Highly cited scientist in ecology/environment and in plant and animal sciences (Clarivate) i10 index: 1149 and his works have received ca cited and influential ecologists working today in the world; no one working in global ecology can afford not to engage with his work Professor Josep Penuelas is internationally recognized for his innovative research on global change ecology remote sensing and atmosphere-biosphere interactions which has had enormous impact He is specially known for his pioneering work on the discovery of ecophysiological mechanisms linked to the use of carbon and oxygen use that helps to explain the diversity and distribution of aquatic and terrestrial plants; the development of increasingly used remote sensing techniques to assess plant and ecosystem functioning (e.g that ser are becoming established tools in remote sensing of natural and agricultural ecosystems); the discovery of current evidences of global change and air pollution effects on biodiversity and structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems; the introduction of metabolomics in ecology function and effects of volatile organic compounds emissions by plants and ecosystems the disentangling of biogeochemical processes involved in the carbon and nutrient cycles or the development of science and policy for a sustainable planet This work led to a critical understanding of how environment and ecology are centrally important in managing the global environmental crisis Prof Peñuelas has also introduced seminal concepts and tools in ecology like the “elemetome” or the “biogeochemical niche” in omic sciences such as “ecometabolomics” in remote sensing such as “photochemical reflectance index” or “water index”. He has coordinated groups of international scientists in the production of a series of influential papers on Ecology and the influences that human activities have on the biosphere He also has an international reputation in other or the role of humans in precipitating global change and existential crisis during the Anthropocene This expertise is reflected in the number of Keynote and Plenary invitations in the most prestigious universities and research centres and the Prizes and Awards he receives every year has been awarded to His fields of specialization are: global ecology Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds emissions functioning and structure of terrestrial plants and ecosystems biogeochemistry with special focus on phosphorus He has published 6 books on ecology, more than 1.800 papers in scientific journals and books (more than 1.300 in journals of the Science Citation Index (Web of Science): 129 in Nature journals 11 in National Science Review and Science Bulletin 21 in Trends in Plant Science, 11 in Trends in Ecology and Evolution and 2 in The Innovation, as well as in the highest-profile scientific journals in ecology and environmental sciences – 108 in Global Change Biology 33 in Global Ecology and Biogeography 10 in Ecology Letters; remote sensing – 19 in Remote Sensing of Environment; and plant biology – 42 in New Phytologist More than 300 articles on popular science in Catalan and Spanish newspapers (La Vanguardia, Avui, El País, El Periódico It is also outstanding his labour popularizing science issues at international and national scale He has been principal investigator or scientific coordinator of several European Union Spanish and Catalan projects financed by public research agencies and by private funding he has been awarded with ERC-Synergy 2014-2020 grant His Imbalance-P project elected between the highlighted 15 examples of how ERC researchers have truly transformed science (among 10,000 ERC grantees) He is member of the editorial board of Trends in Plant Science Journal of Botany and Plant Ecology and Diversity and Trees He collaborates in the reviewing of articles in many scientific journals some of them of great prestige such as Science Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences (USA) He also evaluates scientific projects for several international and national programmes He is member of several academies and international and national scientific associations He has been visiting professor or visiting scientist in more than 50 universities and centers in all the continents National Center for Atmospheric Research (Boulder Colorado) Center of Molecular Plant Biology University of Delhi …He is involved on seminars and postgraduate courses in many of the main national and international Universities geosciences and in all scientific fields of the ISI essential science indicators 2016-2023; Alejandro Malaspina Prize in the area of science and technology of natural resources 2023…) He was the president of Institució Catalana d'Història Natural adviser of CADS (Consell Asessor per al Desenvolupament Sostenible) Generalitat of Catalonia and since 2019 is member of the Consell Assessor Científic of the Ajuntament de Barcelona Campus de Bellaterra (UAB) Edifici C 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès View map Tel: +34 93 5811312 Fax: +34 93 5814151 contacte@creaf.uab.cat Web developed thanks to the help: CEX2023-001340-S Web development by Omitsis Consulting If we connect the essential points of the life of ecologist Josep Peñuelas it is confirmed that the resulting form of joining vital nodes makes sense because it explains where the decisions he made the situations he faced and those he has encountered have taken him CREAF researcher and CSIC research professor has certainly been – and continues to be – is curious and intuitive as well as persevering “I have always been interested in understanding how life works it seems to me an extraordinary wonder: since I was a child I went to the library in Figueres to read books and scientific magazines While he points out that then he could already understand scientific English: “it is not too difficult it cannot be compared to watching films in the original version His determination kept him convinced to study Biology overcoming the insistence of teachers and family members to enroll in Medicine “I have often remembered that advice and now I realize that the interesting thing was to dedicate myself to studying life having knowledge of mathematics What I did not follow was the advice to specialize in only one of these discipline” because lines are drawn between the points and explanations are found: “Curious I still remember the surprise of the teachers when I said that I wanted to study Biology.. and at home they would have liked me to be a Telecommunications engineer But I was very clear about how captivating it is to study life The deeper I delve into theoretical ecology to try to interpret the world Josep Peñuelas We humans have entered the field of study of this prolific researcher as one more species as “one more component to try to interpret how life works.” And within this macro vision fits the universe an interest that has veterans in the spotlight: “I am getting older and I am