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many believe unchecked growth and the high density of farms created perfect conditions for the epidemic
an egg producer from the village of Brudnice in Żuromin county
Żuromin and the neighbouring county of Mława are the hub of Poland’s chicken industry
40 tonnes of feed and soon I’m going to give up 250 tonnes of cereals I was going to use to make feed,” says Lewandowski about measures to eliminate a bird flu outbreak on his farm
Avian influenza or “bird flu” occurs naturally throughout the wild bird population, but has been detected in humans too, with cases reported in China and Russia this year
Poland’s largest ever outbreak comes after more than a decade and a half of growth that has seen the country become the EU’s biggest poultry producer
and a major exporter to countries including the UK
No biosecurity standards will work in this concentration of productionProf Piotr SzeleszczukPoland’s EU membership was a turning point for the industry
its poultry exports were just 142,000 tonnes – against overall production of about 800,000 tonnes
The value of poultry exports last year was 12.5bn złoty (£2.4bn), a drop of 8% from 2019, although in terms of actual volume, there was growth of 3% to 1.8m tonnes
Disease specialists say the bird flu outbreak has hit Lewandowski’s region hard because of the high concentration of poultry farms
“No biosecurity standards will work in this concentration of production
The virus can spread up to three kilometres from an outbreak
All it takes is a single farm where biosecurity wasn’t up to par,” says Prof Piotr Szeleszczuk at Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Some local communities are fighting the rapid growth of the poultry industry
View image in fullscreenAn industrial-scale chicken farm near the village of Zieluń
Photograph: Jakub Kamiński/East News/Rex/ShutterstockAfter taking office in 2014
fought to push through local zoning plans to prevent poultry producers building more farms in the town and its county
close to the entire commune is now covered by the plans
you have to wash your clothes after a few hours outside
You can’t go out to your garden to have a coffee
which is what they like to say about themselves
They’re industrialists that poison our lives here
wear out the roads and cause the value of property to fall,” she adds
although he says he cannot speak openly because “I’m one of them and I have to say what others say.”
View image in fullscreenDay-old chicks are prepared for transport at a hatchery in Skarżynek
Photograph: Wojtek Radwański/AFP via Getty ImagesNot everyone in the poultry industry is now so confident in the relentless drive to build more farms
“Most land in Poland isn’t covered by zoning plans and if an investor wants to build a poultry farm
local authorities can’t do much but greenlight that
it’s risky for the producers and for the economy,” says Andrzej Danielak of the Polish Association of Poultry Breeders and Producers
Jun 18, 2024 | Society
Poland’s health ministry has introduced a monitoring system for opioid prescriptions amid concerns over a growing number of cases relating to the use of fentanyl
a synthetic opioid 20 to 40 times more potent than heroin that was linked to almost 75,000 deaths in the United States last year
Poland’s state sanitary inspectorate has recorded almost 50 cases of fentanyl poisoning and at least four recent deaths have been linked to the drug
"Fentanyl już zabija w Polsce!". Sprawdzamy, czym jest narkotyk, który pustoszy USA, i czy mamy się czego bać #wyborcza https://t.co/kSCLu8AmfP
— Gazeta Wyborcza.pl (@gazeta_wyborcza) June 18, 2024
health minister Izabela Leszczyna told broadcaster Polsat that she had instructed her ministry’s e-health centre to “continuously monitor the issuing and fulfilling of opioid prescriptions”
Fentanyl can be legitimately prescribed as a form of pain relief
for example for cancer patients or those recovering from surgery
there are concerns that some doctors are issuing prescriptions for illicit use of the drug
president of the Supreme Pharmaceutical Council (NIA)
told Polsat that existing measures to prevent such prescriptions are clearly not working
there is little that pharmacists or police can do
Niebezpieczne substancje w obrocie. Ministerstwo reagujehttps://t.co/ZXslCgtuEt
— PolsatNews.pl (@PolsatNewsPL) June 17, 2024
The health ministry’s new monitoring system is intended to detect anomalies in the number of opioid prescriptions being issued
The information will then be passed on to the Chief Pharmaceutical Inspectorate (GIF) and
law enforcement authorities will be informed
Leszczyna emphasised that “this monitoring will be carried out at the level of doctors and medical entities” and that “patient data will absolutely not be transferred anywhere” and will remain confidential and secure
Tomków noted that the issue is part of a wider problem with abuses of the prescription system – in particular through prescriptions obtained via online consultations – aimed at obtaining drugs for illicit use
