred for 30 min under dark conditions to disperse the catalyst in the solution
and the catalyst in the solution was removed by filtration
The H2O2 activation experiment was conducted in the same condition with the addition of Fe (II)
coli was utilized as the model bacteria to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of the catalysts
500 μL of 2 × 109 cfu mL−1 bacterial solution was added to a beaker containing 49.5 mL of ultrapure water
and the number of viable bacteria was determined using the plate count method
No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study
Farm-to-tap water treatment: naturally-sourced photosensitizers for enhanced solar disinfection of drinking water
The problem of drinking water access: a review of disinfection technologies with an emphasis on solar treatment methods
Solar photothermal disinfection using broadband-light absorbing gold nanoparticles and carbon black
Formulation of citizen science approach for monitoring Sustainable Development Goal 6: clean water and sanitation for an Indian city
Coincidence of sustainable development indicators for the Nekarood Watershed with the United Nation’s sustainable development goals
Limits of UV disinfection: UV/electrolysis hybrid technology as a promising alternative for direct reuse of biologically treated wastewater
Emerging pollutants in wastewater: a review of the literature
Photo augmented copper-based fenton disinfection under visible LED light and natural sunlight irradiation
Fe Single-atom catalyst for efficient and rapid fenton-like degradation of organics and disinfection against bacteria
Hydrogen peroxide synthesis: an outlook beyond the anthraquinone process
Reaction pathways toward sustainable photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide by polymer photocatalysts
Copolymer of phenylene and thiophene toward a visible-light-driven photocatalytic oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide
Solar‐driven production of hydrogen peroxide from water and dioxygen
Artificial photosynthesis for production of hydrogen peroxide and its fuel cells
S-scheme ZnO/WO3 heterojunction photocatalyst for efficient H2O2 production
Photocatalytic production of H2O2 over facet-dependent Ti-MOF
Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production
Semiconducting MOF@ZnS heterostructures for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production: heterojunction coverage matters
Photoredox catalysis over semiconductors for light-driven hydrogen peroxide production
Built-in electric field mediated S-scheme charge migration in COF/In2S3 heterojunction for boosting H2O2 photosynthesis and sterilization
Construction of core-shell MOF@COF hybrids with controllable morphology adjustment of COF shell as a novel platform for photocatalytic cascade reactions
covalent triazine‐based frameworks prepared by ionothermal synthesis
Opportunities of covalent organic frameworks for advanced applications
Covalent organic framework electrocatalysts for clean energy conversion
Schiff base type conjugated organic framework nanofibers: solvothermal synthesis and electrochromic properties
Tunable redox chemistry and stability of radical intermediates in 2D covalent organic frameworks for high performance sodium ion batteries
Size-controllable synthesis of uniform spherical covalent organic frameworks at room temperature for highly efficient and selective enrichment of hydrophobic peptides
Efficient hydrogen peroxide photosynthesis over CdS/COF for water disinfection: the S-scheme pathway
Upgrading structural conjugation in covalent organic framework with spatial dual sites enables boosting solar-to-H2O2-to-•OH for environmental remediation
Covalent triazine-based frameworks confining cobalt single atoms for photocatalytic CO2 reduction and hydrogen production
Direct Z-scheme covalent triazine-based framework Bi2WO6 heterostructure for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline: kinetics
Cobalt quantum dots as electron collectors in ultra-narrow bandgap dioxin linked covalent organic frameworks for boosting photocatalytic solar-to-fuel conversion
Up-conversion fluorescent carbon quantum dots decorated covalent triazine frameworks as efficient metal-free photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution
Rational construction of Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles on covalent triazine-based framework for artificial CO2 reduction
Rational design of novel COF/MOF S-Scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for boosting CO2 reduction at gas-solid interface
An organic perspective on photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide
Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production activity of imine-linked covalent organic frameworks via modification with functional groups
Weakly hydrophilic imine-linked covalent benzene-acetylene frameworks for photocatalytic H2O2 production in the two-phase system
Hexavalent chromium reduction and Rhodamine B degradation by visible-light-driven photocatalyst of stannum indium sulfide-samarium vanadate
N-In2O3 with GdFeO3 Z-scheme heterostructure for the photocatalytic removal of tetracycline
Fabrication of graphene wrapped ZnIn2S4 microspheres heterojunction with enhanced interfacial contact and its improved photocatalytic performance
Interspersed Bi promoting hot electron transfer of covalent organic frameworks boosts nitrogen reduction to ammonia
O-rich carboxylated triazine-covalent organic frameworks for the application in selective simultaneous electrochemical detection
A direct Z-scheme BiOBr/TzDa COF heterojunction photocatalyst with enhanced performance on visible-light driven removal of organic dye and Cr(VI)
Activating earth-abundant insulator BaSO4 for visible-light induced degradation of tetracycline
Author Correction: A metal-free photocatalyst for highly efficient hydrogen peroxide photoproduction in real seawater
Piperazine-linked metalphthalocyanine frameworks for highly efficient visible-light-driven H2O2 photosynthesis
Three-dimensional covalent organic framework with tty topology for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production
Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution by side-group engineered benzodiimidazole oligomers with strong built-in electric fields and short-range crystallinity
Piezo-catalysis mechanism elucidation by tracking oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide with In situ EPR spectroscopy
An inorganic/organic S-scheme heterojunction H2-production photocatalyst and its charge transfer mechanism
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This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22272028
the Youth Talent Support Program of Fujian Province (00387077)
the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2022J01110) and the Industry-University Research Collaboration Project of Fujian Province (2023H6005)
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
Department of Construction and Quality Management
State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
found financial support and supervised the research activities; C.Q
performed all the experiments supported by G.H
helped with the result presentation and interpretation and all authors contributed to the final paper writing
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-025-00437-7
RWE begins construction and installation of wind turbines at its 17th wind farm in Poland
The new onshore wind farm will be located near the town of Żnin in Kujawsko-Pomorskie
&ldquo;The investment made by RWE is part of the direction the municipality and the entire region is taking towards green energy
We are already installing photovoltaic systems on public buildings and encouraging residents to replace their heat sources
Thanks to the investment by one of the world's leading energy companies
the grid will now be powered by green electricity in about ten months
As part of the wind farm community package significant funds will be donated to the our town thus meeting the expectations of residents who want to live in an ecological region,&rdquo; says Robert Luchowski
The entire park will consist of 16 wind turbines
RWE has secured support in the auction system (CfD
Contract for Difference) for the Żnin project with a capacity of 48 megawatts (MW)
&ldquo;The construction work to prepare the infrastructure
such as path work and the pouring of the foundations
The construction of a wind farm also offers benefits to the farmers in the surrounding area: We will create new access roads and pavements
This will facilitate access to the fields and thus improve daily operations
the community of Żnin will be able to watch the process of installation of wind turbines,&rdquo; says Wojciech Borkowski
who is responsible for project implementation at RWE Renewables Poland
The wind farm is scheduled to be commissioned in the fourth quarter of next year.&nbsp;
RWE successfully commissioned its 16th Rozdrażew wind farm with a capacity of 16.8 MW
the seven turbines generate enough green power to meet the needs of more than 27,000 Polish households
RWE is building another wind farm: two wind turbines will produce enough green energy to meet the annual electricity needs of another 8,800 households
The Polish government has signed a 15-year CfD with the company for the 7 MW Wierzchlas project
the Dolice (48 MW) and Lech Nowy Staw III (12 MW) wind farms are also awaiting permits
RWE is diversifying its Polish renewable energy portfolio by investing in photovoltaic projects
RWE is also active in the offshore sector in Poland
The company is at an advanced stage of preparation for the construction of the 350 MW F.E.W
Baltic II project and has submitted applications for new permits in the Baltic Sea
Environmental ResearchCitation Excerpt :Tungsten disulfide (WS2)
a potential 2D semiconducting material possessing single layered molecular structure held together by Van-der Waal&#x27;s interaction and a shorter bandgap energy of 1.35–2.0 eV
embraces a great perspective to harness the light up to 910 nm (Song et al.