starting to make a synthesis I am very interested in theoretical ecology to try to interpret the world the more I marvel that it continues to work.” A surprise linked to the limits of growth in which climate change plays a leading role With an unstoppable and agile discourse that constantly connects ideas Peñuelas weaves compelling statements always with a smile And he questions why our civilization has not collapsed using the same friendly and frank tone with which he shows himself enchanted by the wonderful diversity and complexity of life A complexity that is leading us to “approach the carrying capacity of many systems beyond which we will no longer be able to grow any further and we can only hope that disturbances will set us back We recover according to our own resistance and resilience and with a phrase that seems to be taken from Steve Jobs’ speech at Stanford in June 2005 “We know how to reproduce and start over with DNA the proof is that it has not changed over so many millions of years On Earth we are approaching the carrying capacity of many systems We recover according to our own resistance and Josep Peñuelas our systems and communities." And he attributes this to the fact that "throughout evolution we have acquired very wide safety margins," which function as protection He talks about this by referring to what he calls "the shock absorbers of the Earth system" and explains them as "the enormous capacity of the Earth to evolve and allow millions of different species and organisms to coexist It is an extraordinary wonder that throughout evolution such a diversity of ways of dealing with the use of energy and matter in space has been generated all species have in common some simple and universal laws of conservation of matter evolution in selection and some stochastic phenomena" plagues and hurricanes are disturbances that coexist with one as determining as climate change One wonders if connecting so much information is the origin of a certain vertigo precisely because one has the dimension of what is happening and its consequences Josep Peñuelas's forcefulness becomes self-criticism with a smile on his face but self-criticism I would still like to have more information and we think little: we use Artificial Intelligence and statistics but we need to think a little more so that it doesn't take over our day-to-day life "I am worried about not having the necessary calm to think I am the first one to fail in that: I work with a huge and enriching network of colleagues and He goes on to admit that we know  our behaviour as a society is leading us to disaster and we continue His speech often includes a defence: "Everyone should have housing And we should protect our fellow creatures on Earth organisms that we do not know very well and we protect too little" according to which the more information and resources we have the better we use them and the better off we are in our interactions with others the line that runs through the points of the life of this affable and passionate ecologist outlines the calligraphy of the word enjoyment Liquified natural gas (LNG) vessel American Energy will be the first U.S carrier making LNG transport to Puerto Rico American Energy is owned by maritime logistics firm Crowley The company signed a multi-year agreement with Naturgy to supply mainland-sourced LNG to Naturgy’s operating facility in Penuelas U.S. territory Puerto Rico has struggled with a shortage of adequate energy supply LNG is methane natural gas which is pipelined down to gulf terminals where it is liquefied and made stable for shipping by chilling it to minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit American Energy has a capacity of 130,400 cubic meters (34.4 million gallons) per voyage and will operate in accordance with the U.S The vessel has a top rating for safety and vessel condition and its compliance with all regulatory requirements "The entry into service of American Energy marks a significant step for fuel supply reliability in Puerto Rico for our energy grid which will greatly benefit our people," said Puerto Rico Gov "This partnership is an initiative to act using existing regulations to increase access to a U.S.-based LNG source that expands our options for the stabilization of our energy grid as we work towards providing our residents and businesses a more consistently reliable power generation source." The 900-foot-long (274 meters) LNG carrier builds on Crowley's 70-plus years of business commitment to Puerto Rico The company also operates the full-service marine Isla Grande cargo terminal in San Juan for its container and roll-on/roll-off vessels Crowley annually delivers more than 94 million gallons of LNG through its LNG Loading Terminal in Penuelas as well as provides ocean delivery and land transportation using ISO tank containers each delivery of LNG aboard American Energy will provide enough energy to power 80,000 homes for a year mariners and provide regular service from the U.S "This contract strengthens our presence in the global LNG market and allows Puerto Rico to obtain a stable and competitive energy supply route," said Jon Ganuza general manager of supply and wholesale markets Spain-based Natury operates natural gas distribution assets in numerous countries Once LNG is delivered to a port it is then degasified for transport and consumption The U.S. is the world’s largest exporter of LNG, thanks to historic production from shale plays such as the Bakken and Marcellus shales. Volume 2 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00089 This article is part of the Research TopicDrought-induced Forest and Tree MortalityView all 4 articles Climatic warming is predicted to increase the intensity and duration of extreme weather such as droughts and heat waves Climate change could therefore increase stem mortality and forest dieback in many ecosystems around the world We investigated the influence of climatic conditions and a throughfall displacement experimental treatment (15% decrease in the amount of soil moisture) on the intensity of stem mortality in a Mediterranean forest We also investigated the use of remotely sensed data from MODIS as a tool to estimate the intensity of stem mortality and a possible strategy of forest management to mitigate this forest dieback induced by climate change Stem mortality was higher when mean annual temperature was higher and rainfall was lower Mortality was higher and more affected by the drought treatment in the holm oak than in co-occurring species of tall shrubs better adapted to drier conditions Two spectral MODIS indices (NDVI and EVI) were good predictors of stem mortality and NPP specifically calculated to predict forest health and development) were not clearly correlated with stem mortality Selective stem thinning strongly reduced stem mortality (especially in Q ilex) by buffering the effects of climate change on forest structure the possible future substitution of the current dominant species of this