Last year, Poland’s former government introduced limits on the number of prescriptions that individual doctors can issue in an attempt to prevent such practices
Poland's main medical body has urged the government to withdraw new rules limiting doctors to issuing 300 prescriptions in 10 hours
The measure was intended to stop online "prescription factories" but some elderly patients have been left without medicineshttps://t.co/45uPNesEuG
— Notes from Poland 🇵🇱 (@notesfrompoland) July 6, 2023
The United States has in recent years been blighted by the abuse of fentanyl
The drug was responsible for over 74,000 deaths in the country in 2023
according to the US National Center for Health Statistics
three people in the town of Żuromin in Poland died due to fentanyl overdoses
a death that occurred in the city of Poznań at the end of last year was confirmed as being Poland’s first know fentanyl fatality
Main image credit: Ministerstwo Zdrowia (under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 PL)
Agata Pyka is an assistant editor at Notes from Poland
She is a journalist and a political communication student at the University of Amsterdam
She specialises in Polish and European politics as well as investigative journalism and has previously written for Euractiv and The European Correspondent
Business, News, Politics
Karol Nawrocki even suggested that the state security services were involved in creating the scandal
History, News, Society
The 1,200 square metre national symbol was unfurled on the beach in Międzyzdroje
News, Politics, Society
The proportion of Poles saying the US has a positive influence on the world has also fallen to its lowest recorded level
Apr 30, 2025 | Defence, Hot news, News, Politics
That response will include “large Polish and NATO exercises in Poland”
Apr 29, 2025 | Business, Hot news, News, Society
Those employed in Poland work on average the third-longest hours in the European Union
Apr 28, 2025 | Business, Energy & Climate, Hot news, News, Politics
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Senior Research Fellow at the Global Europe Centre
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Weronika Strzyżyńska is currently studying journalism at Goldsmiths as a Scott Trust Bursary recipient
She has written on issues immigration and Brexit for New Statesman and Prospect
Agnieszka Wądołowska is managing editor of Notes from Poland
She has previously worked for Gazeta.pl and Tokfm.pl and contributed to Gazeta Wyborcza
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Daniel Tilles is editor-in-chief of Notes from Poland and assistant professor of history at the Pedagogical University of Krakow
He has written on Polish affairs for a wide range of publications
The Independent and Dziennik Gazeta Prawna
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Stanley Bill is the founder and editor-at-large of Notes from Poland.He is also Senior Lecturer in Polish Studies and Director of the Polish Studies Programme at the University of Cambridge
Stanley has spent more than ten years living in Poland
He founded Notes from Poland in 2014 as a blog dedicated to personal impressions
cultural analysis and political commentary
He is committed to the promotion of deeper knowledge and understanding of Poland
He is the Chair of the Board of the Notes from Poland Foundation
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Professor of European Studies at Oxford University
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Professor at the Institute of History of the Jagiellonian University
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Associate Professor at the Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Science
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Photo: Koos GroenewoldPolish poultry producers rebuilt the better part of their breeding stock in less than 2 months since the end of the avian influenza (AI) epidemic
the National Chamber of Poultry and Feed Producers estimated
Poland lost as many as 1.8 million broiler breeders due to the AI outbreaks in 2021
director of the National Chamber of Poultry and Feed Producers
“At the peak of the AI-related bird culling
many analysts warned that the loss of a large portion of the breeding base would create difficulties
There were even forecasts of sharp price hikes [of hatching eggs],” Gawrońska said
adding that those forecasts didn’t materialise and the overall number of breeders has already climbed to 22.8 million heads
EU: Poland continues to lead in turkey production Although turkey meat accounts for only 14% of total Polish poultry production, Poland has been the EU’s largest turkey meat producer since 2017. Read more…
which was expected to make our hatching sector dysfunctional for many months or even years
appeared to disrupt supply for only 2 months,” added Gawrońska
the last AI outbreak in Poland was confirmed on 9 August at a farm in the Żuromin region
Masovia and Greater Poland were the regions most severely hit by the epidemic
339 outbreaks were registered this year against only 54 in 2020
Poultry production in Poland is still rather volatile
states the president of the National Poultry Council