coupling these two layered materials exhibits an additional advantage of forming an intact heterogeneous interface that would further facilitate the effective migration and spatial isolation of photoinduced carriers via Z-/S-scheme charge transfer mode (Ashraf et al.
the unique structural and electronic features of BiOCl and WS2 could foster the dissociation of photocarriers and reduce the bulk-to-surface charge passage distance
Journal of Alloys and CompoundsCitation Excerpt :Over the years
various remediation technologies have been widely utilized in the purification and sterilization of wastewater [9]
Semiconductor photocatalytic technology has emerged as a leader in the field of wastewater treatment and carbon dioxide mitigation due to its exceptional efficiency and environmentally friendly feature [10–13]
photogenerated electron (e-)-hole (h+) pairs produced by light stimulation of semiconductor photocatalysts react with H2O and O2 to produce various reactive oxygen species (ROS)
International Journal of Hydrogen EnergyCitation Excerpt :For dimension regulation
the main research challenges lie in: (1) controllable synthesis of catalysts with different dimensional structures; (2) confirmation of the factors influencing the electronic structure of photocatalytic materials through dimensional structural regulation; (3) clarification of the correlation between dimensionality and the structure-performance relationship of photocatalysts
although many methods have been reported for the preparation of nanostructures in various dimensions
2D nanosheets [33] and 3D flower-like micorespheres [34]
which have been applied in different photocatalytic reactions such as water splitting [35,36]
there would still be a scarcity of literature on the impact of Znln2S4 in different dimensions on diverse photocatalytic reactions
necessitating urgent further investigation
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ZnIn2S4 layers were obtained on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass and TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2NT) using a hydrothermal process as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting
samples were annealed and the effect of the annealing temperature was investigated
Optimization of the deposition process and annealing of ZnIn2S4 layers made it possible to obtain an FTO-based material generating a photocurrent of 1.2 mA cm−2 at 1.62 V vs
the highest photocurrent in the neutral electrolyte obtained for the TiO2NT-based photoanode reached 0.5 mA cm−2 at 1.62 V vs
the use of a strongly acidic electrolyte allowed the generated photocurrent by the TiO2NT-based photoanode to increase to 3.02 mA cm−2 at 0.31 V vs
Despite a weaker photoresponse in neutral electrolyte than the optimized FTO-based photoanode
the use of TiO2NT as a substrate allowed for a significant increase in the photoanode's operating time
the photocurrent response of the TiO2NT-based photoanode was 0.21 mA cm−2
the FTO-based photoanode after the same time generated a photocurrent of 0.02 mA cm−2 which was only 1% of the initial value
The results indicated that the use of TiO2 nanotubes as a substrate for ZnIn2S4 deposition increases the photoanode's long-term stability in photoelectrochemical water splitting
The proposed charge transfer mechanism suggested that the heterojunction between ZnIn2S4 and TiO2 played an important role in improving the stability of the material by supporting charge separation
TiO2 nanotubes are therefore an excellent potential substrate
as they can simultaneously act as a substrate with a greatly developed surface area and form a heterojunction with ZnIn2S4
a direct comparison of ZnIn2S4 performance on these substrates is lacking
making it essential to fill this gap for a comprehensive understanding of the material's behavior in practical applications
comparative photoelectrochemical (PEC) studies of ZnIn2S4 on anodized TiO2 nanotubes and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates may be of significant importance in the field of photoelectrochemical research
Understanding how the same material behaves on different substrates allows for a comprehensive evaluation of its properties and potential in renewable energy applications
The choice of substrate can profoundly affect the stability and long-term performance of photoelectrochemical devices
one can identify the substrate that provides better stability for ZnIn2S4-based photoanodes
enabling the development of more durable and practical devices
The materials obtained by processes lasting for 6 and 12 h were also compared
the ZnIn2S4 layers on FTO and TiO2NT were annealed at different temperatures and tested as photoanodes for water oxidation
Photoelectrochemical studies were performed in a three-electrode system under simulated solar light illumination
The differences in the active layer properties obtained on TiO2 nanotubes and FTO were studied using a series of structural
Photoelectrochemical measurements made it possible to determine the photoelectrochemical activity of the materials obtained and to compare their stability during illumination
(g) TiO2NT/ZIS6-O400 and (h) TiO2NT/ZIS6-O500
(c) FTO/ZIS12 and (d) TiO2NT/ZIS12 photoanodes before and after annealing at 300
The average crystal size of ZnIn2S4 layers on FTO and TiO2NT was calculated from XRD measurements using the Scherrer equation, and the results were presented in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-48309-9#MOESM1">S1</a>
To compare the effect of temperature on crystallite size on the two substrates
the peak at 62.5° was chosen for the calculations because it is visible in the diffractograms for all materials
ZnIn2S4 grains in layers on FTO were characterized by sizes of 41–44 nm
layers with much higher grain sizes were obtained on TiO2NT: 65–133 nm
This variation in crystal size could stem from the distinct properties of the substrates
which can influence the nucleation and growth of the ZnIn2S4 crystalline structure
the length of the hydrothermal process and the annealing temperature had no significant effect on the change in crystallite size
ZnIn2S4 grains in layers deposited on TiO2NT obtained in a 12 h hydrothermal process were characterized by sizes larger by about 31 nm than in the case of shorter deposition (6 h)
Increasing the annealing temperature resulted in a decrease in crystallite size
both for the TiO2NT/ZIS6 and TiO2NT/ZIS12 series
The decrease was slightly higher for layers obtained in a 12 h hydrothermal process
This observation suggests that the hydrothermal deposition time plays a more prominent role in influencing the crystal growth kinetics on the TiO2NT substrate
potentially due to the unique structural features and enhanced surface area of nanotubular structures
Increasing of the Energy band gap is likely related to the thermal degradation of the material
which indicated the formation of In2O3 during annealing at 500 °C
The layers seem to lose their activity in visible light
</a>LSV curves of (a) FTO/ZIS12-based and (b) TiO2NT/ZIS12-based photoanodes; ABPE curves of (c) FTO/ZIS12-based and (d) TiO2NT/ZIS12-based photoanodes in 0.5 M Na2SO4
almost vertical lines as a characteristic of capacitive behavior
The slightly different shape of spectra was obtained for FTO/ZIS6-O300
The spectra bends at lower frequencies forming semicircle that may be observed due to the contribution of charge transfer on the interface
There is no simple relation between resistance and annealing temperature for TiO2NT/ZIS nor FTO/ZIS electrode materials
FTO/ZIS-based materials annealed at different temperatures exhibited higher series resistance (Rs) in comparison with bare FTO
that for FTO/ZIS6 the annealing temperature had a positive impact on the decrease in resistance
the presence of ZnIn2S4 enhanced the conductivity
The changes in the resistance might be neglected for TiO2NT/ZIS synthesized for 12h
It evidences that the substrate electrode affects the electrochemical performance of the electrode material
TiO2NT/ZIS electrodes exhibit Rs in the range of 4–8 Ω