forest by species of tall shrubs better adapted to drought is also discussed The selective thinning of stems is an ancient practice of forest management widely used to enhance the growth and development of the remaining stems increasing the availability of resources per stem when stem density decreases Selective thinning under a scenario of increasing drought could therefore partly offset this water deficit by reducing competition for water resources and thus contribute to the stabilization of forest structure and function also provides several indices specifically calculated to estimate forest productivity [Gross Primary Production (GPP) The main objectives of this study were: (1) to identify the relationships between stem mortality and climatic conditions (2) to determine the effect of an experimental reduction of soil-water availability on stem mortality in the dominant species of the Mediterranean forest (3) to test the utility of selectively thinning stems to mitigate the effects of the decrease in water availability and (4) to evaluate the use of remotely sensed data from satellites as a tool for detecting and monitoring forest dieback and stem mortality The study was conducted in the Prades Mountains northeastern Spain (41°21′N on a 25° south-facing slope at an altitude of 950 m a.s.l The soil is a Dystric Cambisol over Paleozoic schist Annual mean temperature and total rainfall from 1975 to 2018 averaged 11.9°C and 654 mm with hot and dry summers and most of the rainfall concentrated in spring and autumn The vegetation is a very dense multi-stem forest (16,616 stems ha−1) due to an ancient management to obtain charcoal with an abundance of other evergreen species well-adapted to dry conditions such as Erica arborea L. This forest was not perturbed during the last 70 years and the maximum heights of the dominant species are about 6–10 m An automatic meteorological station installed at the study site has monitored temperature We had previously estimated temperature and rainfall from another meteorological station located in Poblet Monastery 5.6 km northeast of our study area at 510 m a.s.l The Poblet station collected data from late 1974 to July 2002 so we had climatic data from both meteorological stations from August 1998 to July 2002 We calculated linear correlations between temperature (R2 = 0.97) and rainfall (R2 = 0.75) for the data from these two stations during this period to estimate climatic data for the study site since 1975 these strips covered about 30% of plot surface and partially intercepted throughfall and removed it downslope the plots Soil moisture was measured each annual season using a time domain reflectometer (Delta-T Devices UK) in four randomly selected sites per plot The reflectometer measured soil moisture in the first 15 cm depth Soil moisture in Control and TDE plots in the four annual seasons Error bars correspond to the standard error of the mean (n = 4) Basal area (BA) of the dominant species in each thinned plot before and after thinning Throughfall Displacement Exclusion system installed to decrease soil moisture and water availability for the vegetation All living stems >2 cm in diameter at a height of 50 cm in the plots were labeled and classified by species at the start of the experiment. All stems that had died during the year were counted in each of the following winters to obtain the rates of mortality per year, plot, and species. The stem-mortality rate (M) was calculated as (Sheil et al., 1995): M = 1–(1 – (No – Nt)/No)1/t where No is the number of stems at the start of the study period (1999–2018) Nt is the number of stems at the end of the study period and t is the number of years of the study period The control and drought treatments began in 1999 and ended at the end of 2018 whereas M in the thinned plots was determined from 2012 (immediately after thinning) to 2015 The remotely sensed data for 2000–2012 were obtained from MODIS sensors onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites The Terra satellite orbits Earth from north to south in the morning and the Aqua satellite orbits from south to north in the afternoon We used NDVI and EVI data obtained from the 16-days Terra MOD13Q1 and 16-days Aqua MYD13Q1 products combined in eight-day series based on a selected 250 × 250 m pixel corresponding to our study site and including the studied plots and the surrounding area We also used GPP and PsnNet data obtained from the 8-days Terra MOD17A2 product and NPP data obtained from the annual Terra MOD17A3 product All these products provided an 1 × 1 km pixel for 2000–2010 centered in the studied area Mean annual values of the remote-sensing indices were calculated as an annual integration for each growing season covered by NDVI whereas NPP was calculated directly from annual data We used the meteorological data for 1975–2018 to estimate the trends of changes in air temperature and rainfall throughout this period The difference of soil moisture in control and TDE plots was tested using an ANOVA where soil moisture was the dependent variable General linear models were also conducted to determine the relationships between the rate of stem mortality and the changes in air temperature and rainfall during the study period An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed with mortality rate as a dependent variable and species and treatment (control and TDE plots) as independent factors A similar ANOVA was then performed to compare stem mortalities in the control and TDE plots We next calculated the difference in annual M for each year and species and selected 5 extremely dry years and 5 wet years with the difference in mortality rate as a dependent variable and species and treatment as independent factors Other general linear models were used to determine the relationships of the rate of stem-mortality with mean annual NDVI We used linear regressions because they identified the relationships that fitted better with all variables studied M was arcsin m0.5 transformed to satisfy the assumptions of a normal distribution All linear models were performed using StatView (SAS Institute Inc. Mean annual temperature ranged from 10.7°C in 1984 to 13.1°C in 2011, and total annual precipitation ranged from 355 mm in 2015 to 1021 mm in 2018 (Figure 3) Mean annual air temperature during 1975–2018 increased by about 1.7°C (R2 = 0.50) This increase was due to the strong increase of 2.7°C in spring and summer (R2 = 0.60) but autumn and winter temperatures did not change with only a non-significant trend toward a slight decrease from 1975 to 2018 but precipitation during spring and summer decreased ca Changes in mean air temperatures and rainfall during the period of collection of meteorological data Mean annual temperature and total annual rainfall [(A,B) respectively] and spring and summer temperature and rainfall [(C,D) Stem mortality in the control plots was higher for Q and M in the thinned plots was lowest for Q Linear relationships between