Polish poultry farmers are still barred from several important foreign markets
Because of this poultry farmers sell their birds on the domestic market
“The price of poultry meat has come down dramatically
If we analyse why the prices of poultry can drop so quickly
we come to the conclusion that this is the result of a lack of production planning,” he said
Kulikowski explained that such planning is impossible because 30% of the poultry market operates without contracts with supermarket chains
“This means that contractless breeders make speculative decisions
producing chickens not knowing if anyone will buy them
Photojournalist Selene Magnolia Gatti has been documenting the effects on human health and wellbeing of living alongside intensive agriculture
Welcome to the Anthropocene: the historical period that scientists suggest may be marked by the ubiquitous presence of chicken bones
and where factory farms have surged past the environmental safety thresholds established by experts
About 11 billion chickens, 142 million pigs, 76 million cattle, 62 million sheep, 12 million goats, and counting: this is the population of invisible animals farmed in Europe every year that live and die on the (dis)assembly line
Intensive farming is the predominant method of producing meat
dairy products and eggs in Europe and elsewhere in the world
It is also recognised as one of the most polluting industries worldwide in 2024
generating nearly 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions
the impact of livestock farming on its immediate environment remains relatively unexplored
A stream near a pig factory farm in coastal Brittany
Local surfers and scientists have tested the water after experiencing symptoms
and have found very high levels of E coli in the stream and seawater
The meat and dairy industry in Europe has undergone a transformation over the last two decades
shifting towards significantly larger and more specialised farms
and accessorised with high silos and big noisy fans
dominates more and more of the landscape of the countryside across the continent
chronic disease and water pollution from factory farms affect neighbouring communities first
often transforming local ecologies and endangering health and welfare
Residents complaining about the environmental damage and health impacts caused by nearby factory farms
events to raise awareness and protest banners
The banner in this image reads: ‘Let us breathe
In the countryside of the Po valley in northern Italy
Giorgio B’s house is no longer a place of peace
The air is filled with the stench of ammonia
a byproduct of the factory farms that have sprung up throughout the area
“I lost my wife to an infection that no antibiotic could cure
and the unhealthy air around us is to blame,” he says
my grandchildren no longer come to visit me
I occasionally vomit and lose consciousness
lives with his family between a cow factory farm and a broiler farm
Giorgio has been a longtime resident in an area where there is an intensive cow farm
“The air is destroying my health and my life,” says Giorgio
Recently recognised as one of the most polluted area in Europe
the Po valley has a high concentration of intensive livestock farms
and those of many other people in the area
Manure from factory farms pollutes the waterways of the Po valley
proximity to factory farms has led to similar problems for local residents
The often daily barrage of invasive smells and gases make activities such as gardening
as they are put off by the persistent stench
while some residents say they have watched trees wither away
highlighting the severe contamination that they blame on the sprawling factory farms next door
The main street at the entrance to the town
Merchora Martinez lives only 39 metres from a large pig farm
Martinez has had severe asthma-like symptoms and headaches that worsen when the smell from the facility is particularly strong
and cries as she talks about living alongside the farm sheds next door
Inside a fattening pig factory farm in the area
Beyond the reduced quality of life and associated stress
there are tangible links to physical responses
residents frequently experience respiratory difficulties
persistent coughing and sometimes burning eyes
Research suggests flu-like symptoms are among the initial reactions to exposure to hydrogen sulphide and ammonia
who lives near a pig farm beyond his backyard that he says is affecting his health and quality of life
ammonia and volatile organic compounds are some of the things factory farms release into their surroundings that can make people sick in both the short and long term
ammonia turns into the fine particulate matter known as PM2.5
which can be particularly dangerous as its small size allows it to penetrate deeply into the lungs and bloodstream
PM 2.5 is listed as a group 1 carcinogenic substance that has been linked to an estimated 253,000 deaths a year in Europe
Exposure to PM 2.5 is linked to heart and lung conditions
Growing evidence has pointed to higher cancer rates in regions where there is a lot of intensive animal farming
Ans van Maris has developed asthma since the farms around her home have expanded in the last 15 years