Applied bias photon-to-current conversion efficiency (ABPE), calculated from the corresponding LSV curves, was the highest for FTO/ZIS12-O500 (0.46% at 0.93 V vs. RHE) and TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 (1.12% at 0.55 V vs. RHE) photoanodes, reflecting their superior ability to convert incident photons into photocurrent (see Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-48309-9#Fig4">4</a>c,d)
these ABPE results correlate with the observed trend in generated photocurrents for both FTO-based and TiO2NT-based photoanodes
the FTO/ZIS12-O500 photoanode exhibited higher photocurrents compared to the TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 photoanode
Despite the FTO-based photoanode generating higher photocurrents
the ABPE value for the TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 photoanode surpassed that of the FTO/ZIS12-O500
This suggests that the presence of TiO2 in the latter configuration could potentially contribute to improved charge separation dynamics and enhanced kinetics of the water oxidation reaction
this comparison of ABPE efficiency values between the two photoanodes implies that the incorporation of TiO2 in the TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 configuration has a favorable impact on charge separation and water oxidation kinetics
Although the FTO/ZIS12-O500 photoanode exhibited higher photocurrents
the ABPE value of the TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 photoanode signifies a more efficient utilization of the absorbed photons
highlighting the potential advantage of the TiO2-based heterojunction in promoting effective charge transfer and water oxidation reactions
RHE) was determined for a neutral electrolyte
it is not the electrolyte that is the limitation
the system had the narrowest potential range: − 0.3 to 0.3 V vs
the main limitation of the acid electrolyte may be the reduction of H+ ions
the sharp increase in current density at about 0.3 V vs
the reduction potential is similar to that obtained in a neutral environment
but the potential range compared to a neutral environment is narrower
The neutral electrolyte proved to be the most suitable in terms of the width of the range of material stability
</a>LSV curves of FTO/ZIS12-O300 and TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 photoanodes recorded during illumination in (a) 0.5 M H2SO4
(b) 0.5 M Na2SO4 and (c) 0.5 M NaOH as electrolytes
</a>CA curves recorded during illumination of (a) FTO/ZIS12-O500 and (b) TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 photoanodes in different electrolytes
(c) CA curves of FTO/ZIS12-O500 and TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 recorded during illumination in 0.5 M Na2SO4
As shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-48309-9#Fig6">6</a>b
the TiO2NT-based photoanode initially generated the highest photocurrents in an acidic electrolyte
but their values dropped faster than in the neutral electrolyte
Whereas under neutral pH this decrease was 21%
The photocurrents generated in 0.5 M NaOH as electrolyte after 600 s of exposure were 59% of the initial values
The effect of pH on the photoelectrochemical performance of photoanodes was different depending on the substrate used
the most suitable electrolyte regarding photocurrent stability was 0.5 M NaOH (pH = 14)
the TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 photoanode was most stable in 0.5 M Na2SO4
the use of a strongly acidic electrolyte (0.5 M H2SO4
pH = 1) resulted in a significant increase in photocurrent values generated by TiO2NT/based photoanode
which after 600 s of exposure were still the highest among the results for all electrolytes used
after 2 h illumination photocurrent values for FTO-based photoanode decreased by about 99% to reach 0.02 mA cm−2
while for TiO2NT-based photoanode decreased only by about 58% (0.21 mA cm−2)
This juxtaposition of crystal planes underscores the intimate contact and well-defined interface between the TiO2NT substrate and the ZnIn2S4 layers
The coexistence of these specific crystal planes reinforces the notion of a robust and coherent interface that likely contributes to efficient charge transfer and enhanced photocatalytic performance
the use of TiO2 nanotubes makes it possible to create a heterojunction between TiO2 and ZnIn2S4
photoexcited electrons are directed to the CB of TiO2
which facilitates charge separation and reduces their recombination rate
the ZIS layer after annealing at 300 °C is difficult to remove compared to the non-annealed layer
the layers on the FTO were easy to remove completely
annealing the layers not only caused changes in morphology and crystal structure but also affected the contact between TiO2NT and ZnIn2S4 facilitating the charge transfer between the components
This was another factor that caused the TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 photoanode to generate higher photocurrent values in comparison with TiO2NT/ZIS12
the deposition of ZnIn2S4 on TiO2 nanotubes and annealing of the layers did not change the morphology of the substrate
To investigate the reason for the decrease in photoactivity, the characterization of electrode materials was performed after 2h of chronoamperometric measurements. Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-48309-9#MOESM1">S12</a> compares the XRD patterns of FTO/ZIS12-O500 and TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 photoanodes before and after 2 h of illumination
The XRD pattern of the TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 photoanode after 2 h of exposure showed only an increase in the peak corresponding to the (006) plane (~ 21.5°)
Despite this change in the case of the TiO2NT-based photoanode
it can be concluded that in terms of composition
the material is stable regardless of the substrate used
it is not the crystallinity of ZIS that has an impact on the degradation of the material during long-term illumination
Cross-section SEM images of FTO/ZIS12, FTO/ZIS12-O500, TiO2TN/ZIS12, and TiO2TN/ZIS12-O300 photoanodes before and after 2 h of illumination (see Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41598-023-48309-9#MOESM1">S13</a>) allowed to estimate the thickness of the obtained ZnIn2S4
Cross-sectional samples were obtained by carefully preparing the coated substrates to expose the inner layers for observation under the SEM
Using SEM could be visualized the cross-section of the ZnIn2S4-coated layers on both substrates
the thickness of the deposited ZnIn2S4 layer was measured at various points on the substrates
The thickness of ZnIn2S4 layers was not uniform throughout the whole surface on both FTO and TiO2NT
The measured thicknesses were in the range of 3–12 μm
There was no clear evidence that annealing affects the thickness of the deposited layers
the use of the hydrothermal process resulted in layers of different thicknesses within the same electrode
It was also not possible to determine the significant changes in layer thickness during long-term exposure
it was not possible to observe changes in photoanodes that negatively affected their performance during exposure
</a>Mott–Schottky plots of (a) FTO/ZIS12-O500 and (b) TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 before and after 2h illumination with simulated sunlight
</a>High resolution XPS spectrum of (a) Zn 2p
(c) S 2p and (d) O 1s of FTO/ZIS12-O500 and TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 before and after 2 h of exposure to simulated sunlight
The S 2p3/2 spectrum of TiO2NT/ZIS12-O300 did not change significantly after exposure
a significant increase in the proportion of sulfur in the form of S−2 can be seen
with no change in the intensity of the line representing sulfates
that illumination affects the composition of material and leads to changes in the stoichiometry between S and O on the surface
Our study marks a significant achievement as we successfully synthesized ZnIn2S4 layers on TiO2 nanotubes for the first time
The annealing process performed under varying air temperatures exerted effects on the crystallographic structure
leading to consequential alterations in the resulting photocurrent values
the impact of annealing exhibited substrate-specific variations
reflecting the intricate interplay between material properties and thermal treatment