stem-mortality rates and mean annual temperatures (A) and rainfall during spring and summer (B) Average stem-mortality rates in the control and TDE plots for each of the three species studied Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) Annual stem-mortality rates in the control and TDE plots for all species studied (A) and annual meteorological data (mean air temperatures and total rainfall) (B) Annual stem-mortality rates in the control and TDE plots for Q Average differences in stem-mortality rates between the control and TDE plots in dry and wet years for each of the three species studied Average stem-mortality rates in the control and thinned plots for each of the three species studied Coefficients of determination (R2) of the linear relationships between stem-mortality rates and spectral indices GPP and PnsNet had another annual pattern than NDVI and EVI, with low values in winter, peaking in spring, decreasing in summer, increasing again in autumn, and a final decrease in late autumn and the following winter. GPP was correlated only with annual precipitation, but PsnNet and NPP were not significantly correlated with M or any climatic variable (Table 2) Some ecosystem services such as the mitigation of climate change by CO2 uptake will also be seriously affected because these indices are specifically calculated to directly estimate ecosystem productivity and NPP were not good predictors of either tree growth Hotter and drier conditions are driving an increase in forest dieback and stem mortality in many water-limited ecosystems with a progressive substitution of the current dominant species by species of tall shrubs better adapted to future climate These effects were followed by changes in forest structure and ecosystem services Selective stem thinning was also identified as an excellent tool for managing this forest in a changing climate; selective thinning not only buffered forest structure and function against increasing drought The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author DL and AB collected the data and contributed to the statistical analyses JP designed the experiment and contributed to the statistical analyses All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and the writing of the manuscript This research was financially supported by the Spanish government grant CGL2016-79835-P the European Research Council Synergy grant ERC-2013-SyG-2013-610028 IMBALANCE-P and the Catalan government grant SGR-2017-1005 The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest We are grateful to DARP (Generalitat de Catalunya) and Xavier Buqueras for their permission and help to conduct this research in the Poblet Holm Oak Forest Temperature sensitivity of drought-induced tree mortality portends increased regional die-off under global-change-type drought On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests Dampening effects of long-term experimental drought on growth and mortality rates of a Holm oak forest Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Google Scholar Water for Forests and People in the Mediterranean Region Google Scholar Regional vegetation die-off in response to global-change-type drought and amplified tree mortality with increased climate change-type drought Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Elevated CO2 does not ameliorate the negative effects of elevated temperature on drought-induced mortality in Eucalyptus radiate seedlings Consistent geographical patterns of changes in high-impact European heatwaves CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Determinants of drought effects on crown condition and their relationship with depletion of carbon reserves in a Mediterranean holm oak forest Leaf and stand-level carbon uptake of a Mediterranean forest estimated using the satellite-derived reflectance indices EVI and PRI Differences in carbon uptake and water use between a managed and an unmanaged beech forest in central Germany Fortifying the forest: thinning and burning increase resistance to a bark beetle outbreak and promote forest resilience Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices “IPCC 2018: summary of policymakers,” in Global Warming of 1.5°C An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C Above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change (Geneva: World Meteorological Organization) Thinning and site quality influence aboveground tree carbon stocks in yellow-poplar forests of the southern Appalachians CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Contrasting impacts of continuous moderate drought and episodic severe droughts on the aboveground-biomass increment and litterfall of three coexisting Mediterranean Woody species Long-term experimental drought combined with natural extremes accelerate vegetation shift in a Mediterranean holm oak forest Rapid warming accelerates tree growth decline in semi-arid forests of Inner Asia Establishment of co-existing Mediterranean tree species under a varying soil moisture regime CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Darcy's law predicts widespread forest mortality under climate warming CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Moreno-Gutiérrez Leaf δ18O of remaining trees is affected by thinning intensity in a semiarid pine forest Hot days induced by precipitation deficits at the global scale Climate variability drives recent tree mortality in Europe Satellite data as indicators of tree biomass growth and forest dieback in a Mediterranean holm oak forest Effects of thinning in a water-limited holm oak forest CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Comparative seasonal gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of two dominant woody species in a Holm Oak forest CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar and above-ground biomass accumulation in a holm oak forest under a five-year experimental field drought CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A drought-induced pervasive increase in tree mortality across Canada's boreal forests CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Peñuelas Visible and near-infrared reflectance techniques for diagnosing plant physiological status CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Peñuelas Comparative field study of spring and summer leaf gas Exchange and photobiology of the Mediterranean trees Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latifolia Forest structure and climate mediate drought-induced tree mortality in forests of the Sierra Nevada Individual tree growth response to variable-density thinning in coastal Pacific Northwest forest CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in three Mediterranean woody following long-term experimental drought A test of the hydraulic failure and carbon starvation hypotheses The interpretation and misinterpretation of mortality rate measurements CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Satellite remote-sensing of total Herbaceous biomass production in the Senegalese Sahel−1980–1984 Drought-induced tree mortality: ecological consequences CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality Barbeta A and Peñuelas J (2020) Stem Mortality and Forest Dieback in a 20-Years Experimental Drought in a Mediterranean Holm Oak Forest Received: 09 October 2019; Accepted: 09 December 2019; Published: 08 January 2020 Copyright © 2020 Ogaya, Liu, Barbeta and Peñuelas. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Romà Ogaya, ci5vZ2F5YUBjcmVhZi51YWIuY2F0 Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker ← → the Peñuelas reservoir in central Chile has all but disappeared The resulting water shortage has fueled tensions over supplies needed for farming and lithium mining and spurred the Chilean capital of Santiago to prepare for rationing The ongoing drought is the most intense and long-lasting in at least 400 years, rendering the lake bed dried and cracked, dotted with the skeletons of decaying fish, Reuters reported The Peñuelas’ drying has been partially caused by higher temperatures and a reduction in rainfall snow in the Andes is melting faster or turning directly to water vapor leaving mountain-fed streams at a trickle in the summer once held enough water to fill 38,000 Olympic-size swimming pools “Basically what we have is just a puddle,” Jose Luis Murillo “This is especially significant if you think that several decades ago the Peñuelas reservoir was the only source of water for all greater Valparaiso.” “What we call a drought today will become normal.” As Sea Levels Rise, Will Drinking Water Supplies Be at Risk? Countries & Areas Bureaus & Offices About a/k/a Chuy Gonzalez has been the leader of an independent methamphetamine and heroin production and distribution organization since at least 2007 He oversees multiple heroin processing laboratories in Sinaloa the Gonzalez Penuelas drug trafficking organization is responsible for transporting and selling cocaine and M-30s (fentanyl pills disguised as oxycodone) Gonzalez has been indicted on international narcotics charges on several occasions in both the District of Colorado and the Southern District of California by a federal Grand Jury in the District of Colorado charging him and two co-defendants with  one count of manufacturing and distributing more than one kilogram of heroin and five kilograms of cocaine for importation into the United States;  six counts of unlawfully manufacturing and two counts of unlawfully manufacturing having reasonable cause to believe that the cocaine would be unlawfully imported into the United States Gonzalez was designated by the Department of the Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) as a significant Foreign Narcotics Trafficker pursuant to the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (Kingpin Act) Department of State is offering a REWARD OF UP TO $5 MILLION for information leading to the arrest and/or conviction of Jesus Gonzalez Penuelas please contact the DEA at +1-720-355-0168 (phone/text/WhatsApp) or by email at Chuy-Reward@dea.gov If you are located outside of the United States please contact the local DEA office in your city ALL IDENTITIES ARE KEPT STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Government officials and employees are not eligible for rewards We use cookies to make our website work better and improve your experience This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page Financial crime isn't limited to Ponzi schemes hundreds of millions of dollars are funneled into Mexico and Latin America for the purpose of supporting organized crime As the Director of Anti-Money Laundering Business Advisory function at Banamex, it's my responsibility to ensure that we prevent our bank from being used for such crime. Much of that work is derived from risk assessment--in other words, analyzing the range of day-to-day activities at Banamex, as well as the nature of the products and services we offer to customers. I came to my current role after working in the internal auditing department at Banamex. Having studied actuarial sciences at university, a career in finance made sense to me - although I didn't stay in the internal auditing department for long! Combating money laundering is never easy, nor is achieving genuine cultural change within an organization. I am very fortunate to have the full support from senior management within Citi to "fight the good fight" and implement new strategies and tactics in a meaningful way. At the moment, we're focused on standardization across all geographic regions. So, whether a client is on-boarded in Mexico or Singapore, we follow the same controls and perceive risk in the same way. Going back to risk assessment, we're continuing to develop new mechanisms and tools to measure risk, both generally and at different points in time. Just because something is perceived as safe at one time doesn't mean it will remain that way forever, as new geopolitical developments can radically change both social and business climates overnight. While of course combating money laundering is rewarding in and of itself, I'm also proud to have been recognized by my peers. I was very humbled to be named the "Most Promising Person in their 30s in Mexico" for 2013, and received almost 25% of the public vote. I certainly had reservations about being considered for this honor, given that anti money laundering is not usually a topic discussed with the general public, especially in a country like Mexico. But at the end of the day, I decided to pursue the opportunity. The most rewarding part of the nomination process? It wasn't seeing my name in lights - it was having my role at Banamex recognized and commended by the public. Everyone can lose themselves in the day-to-day grind of work, but when you're able to take a step back and see that your efforts are making a difference, it makes going to the office each day all the more rewarding. Print Amid the lush outdoor setting of 106 Seafood Underground Sergio Peñuelas stands front and center in a semi-open-air kitchen housed in a small structure near the restaurant’s entrance He moves between a small counter and the stove sculpting pyramids of ceviche one minute and then tossing shrimp in garlicky butter the next He leaves only to attend the charcoal-fueled grill a few feet outside the kitchen to prepare the restaurant’s destination dish firm-fleshed fish also known as snook and caught in Pacific waters — splayed before cooking so that it resembles a bifurcated reflection of itself The swirl turns pinkish-orange but seeps down invisibly after the fish lands on the grill the snook’s surface looks not unlike a handsomely charred T-bone scored and singed and blackened in all the right places (Mariah Tauger/Los Angeles Times) (Mariah Tauger/Los Angeles Times) Before a server rushes the fish to the table Peñuelas slides it onto an oval platter big enough for a holiday turkey He adds garnishes of sliced cucumbers