“I developed asthma after living here for 10 years,” says Ans van Maris
one of the regions with the highest density of industrial farms in the Netherlands
So I stay indoors a lot.” When the air quality gets worse
she has to increase the dose of her medication
I feel like I can breathe again.” Inhaling toxic substances from intensive livestock farms is linked to the development or worsening of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD
Egg-laying hens inside a cage at an intensive egg farm
abuse: these are the conditions for animals living on intensive farms
Chickens typically have a smaller area than a sheet of A4 paper to move around in
while breeding sows are segregated inside crates that do not allow them to turn around
The conditions necessary for these intensive production methods to be effective are clear: overpopulations of animals crammed into confined spaces
These conditions not only make the lives of animals in industrial farming horrendous but increase the risk of dangerous pathogens developing at a time of increasingly frequent novel epidemics and pandemics
These farms have been linked to outbreaks of influenza strains such as H1N1 swine flu and H5N1 avian flu
and diseases such as African swine fever and Q fever
they contribute to the emergence of food-borne pathogens including salmonella and E coli
and the spread of livestock-associated antibiotic-resistant bacteria
research has linked these regions to a higher incidence and severity of Covid-19
A portrait of three generations of a family affected by the Netherlands’ Q fever epidemic
The first family member to develop the chronic disease was the father
who was working in an industrial goat farm
two daughters and their 13-year-old granddaughter
who was infected during her mother’s pregnancy
the Netherlands experienced a large outbreak of Q fever
an infectious disease caused by the Coxiella burnetii bacterium from farmed goats
mainly in areas with a high density of such farms
Jan lives a few metres away from a big pig factory farm
He is still struggling with the long-term impact of having Q fever
just a kilometre from the goat farm where the Q fever outbreak is suspected to have started
“I am always tired and in pain,” says Van Sambeek
who has chronic fatigue syndrome resulting from Q fever
“Long Q fever” is also a big risk factor for cardiovascular diseases
and has had to undergo complicated heart surgery
Some people in his condition resort to euthanasia
60% of the population show autoimmune responses to Coxiella burnetii
with excessive manure use elevating nitrate content to dangerous levels: 80% of it comes from manure
This pollution does not just pose severe health risks – such as an increased chance of cancer from carcinogenic compounds formed as result of nitrates ending up in drinking water
Residents have complained about bad smells
This woman lives close to an intensive pig farm in Tingerup
Every time the wind carries the smell in the direction of the house
she closes all window and avoids going outside
Photo: Selene Magnolia Gatti/Greenpeace/Wildlight
A recent study from Denmark indicates a correlation between nitrate levels of more than 4 milligrams a litre in drinking water and an increased risk of colon and rectal cancer
An EU limit of 50mg a litre was set in the 1980s
“There are more and more studies suggesting that the threshold might not be low enough for long exposure,” says Villanueva
An animal transport lorry in a village in the largely agricultural Murcia region
nitrate contamination from agricultural and livestock sources has left more than 200,000 people without drinking water
Cristina de la Vega’s tap water often has nitrate levels of 140mg a litre
“I stopped drinking water from my home in 2017
Every time I go shopping I need to remember to buy the big bulky bottles of water,” she says
De la Vega lives in one of the many areas in Spain that have been declared vulnerable to nitrate pollution; the water cannot be used for drinking or cooking
37% of groundwater in Spain is already affected by nitrate contamination
and citizens and city halls are finding alternative ways of getting water to homes
Many people across Europe who live near factory farms do not want to leave their homes
and want to fight for a better future and their land
as they are unable to sell a property next to an industrial animal farm
with a very high density of intensive ‘macro’ farms
Some areas are referred as ‘chicken towns’
as some farms have as many as 16 barns each
local children played and swam in its waters
A woman holds a photo of her and her best friend playing in a pond near their homes when they were younger; and
the chest X-ray of a woman living near some of Poland’s largest chicken farms
property values have plummeted by as much as 80%
leaving residents feeling trapped and desperate
as Europe’s largest producer and exporter of poultry meat
produces more than 1.5 billion chickens annually
which dates back to the middle ages but is now known as “chicken city”
produces at least 80 million chickens a year
This dense concentration of poultry farms has resulted in severe problems such as foul odours