our efforts culminated in the creation of an optimized TiO2NT-based photoanode
showcasing a remarkable enhancement in photocurrent density
This optimized configuration demonstrated a significant advantage over photoanodes fabricated using FTO glass substrates
primarily in terms of stability during illumination
Despite an initial lower photoelectrochemical activity
the TiO2NT-based photoanode exhibited a pronounced capability for efficient hydrogen generation through photoelectrochemical water splitting
it outperformed its FTO-based counterparts
The stark contrast became even more evident after 2 h
as FTO-based photoanodes suffered a precipitous 99% decrease in photocurrent values
while TiO2NT-based counterparts experienced a notably milder 58% decrease
attributed to the formed heterojunction at the ZnIn2S4-TiO2NT interface
underscores the potential for sustained high photocurrent values over extended periods
In addition to the aforementioned findings
we expanded our investigation by systematically exploring the influence of pH on the performance of the photoanodes
the pH-dependent measurements provided critical insights into the response of the TiO2NT and FTO-based ZnIn2S4 photoanode under varying chemical environments
These measurements enabled a comprehensive understanding of the photoelectrochemical behavior and stability of the photoanode across acidic
the use of TiO2NT as a substrate for the deposition of other photoanode materials could be a promising way to maximize their working time
which is a very important factor in allowing them to be used on a larger scale
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the BRIDGE OF KNOWLEDGE repository (<a href="https://mostwiedzy.pl/pl/open-research-data/x-ray-diffraction-of-znin2s4-layers-on-tio2nt-and-fto-annealed-at-different-temperatures">https://mostwiedzy.pl/pl/open-research-data/x-ray-diffraction-of-znin2s4-layers-on-tio2nt-and-fto-annealed-at-different-temperatures</a>
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This research was funded by the National Centre for Research and Development via Grant No
LIDER/15/0088/L 10/18/NCBR/2019 (Integrated prototype of a photo-supercapacitor for energy storage obtained as a result of solar radiation conversion)
Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials
Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics
The Szewalski Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery
D.R.—performed photoelectrochemical experiments with assistance of K.T
and M.Sz.; D.R.—prepared photoanodes and wrote the manuscript
M.S.—carried out SEM and UV–vis characterization
helped with data interpretation and revised the manuscript
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48309-9
Solid State SciencesCitation Excerpt :The initial peak at 529.3 eV is associated with the lattice oxygen species [31]
is linked to adsorbed oxygen atoms within NM-125 [32]
the NMM sample displayed binding energies of Mn 2p at 641.3 eV (2p3/2) and 653.2 eV (2p1/2)
<a href="/articles/s41598-022-05740-8/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics details</a>
ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) is an efficient photocatalyst for solar hydrogen (H2) generation from water splitting owing to its suitable band gap
excellent photocatalytic behaviour and high stability
modifications are still necessary to further enhance the photocatalytic performance of ZIS for practical applications
This has led to our interest in exploring phosphorus doping on ZIS for photocatalytic water splitting
phosphorus-doped ZnIn2S4 (P-ZIS) was modelled via Density Functional Theory to investigate the effects of doping phosphorus on the structural and electronics properties of ZIS as well as its performance toward photocatalytic water splitting
This work revealed that the replacement of S3 atom by substitutional phosphorus gave rise to the most stable P-ZIS structure
P-ZIS was observed to experience a reduction in band gap energy
an increase in electron density near VBM and a reduction of H* adsorption–desorption barrier
all of which are essential for the enhancement of the hydrogen evolution reaction
detailed theoretical analysis carried out in this work could provide critical insights towards the development of P-ZIS-based photocatalysts for efficient H2 generation via solar water splitting
Such limitations inhibit the photo-redox reaction of water and deteriorate photocatalytic performances
appropriate modifications must be done to improve intrinsic electronic properties
increase charge separation efficiency and promote the migration of charge carriers to active sites for initializing the redox reactions
no prior research has been conducted to investigate the intrinsic nature and effects of P-doping on ZIS
Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate and elucidate the effects of P-doping on ZIS
The doping nature as well as the structural and electronic properties of P-ZIS
band structure and density of state (DOS) were studied in detail
Systematic investigations were also carried out to examine the performance of P-ZIS towards water interaction
Hybrid functional HSE06 was used to obtain the most stable structure during the relaxation calculation
single P atom was added into possible interstitial sites of 1-by-1 atomic bilayer structure
Each intrinsic S atom was replaced by P atom during the substitutional P-doping calculation
high symmetry k-points of interest for ZIS structure were used including \({\Gamma }
All model lattice structures were visualized using Visualization for Electronic and Structural Analysis (VESTA)
free energy values calculated in DFT were utilized for analysis on both ZIS and P-ZIS structures towards HER
whereby adsorption energies and the corresponding Gibb’s free energies were calculated to conclude potential performance improvement (see Supplementary Information online for computation and calculation details)
</a>Crystal structure of 2D pristine bilayer ZnIn2S4 (a) with dimensions
and (b) excluding bonds for ease of atom visualization
Labelling of atoms are shown in (b) for the ease of discussion in subsequent parts
(c) Lattice representation of each doping site for interstitial phosphorus doping (IPD) and substitutional phosphorus doping (SPD)
</a>Simulated crystal structure for (a) pristine ZIS, and (b) P-ZIS (SPD-3).
</a>Calculated DOS of (a) pristine ZIS, and (b) P-ZIS (SPD-3). EFermi = Fermi level (set to 0 eV). Vertical blue lines represent VBM and CBM of pristine structure respectively for comparison. Light orange shading marks the increased DOS at VBM due to P-doping. Calculated band structures of (c) pristine ZIS and (d) P-ZIS (SPD-3) near VBM and CBM.
</a>Charge density distribution of (a) pristine ZIS and (b) P-doped ZIS (SPD-3) at (100) doped monolayer
Respective lattice structure is provided at the side for ease of comparison
such spatial separation of electronic states near the VBM and CBM could potentially give rise to errors and an underestimation of band gap energies
Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-022-05740-8#Fig4">4</a> reveals the charge density distribution around the atoms in ZIS and P-ZIS at the doping layer
It is clear that the S3 atom possessed high charge distribution
which was replaced by P atom via substitutional doping
Because the electronic states near the CBM were primarily contributed by the S-3p orbital
such substitution step resulted in the decrease of DOS near the CBM of P-ZIS
the introduction of P atom into ZIS contributed to higher charge densities near the VBM in the calculated DOS
the charge density distribution around S atoms (potential HER active sites) increased significantly due to the delocalization of charges
This would potentially improve the interaction between hydrogen atoms with potential active sites
which would consequently enhance hydrogen adsorption and the photocatalytic performance towards HER
the effect of P-doping on H2O interaction was also analysed on the basis of the changes in bond angle and bond length of the adsorbed H2O molecule
</a>Water molecule interaction with (a) In2 from ZIS (110), (b) In2 from P-ZIS (110), and (c) P from P-ZIS (100). For ease of visualization, only interactive O bonding is shown.