and tomatoes and also a potent handful of caramelized onions that are stained coppery purple from what tastes like Maggi seasoning reinforced with an extra glug of soy sauce Pescado zarandeado is an ecosystem of tastes and textures: jagged meat-filled gullies that demand excavation I notice women who carry the air of matriarchs are often bestowed the prized head its sockets brimming with the richest morsels When I’m sated with the fish’s primary range of flavors I reach for tortillas and start building tacos Angelenos already intimate with the delights of pescado zarandeado might know the Nayarit, Mexico, specialty best from Coni’Seafood in Inglewood worked at the restaurant in the late 1990s and 2000s alongside owner Vicente “Chente” Cossio The restaurant was then known as Mariscos Chente; the name changed in 2011 as his daughter took ownership and carried on the menu of ceviches seafood tacos and myriad sauteed shrimp dishes Chef-owner Sergio Peñuelas of 106 Seafood Underground. (Mariah Tauger / Los Angeles Times) Peñuelas’ virtuosity with grilling fish earned him the nickname “Snook Whisperer” among Los Angeles food obsessives. In 2017 Jonathan Gold tracked his influence across the metro area as the chef moved from kitchen to kitchen (including at one point a return to Coni’Seafood) Peñuelas stopped wandering: He set up an under-the-radar restaurant in the backyard of his home in the Lennox section of Inglewood 106 Seafood Underground is no longer anything near a secret You may have to scour several nearby blocks to find a parking spot You’ll know you’ve wandered up the right driveway when you see the handwritten sign that says “No outside alcohol/no se permite traer alcohol Thank you.” It speaks to the evolution of the business — and to the loyalty of Peñuelas’ regulars who have been turning up since the restaurant’s more extemporaneous beginnings Marinero ceviche and camarones borrachos from 106 Seafood Underground (Mariah Tauger / Los Angeles Times) I swung by in early 2020 on a day that 106 was advertised as open but ended up being closed particularly on weekdays; keep an eye on the restaurant’s Instagram account.) The transformation of the space in the cruel two years since then calls forth a word I rarely use as a writer: magical The wooden slats that line the outdoor kitchen now brighten the surroundings with beachy stripes of red the foliage has thickened overhead and around the yard’s perimeter Synthetic turf covers part of the ground; the rest is tiled patio or dirt It’s the kind of verdant scene in which you’re tempted to find a smartphone app to help you name all the plants Most of the tables take cover under umbrellas Even on weekends when people occupy every seat this is a place to breathe and retreat from the world Diners who know the menu at Coni’Seafood will recognize the gist of many dishes covers a mound of shrimp ceviche also dotted with chopped cucumber and tomato The heap rumbles with lemon and Worcestershire sauce Peñuelas also crafts a novel ceviche scattered with green apple; its tart marinade is particularly refreshing on a warm afternoon Many of the shrimp-based creations come with the creatures’ bodily shells removed but their heads intact Reaching antennae and beady eyes stick out in a military-straight line from aguachile; they’ve been set along the edge of a rectangular plate sharply acidic pool of citrus and green chile garlicky jumble flamed in tequila — the deservedly much-loved borrachos — or sauteed with aggressive amounts of coarse black pepper and lemon look for shrimp in creamy chipotle sauce or stuffed in tacos tossed in dialed-back hot sauce I more prefer the tacos filled with flaked pieces of smoked marlin their flour tortillas crisped and sealed with stretchy white cheese If your table of three or four is ordering a ceviche or two some marlin tacos and the pescado zarandeado This is probably a good place to mention that the restaurant doesn’t list prices on its menu The last time I ordered the massive snook it was $50 Servers readily field any related questions If you’re with a good crew, sipping a Pacifico straight or in a crimson michelada, you might while away some hours until the fish is gone. You could lace a snook taco with the last stray sliver of avocado plucked from a ceviche or experiment with how many strands of salty caramelized onions are just enough. You look up and squint at the sunshine through the leaves of a ficus. Right then a roaring Delta jet streaks through the sky, descending for landing at LAX. It blots out every ounce of tranquility for a few seconds, and then just as quickly the calm returns. 4302 W. 106th St., Inglewood, (310) 980-3893, instagram.com/checocheffPrices (approximate): Ceviches and aguachiles $20, tacos $12, shrimp dishes $22, pescado zarandeado $50.Details: Open 11 a.m.-6 p.m. Wednesday-Sunday. Beer. Street parking.Recommended dishes: pescado zarandeado, marinero ceviche, green apple ceviche, camarones borrachos, smoked marlin tacos. Bill Addison is the restaurant critic of the Los Angeles Times. He is recipient of the 2023 Craig Claiborne Distinguished Restaurant Review Award from the James Beard Foundation, among numerous other accolades. Addison was previously national critic for Eater and held food critic positions at the San Francisco Chronicle, the Dallas Morning News and Atlanta magazine. Food World & Nation Subscribe for unlimited accessSite Map We performed a literature review where we provide information on toxic exposures that may pose relevance to burn pit exposure and furthermore, highlight what is already known about burn pit exposures and what steps need to be taken to diagnose and correlate certain respiratory pathologies to chronic exposure from overseas burn pits. We conducted searches through PubMed and Google Scholar to determine where gaps in our knowledge of burn pit exposure lie. Thorough review on jet-fuel properties and particulate matter were performed as supporting evidence of potential toxins from burn pit emissions. To date, studies on burn pit emissions consist mainly of systematic reviews and discussions to address the problem, with very few acute-exposure studies and little to no chronic-exposure studies. We found that symptoms range from respiratory pathologies to neurological deficits, but treatment has been limited as medical facilities, such as the Veterans Administration (VA), require proof that a condition is service-connected. To determine the effects of burn pit exposure on humans, chronic exposure to mimicked burn pit emissions is necessary to draw definitive conclusions between phenotypic differences in pathologies linked to exposure. By determining phenotypic differences, conclusions can be made about the pathologic origins, potentially leading to future diagnoses and treatments for veterans and affected civilians. Volume 3 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvh.2024.1364812 Introduction: Military personnel and local civilians at various deployment