health problems and significantly reduced property values for nearby residents
monitors the area around a pig factory farm near her home at night
Białochławek giving her four-year-old son asthma medication
“I have nightmares in which I can’t breathe
I wake up in terror with my hands at my burning throat
Białochławek spent her pregnancy documenting the environmental impact of the pig farm
it is the intensive farm that is responsible for their problems
Children play outdoors with their faces covered
the smell is so corrosive in the throat and nose that the teachers at the local school
located only 500 metres from an egg-laying hen farm
prefer to keep students indoors during break
Photograph: Selene Magnolia Gatti/Greenpeace/Wildlight
As communities across Europe grapple with the impacts of intensive livestock farming
anger and a profound sense of abandonment permeate their lives
people need to find a spirit of resilience
This fight against an unsustainable system is not just about survival – it’s about envisioning a future where the land
free from the shadow of industrial farming
This work was funded by a grant from the Environmental Journalismfund Europe and supported by WeAnimals Media
We focus on the even and equitable development of all regions of Poland
We want residents of municipalities and counties to have the same opportunities as those living in large cities
such as the construction of kindergartens and nurseries and the renovation of schools
We also provide modern equipment for hospitals and build libraries
We contribute funds to the budgets of municipalities
counties and towns across the country for investments that are close to the people
Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki visited towns in the Mazowieckie and Łódzkie Provinces to listen to the advice and demands of residents of municipalities and counties - they are the ones who pave the way for us to move forward
We help municipalities and counties to level the standard of living in our country
“We want Poland to develop even more fairly and evenly
To make it even more of a place to live for all those who want to work and study here
as well as start families and raise their children,” Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki stressed
we are consistently investing in local Poland and improving the development opportunities of its people. In this way
“Poles need to live in the place where they were born and where they work
They don't want to go to a large city or abroad,” the prime minister noted
which we are trying to make in every corner of Poland,” he explained
Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki met today with residents of Rawa Mazowiecka
in the Mazowieckie and Łódzkie Provinces
we are helping to realize the dreams of Poles by providing funds for local investments
as well as modern roads and pedestrian crossings
equipment for hospitals or water and sewage infrastructure
That's a lot of investment that each of us notices in our own neighborhood
The hospital provides skilled medical care to patients in the Rawa county
The facility recently completed modernization of the operating theater and the anesthesiology and intensive care units
We have supported it with PLN 9 million from the Government Local Investment Fund. Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki also decided that an ultra-modern
80-slice CT scanner will be given to the hospital from the resources of the Government Strategic Reserve Agency
The Strzelce municipality has received government funding of PLN 800,000 for the construction of a rural community center in Zaranna
there had been no place in the village adapted to the needs of the local community
where residents would have the opportunity to integrate and organize various meetings
The construction of the building will create conditions for stimulating the activity and integration of residents
establishing cooperation and developing local groups
The investment will increase the number of places available for children - the kindergarten will be able to accommodate about 400 of them
We have supported the investment with nearly PLN 10 million
A cultural and educational complex with a nursery
kindergarten and a municipality public library is being built in the Staroźreby municipality
The investment was subsidized with PLN 8.5 million from the Government Strategic Investment Program
The cultural and educational complex will house a kindergarten for 200 children
a nursery for 40 children and a modern library with a reading room. The building will be equipped with a kitchen
Thermal efficiency improvement of the following 3 schools in the Żuromin county has been carried out: the Batalionów Chłopskich School Complex in Zielona
the John Paul II Technical and Vocational School Complex in Żuromin
and the Maria Dąbrowska High School in Żuromin
optimal air temperature will be maintained in the school building
The effect of thermal efficiency improvement will be a reduction in energy consumption and in the cost of using the building
but also a reduction in the adverse impact on the environment