\(\Delta G_{{H^{*} }}\) and hydrogen interactive bond length for (a) ZIS (H* on S1)
These could further attest the successful activation of H2O molecules for OER
It should be noted that even though one of the stretched O–H bonds from P-ZIS interaction (0.997 Å) was slightly shorter than that of ZIS (1.004 Å)
the other O–H bond was significantly stretched to 0.986 Å
This would facilitate the OER initialization phase and consequently lead to an overall improvement in OER performance on the In2 active site of P-ZIS
The cleavage of both O–H bonds from the H2O molecule could result in the production of intermediate species prior to the formation of O2 molecules; while promoting HER through the production of H+ atoms
the other O–H bond was found to have shortened to 0.929 Å
which suggested that the P atom would serve only as a secondary active site to In2 in the P-ZIS structure
</a>Free energy diagram for hydrogen evolution for each site on ZIS and P-ZIS
the \(\Delta G_{{H^{*} }}\) on S1 was found to have reduced from 1.799 (for pristine ZIS) to − 0.324 eV (for P-ZIS)
indicated that the adsorption–desorption barrier was significantly reduced
which rendered P-ZIS more favourable for H* adsorption
This affirmed that P-doping could result in the improvement of HER performance on the least favourable S1 site
the increment of charge density distribution after P-doping on S2 further improved the favourability of H* adsorption onto the most favourable active site (as indicated by the close-to-zero \(\Delta G_{{H^{*} }}\))
The significant reduction of the adsorption–desorption barrier for P-ZIS was attributed to the elongated S–H interactive bond
which in turn eased the desorption of H* to form H2
the substitution of P atom favoured the adsorption of H* as indicated by its closer-to-zero \(\Delta G_{{H^{*} }}\) of − 0.596 eV as compared to the S3 atom (1.399 eV)
The relatively longer P–H bond over S3-H bond could further promote the desorption of H* for H2 formation and subsequently improve the HER activity
it is clear that P-doping in ZIS enhances HER performance by (1) reducing H* adsorption–desorption barriers for the generation of H2
(2) increasing electron density near HER active sites and (3) inhibiting electron–hole pairs recombination as previously discussed
</a>Intermediate reaction steps for monolayer ZIS forming (a) HO*, (b) O* and (c) HOO*, as well as for monolayer P-ZIS forming (d) HO*, (e) O* and (f) HOO*.
</a>Free energy diagram for oxygen evolution on (a) ZIS and (b) P-ZIS
The OER on pristine ZIS was completed following the cleavage of the 0.987 Å O–H bond via the last H deprotonation step
This was followed by the desorption of O2 from the ZIS surface
which resulted in the production of a free O2 molecule
the O–H bond must be cleaved via deprotonation
followed by the desorption of O2 from P-ZIS
as both of the O–H (0.992 Å) and In2-O (2.221 Å) bond lengths for P-ZIS were comparatively longer than those in ZIS
easier H deprotonation and O2 desorption were therefore expected over P-ZIS
These could collectively lead to improved OER performance of P-ZIS as compared to its pristine counterpart
P-ZIS has the potential to efficiently drive solar water splitting to generate H2; however
it does not result in the generation of the desired O2 product
detailed DFT calculations and computation analysis were successfully performed to fully unravel the nature of P-doping on ZIS
The most stable P-doped ZIS structure was obtained via the replacement of S3 atoms with substitutional doping of P
The calculated Ef of − 2.082 eV suggested that the formation of P-ZIS was energetically favourable
A few key points were observed following the doping of P atoms: (1) The band gap of P-ZIS was reduced
indicating enhanced photo-responsiveness; (2) The VBM was upshifted close to the Fermi level due to P-3p orbital contributions
which led to enhanced hole mobility and charge carrier separation; (3) The electron density near the VBM of P-ZIS was increased
which provided more ground-state electrons for photoexcitation and subsequent participation in HER; (4) The H* adsorption was drastically improved due to the increase in charge density distribution around the most favourable HER active site (S2); this resulted in the significant reduction in the H* adsorption–desorption barrier
which could in turn enhance HER performance
The P-ZIS photocatalyst not only displayed improved interaction on the intrinsic OER active site (In2)
but also introduced P atoms as new reactive sites for H2O adsorption
It should be noted that although P-ZIS exhibited a lower overpotential for OER compared to ZIS
its high \(\eta^{OER}\) value of 5.123 V indicated that OER was still energetically unfavourable over P-ZIS
we strongly believe that this work would provide critical insights into development of high performing P-ZIS-based photocatalyst for enhanced H2 generation
which could ultimately bring about the successful commercialization of solar-driven water splitting in the near future
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This work was financially supported by Monash University Malaysia under the MUM-ASEAN Research Grant Scheme (Ref
This work was also supported by High-Performance Computer (HPC) from Monash University Malaysia
writing—review &amp; editing; C.-C.E.: writing—review and editing; L.-L.T.: Supervision
writing—review and editing; S.-P.C.: supervision
All authors have read and agreed to the submitted version of the manuscript
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05740-8
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Volume 10 - 2022 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.959414">https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.959414</a>
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Photocatalysis is a potential strategy to solve energy and environmental problems
The development of new sustainable photocatalysts is a current topic in the field of photocatalysis
has attracted extensive research interest in recent years
it is expected to become a new hot spot in the field of photocatalysis in the near future
This mini-review presents a comprehensive summary of the modulation strategies to effectively improve the photocatalytic activity of ZnIn2S4 such as morphology and structural engineering
This review aims to provide reference to the proof-of-concept design of highly active ZnIn2S4-based photocatalysts for the enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction
such as rapid recombination of photogenic electrons and holes
it is necessary to determine an effective method to improve the activity and stability of sulfide semiconductors
Among the semiconductor photocatalysts currently studied
ZnIn2S4 as one of the ternary metal sulfides has attracted extensive attention due to its narrow band gap
and strong photoelectric conversion ability
Compared with single metal sulfides (CdS and ZnS etc.)