locations are plagued with serious health conditions Evidence points to burn pit emissions as the cause of these pathologies; however similar diseases are also caused by environmental exposures which are large smoldering piles of refuse ignited with jet or diesel fuel contain human and medical waste as well as paint and other materials—each of which can be attributed to health concerns in other industrial settings Here we compare various pathologies attributable to toxic aerosol exposures and discuss distinct pathologies that may be linked to burn pit exposures Objectives: We performed a literature review where we provide information on toxic exposures that may pose relevance to burn pit exposure and furthermore highlight what is already known about burn pit exposures and what steps need to be taken to diagnose and correlate certain respiratory pathologies to chronic exposure from overseas burn pits Data sources: We conducted searches through PubMed and Google Scholar to determine where gaps in our knowledge of burn pit exposure lie Thorough review on jet-fuel properties and particulate matter were performed as supporting evidence of potential toxins from burn pit emissions studies on burn pit emissions consist mainly of systematic reviews and discussions to address the problem with very few acute-exposure studies and little to no chronic-exposure studies We found that symptoms range from respiratory pathologies to neurological deficits but treatment has been limited as medical facilities require proof that a condition is service-connected Conclusions: To determine the effects of burn pit exposure on humans chronic exposure to mimicked burn pit emissions is necessary to draw definitive conclusions between phenotypic differences in pathologies linked to exposure conclusions can be made about the pathologic origins potentially leading to future diagnoses and treatments for veterans and affected civilians which is commonly associated with negative respiratory health effects pollutant type and level of toxicity will differ depending on the combustion mechanism this review is intended to provide a general overview of toxic aerosols that are likely present in burn pit emissions that may have a negative health-related impact on personnel stationed overseas The information provided is a worthy focus and can lead to future epidemiological and lab-based studies veterans registered with the Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry (AHOBPR) attribute a plethora of respiratory health conditions to burn pit exposure so we must understand its components to provide a framework for future studies to identify consequences of these exposures specifically to distinguish them from other more common causes of chronic lung disease and provide service-connection to disabilities attributable to burn pit emission exposure The inconsistencies exist because of discrepancies on exposure type and setting Table 2 Toxic exposures relevant to burn pit emissions The evidence of varied symptoms between COPD pathologies is important to note when thinking about burn pit emission exposure because the changed components and resulting VAH and PAH emissions within the smoke could indicate a changed pathophysiology in potential COPD and other lung pathology diagnoses from overseas burn pit smoke exposure Figure 1 Phenotypic differences in (chronic exposure) COPD diagnoses. COPD is a common diagnosis among cigarette smokers, with high association of emphysema. Biomass/woodsmoke induced COPD exhibits different symptoms and pathologies, mainly being considered a small-airway disease (30) Pathobiology and phenotype changes between COPD diagnoses and other respiratory pathology diagnosis is important because it highlights a direct cause-and-effect relationship showcasing a link between chronic hazardous exposures and their resulting diseases Variation in diseases can be linked to components of the initial chronic exposure *These symptoms are observed differently in both pathologies (e.g. cigarette smoke-induced COPD exhibits quicker lung function decline compared to biomass smoke-induced whereas biomass smoke-induced exhibits more fibrotic lesions in the lungs) we can speculate that burn pit-derived pathologies will likely have phenotypic differences from their other-origin derived counterparts Table 3 Health concerns from various toxins To further understand the correlation between respiratory disease we searched the literature from 8/1/2023 through 5/8/2024 for specific topics relevant to burn pit exposures we used “burn pits” as the keyword search and over 200,000 results returned we refined our search to specify overseas burn pits a methodological approach was used to survey the literature with the following strategies: Searches based on burn pit components (n = 27,955 results returned) Key terms used: “burn pit components”; “what’s in burn pits”; “type of trash found in burn pits” Searches based on emission properties (n = 15,621 results returned) Key terms used: “burn pit emissions”; “exposure to burn pits”; “what’s in burn pit emissions”; “accelerant used for burn pits” Searches based on VAH exposure in different settings (n = 40,219 results returned) Key terms used: “JP-8 jet fuel exposure”; “benzene exposure”; other hydrocarbon “…exposure” Searches based on particulate matter (PM) exposure (n = 21,840 results returned) Key terms used: “particulate matter in burn pits”; “particulate matter size fraction”; “particulate matter exposures” Searches based on chronic diseases from VAH and PM exposures (n = 3,250 results returned) Key terms used: “health problems from particulate matter exposure”; “acute vs chronic exposure to particulate matter”; “health problems from benzene exposure”; “toxic effects from VAH exposure in industrial settings”; “toxic effects from VAH exposure in occupational settings” Searches based on previous studies on burn pit exposure (n = 18,900 results returned) Key terms used: “what is known about overseas burn pits”; “burn pit exposure experiments” Searches based on pathologies from burn pit exposure (n = 18,606 results returned) Key terms used: “respiratory pathologies from burn pit exposure”; “burn pit registry”; “health concerns from overseas burn pit exposure”; “neurological deficits from burn pit exposure” All searches were conducted via PubMed and Google Scholar sources from heavily cited articles were analyzed for more information Multiple reviews of the AHOBPR were analyzed which provided us with further evidence suggesting a direct correlation to increased instances of pulmonary and other diseases prevalent in veterans exposed to burn pits a systematic approach was implemented that refined a multiple literature review analysis to include experimental studies of burn pit emissions in both acute and chronic exposure conditions although many reviews addressing the concerns of burn pit emission exposure were accessible and analyzed despite a lack of research conducted on the topic at hand