ZnIn2S4 has more excellent photoelectric characteristics
and environmental friendliness and has greater durability in photocatalytic reactions
Potential strategies of ZnIn2S4-based photocatalysts for the enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction
Element doping can extend the scope of light absorption, add catalytic sites of a photocatalyst, and adjust the hydrogen adsorption and desorption characteristics (<a href="#B13">Ida et al., 2018</a>; <a href="#B29">Quan Zhang et al., 2021</a>; <a href="#B10">Hou et al., 2022</a>)
By introducing donor/acceptor energy levels into the doped ions in semiconductors
the concentration and energy distribution of carriers near the conduction band/valence band edge can be adjusted to improve the electron transition behavior
with the rapid development of research on photocatalyst modification of ZnIn2S4
many researchers are committed to introducing cations or anions into ZnIn2S4
The in vacancy induces the redistribution of orbitals near the maximum value of the valence band
separates the oxidation and reduction sites on both sides of the ultra-thin ZnIn2S4 nanosheet with in vacancy
and increases the density of states between the valence band and the conduction band
The electrons around indium vacancy are delocalized
which is conducive to the interlayer charge transfer and improves the conductivity of the ZnIn2S4 nanosheet
This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (51902101)
the Youth Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2021JJ540044)
the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20201381)
and the Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NY219144)
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations or those of the publisher
Any product that may be evaluated in this article
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Liu X and Wang L (2022) The Potential Strategies of ZnIn2S4-Based Photocatalysts for the Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Received: 10 June 2022; Accepted: 14 June 2022;Published: 12 July 2022
Copyright &#x000a9; 2022 Tang, Yin, Zhang, Liu and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).</a> The use
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&#x0002a;Correspondence: Xia Liu, <a id="encmail">bGl1eDkxOEAxNjMuY29t</a>; Longlu Wang, <a id="encmail">d2FuZ2xvbmdsdUBuanVwdC5lZHUuY24=</a>
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We have realized in-situ growth of ultrathin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets on the sheet-like g-C3N4 surfaces to construct a “sheet-on-sheet” hierarchical heterostructure
The as-synthesized ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets exhibit remarkably enhancement on the photocatalytic activity for H2 production
This enhanced photoactivity is mainly attributed to the efficient interfacial transfer of photoinduced electrons and holes from g-C3N4 to ZnIn2S4 nanosheets
resulting in the decreased charge recombination on g-C3N4 nanosheets and the increased amount of photoinduced charge carriers in ZnIn2S4 nanosheets
the increased surface-active-sites and extended light absorption of g-C3N4 nanosheets after the decoration of ZnIn2S4 nanosheets may also play a certain role for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity
Further investigations by the surface photovoltage spectroscopy and transient photoluminescence spectroscopy demonstrate that ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets considerable boost the charge transfer efficiency
therefore improve the probability of photoinduced charge carriers to reach the photocatalysts surfaces for highly efficient H2 production
design and architecture of g-C3N4-based heterostructural photocatalysts with the matchable bandgap
desired component and hierarchical nanostructures is still the hot topics in the field of solar-to-fuels conversion
The above analysis implies that once the ZnIn2S4 nanosheets combine with g-C3N4 nanosheets
a significant enhancement on photocatalytic H2 production may be realized through synergistic promotion on the inner charge carriers and outer hierarchical structures
little effort has been donated to the synthesis of ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterostructure toward the highly efficient photocatalytic H2 production
we report a novel kind of “sheet-on-sheet” heterostructure synthesized through in-situ growth of ultrathin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets onto g-C3N4 nanosheets surfaces
the specific surface area of g-C3N4 nanosheets is obviously promoted
resulting in providing the more active sites for the photoreaction
the intimate contacted interface between the ZnIn2S4 and g-C3N4 nanosheets facilitates the photoinduced charge-carriers transfer from g-C3N4 to ZnIn2S4 based on the heterojunction effect
the as-synthesized ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets exhibit a significantly enhanced visible-light photocatlaytic H2 production performance as compared to the single component of ZnIn2S4 or g-C3N4 nanosheets
</a>XRD patterns of the as-synthesized samples: (a) g-C3N4 nanosheets; (b) 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets; (c) ZnIn2S4 nanosheets
(B) ZnIn2S4 nanosheets and (C) ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets; TEM images of (D) the exfoliated g-C3N4 nanosheet and (E) 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets; (F) HRTEM images of the side view and top view of ZnIn2S4 nanosheet grown on the g-C3N4 nanosheets
Insets showing structure schematic diagrams of the corresponding samples
</a>(A) FT-IR spectra of the as-synthesized samples: (a) g-C3N4 nanosheets
(b) 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets and (c) ZnIn2S4 nanosheets; XPS spectra of the as-synthesized samples: (B) C 1s core-level spectra; (C) N 1s core-level spectra: (a) g-C3N4 nanosheets
(b) 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets; (D) Zn 2p core-level spectra; (E) In 3d core-level spectra; (F) S 2p core-level spectra: (b) 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets and (c) ZnIn2S4 nanosheets
</a>UV-Vis absorption spectra of the as-synthesized samples: (a) g-C3N4 nanosheets
(b) 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets and (c) ZnIn2S4 nanosheets; insets showing the plots of the F(R) versus energy for the g-C3N4 and ZnIn2S4 nanosheets
</a>(A) Photocatalytic H2 production under visible light irradiation over (a) g-C3N4 nanosheets; (e) 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets and (g) ZnIn2S4 nanosheets; (B) comparison of visible-light-driven H2 production rate over different samples: (a) g-C3N4 nanosheets
(f) 20 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets and (g) ZnIn2S4 nanosheets; (C) photocatalytic H2 production curve with prolonged irradiation time over 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets; (D) cycling test of photocatalytic H2 production over 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets
powerfully verifying the good stability of 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets for using as the photocatalysts
</a>(A) SPS of the as-synthesized samples: (a) g-C3N4 nanosheets
(b) 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets; (B) steady-state PL spectra of (a) g-C3N4 nanosheets and (b) 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets; Time-resolved transient PL decay of (C) g-C3N4 nanosheets and (D) 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets; (E) schematic diagram showing the photoinduced charge transfer in the interface between ZnIn2S4 and g-C3N4 nanosheets
Obviously, the  value is approximately . As illustrated in <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/srep19221#Fig6">Fig. 6E</a>
the CB and valence band (VB) positions of g-C3N4 straddle those of ZnIn2S4
forming the “type I” heterojunction interface
When this heterojunction is excited by visible light with the photon energy higher or equal to the band gaps of both ZnIn2S4 and g-C3N4 nanosheets
the photoinduced electrons and holes of g-C3N4 nanosheets would move to the CB and VB of ZnIn2S4 nanosheets
the recombination process on the photoinduced charge carriers of g-C3N4 could be suppressed effectively by the photosynergistic effect of ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction
the amount of photoinduced charge carriers on ZnIn2S4 is remarkably increased based on the photoinduced interfacial charge transfer
During the photocatalytic H2 production process
the photoinduced electrons accumulated on the CB of ZnIn2S4 could initiate the catalytic proton reduction to H2
the photoinduced holes transfer from the VB of g-C3N4 to the VB of ZnIn2S4 were quenched by the sacrificial reagent of TEOA (or directly quenched by the sacrificial reagent on the VB of g-C3N4)
the effective charge transfer at the interface between the ZnIn2S4 and g-C3N4 nanosheets results in the enhanced photocatalytic activity on H2 production
a series of ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets with various contents of ZnIn2S4 have been successfully synthesized through in-situ growth of ultrathin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets onto g-C3N4 nanosheets fabricated by a traditional thermal polymerization and followed ultrasonic dispersion method
The unique “sheet-on-sheet” heterostructure obtained by vertically loading ZnIn2S4 nanosheets onto the g-C3N4 nanosheets surfaces leads to the enlarged reactive sites and enhanced light absorption ability
the formation of “type I” heterojunction can effectively suppress the photoinduced charge recombination of g-C3N4 through the interfacial charge transfer
as evidenced by the electron microscopic analyses
steady-state and time-resolved transient photoluminescence decay investigations
the ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets exhibited considerable enhancement on the photocatalytic activity for H2 production as compared the single component nanosheets
It is believed that our study provides a promising strategy to develop the new generation of hierarchical heterostructure photocatalysts for highly efficient solar-to-fuels conversion and environmental remediation
The graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was obtained by a traditional thermal polymerization method
10 g of melamine powder was grinded for 60 min in a mortar and then transferred to an alumina crucible with a cover
the crucible was heated to 550 °C with a rising rate of 20 °C min−1 and kept for 2 h at the required temperature under semiclosed environment
resulting in the bulk g-C3N4 with faint-yellow color
ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets were synthesized by in-situ growth of ultrathin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets onto g-C3N4 nanosheets through a facile hydrothermal method
600 mg of as-synthesized bulk g-C3N4 was grinded to fine powder and then added into 20 ml of methanol
the bulk g-C3N4 was exfoliated into thin nanosheets which was then collected and washed by using centrifugation-redispersion with deionized water
these exfoliated g-C3N4 nanosheets was resuspended into 20 ml of premade aqueous solution consisting of 0.2125 mmol of Zn(CH3COO)2 · 2H2O
0.425 mmol of In(NO3)3 · 6H2O and 1.7 mmol of L-cysteine
After being ultrasonically treated for 30 min
this mixture was transferred into a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave with a capacity of 25 mL
the autoclave was sealed and maintained at 180 °C for 12 h in an electric oven
When natural cooling the autoclave to room temperature
washed with ethanol and deionized water for several times and finally dried in an electric oven at 60 °C for a night
the 15 wt% ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets were synthesized
The pure ZnIn2S4 nanosheets were fabricated by the same hydrothermal conditions in the absence of the g-C3N4 nanosheets substrates
to achieve the optimal photocatalytic activity
the ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction nanosheets with different ZnIn2S4 loading amount were also synthesized using the similar route by adjusting the concentrations of hydrothermal precursor solution in the same component ratios
In order to further prove that the enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 nanosheets is due to the heterojunction effect
another control sample were fabricated through hydrothermal treatment of pure g-C3N4 nanosheets in the absence of the above ZnIn2S4 precursors
X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the as-synthesized samples were measured by a Shimadzu XRD-6000 X-ray diffractometer with a Cu Kα line of 0.1541 nm
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM; XL-30 ESEM FEG
Micro FEI Philips) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM; JEOL JEM-2100) were employed to observe the morphologies and structures of the samples
Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy being attached to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the composition of products
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded on a Magna 560 FT-IR spectrometer with a resolution of 1 cm−1
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out on a VG-ESCALAB LKII instrument with a Mg Kα ADES (hν = 1253.6 eV) source at a residual gas pressure below 10−8 Pa
UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) were taken with a Lambda 750 UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer
The specific surface areas of the products were measured with a Micromeritics ASAP-2020 instrument and analyzed by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method
Decay curves of the as-fabricated products were obtained on a FLS920 fluorescence lifetime spectrophotometer (Edinburgh Instruments
UK) under the excitation of a hydrogen flash lamp with the wavelength at 325 nm (nF900; Edinburgh Instruments)
The surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS) was performed on PL-SPS1000 instrument (Beijing Perfectlight Technology Co.
the sample was put between the indium tin oxide (ITO) glass and stainless steel electrodes to form a sandwich structured photovoltage cell
The photocatalytic H2 production tests were performed in a 35-mL quartz reactor
5 mg of the as-synthesized samples were suspended in 10-mL triethanolamine (TEOA
This suspension was sealed in the quartz reactor by a rubber plug and then purged with argon gas for half an hour to drive away the residual air
the reactor was exposed under a 300-W Xe lamp (PLS-SXE300UV) coupled with a 400 nm cut-off filter
The gas product composition from the upper space above the liquid in the quartz reactor was periodically analyzed by a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) (Beifen-Ruili Analytical Instrument
The apparent quantum efficiency (QE) was estimated by using the following equation
Hierarchical Sheet-on-Sheet ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 Heterostructure with Highly Efficient Photocatalytic H2 production Based on Photoinduced Interfacial Charge Transfer
Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway
Surface tuning for oxide-based nanomaterials as efficient photocatalysts
Earth-abundant cocatalysts for semiconductor-based photocatalytic water splitting
Titanium Dioxide-Based Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Fuel Generations
Facile preparation and enhanced photocatalytic H2-production activity of Cu(OH)2 cluster modified TiO2 
Photocatalytic Water Splitting under Visible Light by Mixed-Valence Sn3O4 
Efficient Visible-Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Enhanced Photostability of Core/Shell CdS/g-C3N4 Nanowires
Recent advances in hybrid Cu2O-based heterogeneous nanostructures
Phase transformation synthesis of novel Ag2O/Ag2CO3 heterostructures with high visible light efficiency in photocatalytic degradation of pollutants
One-dimensional visible-light-driven bifunctional photocatalysts based on Bi4Ti3O12 nanofiber frameworks and Bi2XO6 (X = Mo
A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light
Quasi-Polymeric Metal-Organic Framework UiO-66/g-C3N4 Heterojunctions for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution under Visible Light Irradiation
Improving photocatalytic hydrogen production of metal-organic framework UiO-66 octahedrons by dye-sensitization
Polyoxometalate-Based Nickel Clusters as Visible Light-Driven Water Oxidation Catalysts
G-C3N4-Based Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation
Microwave-assisted heating synthesis: a general and rapid strategy for large-scale production of highly crystalline g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic H2 production
Polymeric Photocatalysts Based on Graphitic Carbon Nitride
Increasing the Visible Light Absorption of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (Melon) Photocatalysts by Homogeneous Self-Modification with Nitrogen Vacancies
An Amorphous Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst with Greatly Extended Visible-Light-Responsive Range for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation
Artificial photosynthetic hydrogen evolution over g-C3N4 nanosheets coupled with cobaloxime
Ultrathin hexagonal SnS2 nanosheets coupled with g-C3N4 nanosheets as 2D/2D heterojunction photocatalysts toward high photocatalytic activity
Intercalated graphitic carbon nitride: a fascinating two-dimensional nanomaterial for an ultra-sensitive humidity nanosensor
Red phosphor/g-C3N4 heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic activities for solar fuels production
Engineering heterogeneous semiconductors for solar water splitting
Facile One-Pot Solvothermal Method to Synthesize Sheet-on-Sheet Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO)/ZnIn2S4 Nanocomposites with Superior Photocatalytic Performance
Bi2MoO6 ultrathin nanosheets on ZnTiO3 nanofibers: A 3D open hierarchical heterostructures synergistic system with enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity
Exploring the Different Photocatalytic Performance for Dye Degradations over Hexagonal ZnIn2S4 Microspheres and Cubic ZnIn2S4 Nanoparticles
In situ controlled growth of ZnIn2S4 nanosheets on reduced graphene oxide for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production performance
Facile synthesis of hierarchical ZnIn2S4 submicrospheres composed of ultrathin mesoporous nanosheets as a highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst for H2 production
Hierarchical Core−Shell Carbon Nanofiber@ZnIn2S4 Composites for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Performance
Self-Powered UV-vis Photodetector Based on ZnIn2S4/Hydrogel Interface
2D ZnIn2S4 Nanosheet/1D TiO2 Nanorod Heterostructure Arrays for Improved Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Multichannel-Improved Charge Carrier Dynamics in Well-Designed Hetero-Nanostructural Plasmonic Photocatalysts Toward Highly Efficient Solar-to-Fuels Conversion
Metal-Containing Carbon Nitride Compounds: A New Functional Organic-Metal Hybrid Material
Simple pyrolysis of urea into graphitic carbon nitride with recyclable adsorption and photocatalytic activity
Electrospun Nanofibers of p-Type NiO/n-Type ZnO Heterojunctions with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Hierarchical assembly of ultrathin hexagonal SnS2 nanosheets onto electrospun TiO2 nanofibers: enhanced photocatalytic activity based on photoinduced interfacial charge transfer
Local chemical states and thermal stabilities of nitrogen dopants in ZnO film studied by temperature-dependent x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Preparation and Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic H2-Production Activity of Graphene/C3N4 Composites
In-situ growth of CdS quantum dots on g-C3N4 nanosheets for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation under visible light irradiation
Solar-to-fuels conversion over In2O3/g-C3N4 hybrid photocatalysts
Engineering Interfacial Photo-Induced Charge Transfer Based on Nanobamboo Array Architecture for Efficient Solar-to-Chemical Energy Conversion
Interfacial Charge Carrier Dynamics of the Three-Component In2O3-TiO2-Pt Heterojunction System
Superior Electron Transport and Photocatalytic Abilities of Metal-Nanoparticle-Loaded TiO2 Superstructures
Interfacial Charge Carrier Dynamics in Core-Shell Au-CdS Nanocrystals
<a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/srep19221?format=refman&amp;flavour=references">Download references</a>
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos 51402038
Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-13-0702)
Technology Foundation for Selected Overseas Chinese Scholar from Ministry of Personnel of China
Scientific Research Foundation for Doctor of Liaoning Province (grant no
Educational Committee Foundation of Liaoning Province (grant no
Science and Technology Project of Liaoning Province (grant no
Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents in University (LNET) (grant no
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant nos DC201502080203 and DC201502080304) and Science and Technique Foundation of Dalian (grant no
Key Laboratory of New Energy and Rare Earth Resource Utilization of State Ethnic Affairs Commission
School of Physics and Materials Engineering
carried out the major part of experiments and results analyses
to perform the materials characterizations
wrote the manuscript with discussion from all authors
The authors declare no competing financial interests
<a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/srep19221?format=refman&amp;flavour=citation">Download citation</a>
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics (2024)
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics (2023)
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (2023)
Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2023)
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</a>Biskupin’s re-created Iron Age town site
thatched roofs and costumed historical re-enactors
is a stimulating way to learn about the distant past
The fortified lake town was built about 2700 years ago by a tribe of the Lusatian culture
then rediscovered in 1933 by a school teacher who noticed wooden stakes poking out of the lake
You can either wander through the grounds on your own or organise an English-speaking guide in advance for 150zł
which presents finds excavated on and around the island
There’s also a model of the town as it once looked
The interiors of a few houses have been fitted out as they may have been 2700 years ago
Within the thatched structures you’ll find various stalls selling handcrafted arrows
and a man in period garb giving hatchet-throwing demonstrations out front
The ticket office sells publications about the site in English
Biskupin’s <a class="poi" href="/pois/1520051">Archaeological Festival</a> is a highlight of the region
with demonstrations of ancient cultures including dance
You’ll also witness rousing re-enactments of battles between Germanic and Slavic tribes
providing a colourful (and photogenic) spectacle
The pleasure boat <a class="poi" href="/pois/1420991">Diabeł Wenecki</a> departs several times a day for a short trip around the lake from the wharf near the Archaeological Reserve gateway
There are five to six weekday bus connections with the archaeological reserve at Biskupin to/from Żnin (6.50zł
The last bus leaves the museum for Żnin just after 3pm
Buses also run between Żnin and Gąsawa every one or two hours weekdays
and several times on Saturday and Sunday (5zł
If you get stuck at the reserve in Biskupin
walk 2km to Gąsawa and take an evening bus back
Five weekday buses run from Żnin to Gniezno (14zł
A narrow-gauge tourist train operates from May to September
The Biskupin station is right by the entrance to the reserve
the station is 150m east of the bus station; in Gąsawa it’s 700m southwest of the Rynek on the Gniezno road
ContactAddress<a href="https://www.google.com/maps?q=Biskupin" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="inline-link">Biskupin</a>
<a href="tel:52 302 5055" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="inline-link">52 302 5055</a>
<a href="https://www.biskupin.pl" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="inline-link">https://​www​.biskupin​.pl​/</a>
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/wielkopolska/gniezno/attractions/gniezno-cathedral/a/poi-sig/505762/360348">Gniezno Cathedral</a>
Gniezno’s history and character are inextricably intertwined with its cathedral
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/wielkopolska/gniezno/attractions/museum-of-the-origins-of-the-polish-state/a/poi-sig/505764/360348">Museum of the Origins of the Polish State</a>
this museum illustrates Gniezno&#x27;s pivotal role in Polish history
The permanent collection contains archaeological…
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/znin/attractions/st-nicholas-church/a/poi-sig/1421338/1004167">St Nicholas&#x27; Church</a>
This 17th-century wooden structure is an unusual mix of architectural styles: Gothic
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/znin/attractions/regional-museum/a/poi-sig/1616108/1004167">Regional Museum</a>
with some of Poland&#x27;s first illustrated magazines printed here
The regional museum celebrates this tradition…
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/znin/attractions/town-hall-tower/a/poi-sig/1616109/1004167">Town Hall Tower</a>
This 15th-century Gothic tower is eye-catching and all the more remarkable because it looks like something is missing
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/znin/attractions/wenecja-narrow-gauge-railway-museum/a/poi-sig/1421335/1004167">Wenecja Narrow Gauge Railway Museum</a>
Across the rails from the museum are the ruins of a 14th-century castle
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/wielkopolska/gniezno/attractions/archdiocesan-museum/a/poi-sig/505760/360348">Archdiocesan Museum</a>
this museum holds a collection of sacred sculptures and paintings
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/wielkopolska/gniezno/attractions/franciscan-church/a/poi-sig/1432018/360348">Franciscan Church</a>
featuring both a Gothic tower erected in the 15th century and a baroque facade dating from the late…
<a href="/undefined/attractions" class="btn btn" data-testid="a">View more attractions</a>Nearby  attractions<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/znin/attractions/wenecja-narrow-gauge-railway-museum/a/poi-sig/1421335/1004167">1. Wenecja Narrow Gauge Railway Museum</a>
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/znin/attractions/st-nicholas-church/a/poi-sig/1421338/1004167">2. St Nicholas&#x27; Church</a>
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/znin/attractions/regional-museum/a/poi-sig/1616108/1004167">3. Regional Museum</a>
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/znin/attractions/town-hall-tower/a/poi-sig/1616109/1004167">4. Town Hall Tower</a>
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/wielkopolska/gniezno/attractions/archdiocesan-museum/a/poi-sig/505760/360348">5. Archdiocesan Museum</a>
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/wielkopolska/gniezno/attractions/franciscan-church/a/poi-sig/1432018/360348">6. Franciscan Church</a>
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/wielkopolska/gniezno/attractions/st-george-s-church/a/poi-sig/1432017/360348">7. St George&#x27;s Church</a>
This church was rebuilt in the 18th century and remodelled in baroque style
<a class="card-link line-clamp-2 w-[80%] md:w-90" href="/poland/wielkopolska/gniezno/attractions/gniezno-cathedral/a/poi-sig/505762/360348">8. Gniezno Cathedral</a>
Gniezno’s history and character are inextricably intertwined with its cathedral, an imposing, double-towered brick Gothic structure. The present church…
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