a thorough review of current burn pit emission exposure indicated potential findings between chronic exposure and development of various respiratory pathologies The number of articles we ultimately used for this review regarding burn pit emission exposure was n = 10 for experimental studies n = 3 for clinical or case studies and n = 10 for review papers Despite the number of results returned from each search many searches returned duplicate publications or non-relevant studies such as non-military related burn pit exposures and VAH or PAH exposures that have no significant relevance to burn pit emissions Both review and research articles were considered for inclusion; however many of the research articles returned were variations of meta-analyses regarding disease prevalence of various pathologies from VA health records such as medical reports provided by the AHOBPR Upon further investigation of returned results we found that there were not many relevant research or experimental studies published on military burn pit exposures Due to the low volume of experimental burn pit related studies all found peer-reviewed sources directly linked to burn pit exposures were used Bias existed in toxic exposure studies where different levels of hazardous exposures were highlighted. Because of this, inconsistencies were annotated (found in Table 2) and hazardous levels listed in the table came from sources that either involved burn pit emission exposure or provided relevance to burn pits due to similar properties of exposure types and burn pit exposures other sources that were not used may report different toxic exposure levels for PM and polycyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons there are no existing human-based studies on active burn pit exposure because research efforts to date have been focusing on assessing burn pit exposures retrospectively and there currently exists no epidemiological data on active human exposures we had to rely on findings from rodent-based active exposure studies where only acute exposure findings were highlighted A study done by Liu et al. surveyed 4,343 burn pit registry participants between 2012 and 2015 where an elevated prevalence of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and COPD were diagnosed in service members who did not have these diseases prior to deployment. Those who were directly exposed to the burn pits for longer time periods each day also had significantly increased prevalence of symptoms linked to emphysema, chronic bronchitis, COPD, and a higher risk of hypertension (4) All information gathered came from personnel who were stationed within two miles of an active burn pit many of the underpinning mechanisms of neurological diseases from burn pit exposure are still unknown Despite research divulging the potential implications of burn pit exposure on neurological and other health concerns most studies indicate the importance of needing more research to link many of these negative health outcomes to chronic burn pit emission exposure The pro- and anti-inflammatory profiles studied showed some potential for future studies though refinement of the exposure conditions will be needed these studies were all limited by the inability to expose rodents for long periods of time resulting in only subtle findings from acute exposures and a lack of evidence of chronic health concerns from burn pit emission exposure This brief overview of animal studies on burn pit-related exposures illustrates some of the limitations of the methodologies used to date It is important to note that we must clearly distinguish between studies on chronic lung diseases (e.g. Animal studies tend to be limited to relatively brief or acute exposures which do not replicate the real-world exposures of humans to environmental aerosols Toxic effects from an acute high dose exposure will be quite different from the effects of chronic exposure at lower doses these studies were not able to provide evidence linking exposures to other diseases including lung cancer type of exposure and how long each person was exposed it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions Pre-clinical rodent-based studies are a necessary approach for many health-related studies as human experimentation is often unethical and unachievable due to invasiveness of some experimental procedures If we can recreate burn pits in environmental chambers and have a controlled we can potentially better our understanding of what pathologies by exposing animal models to chronic burn-pit simulated exposures we can study the resulting lung pathologies and compare their phenotypes to lung pathologies reported by exposed active-duty personnel and veterans With the knowledge of phenotypic differences among various lung pathologies and understanding the smoke conditions and involved aromatic hydrocarbons we can potentially link different chronic respiratory pathogenic mechanisms to specific pollutants or smoke conditions studies like these can help provide more effective diagnosis and treatment for exposed personnel by targeting specific underlying mechanisms and pathologies Rodent based studies remain the most feasible approach to determining an initial understanding of underlying mechanisms of exposure-related disease Despite differences in their orientation and breathing pattern there remains enough rationale to use rodents for pre-clinical experimentation Results derived from rodent-based chronic burn pit exposure studies may provide information regarding potentially derived pathologies from exposure and in turn researchers can use this information to better determine disease development in exposed personnel there only exists speculation regarding the origin of chronic respiratory and other pathologies without any direct service-connected evidence of these conditions being the result of chronic burn pit exposure it is clear that more animal model-based chronic exposure studies are needed where burn pit emissions can be simulated While animal models are not equivalent to human clinical studies it would of course be impossible to contemplate human clinical studies on such toxic exposures The complexity of the effects of toxic mixtures also requires carefully designed studies to integrate the interacting pathologies from combinations of components in the combustion products; this will allow us to identify differences in phenotypic mechanisms that underlie specific pathologies we can accurately match one or more phenotypic differences to burn pit emission exposure as distinct from other causes of chronic lung diseases and in turn draw a more definitive conclusion regarding pathologic origin these results may also eventually provide rationale for conducting more focused clinical studies which will provide more accurate diagnoses and treatments for exposed personnel The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute On Minority Health And Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U54MD013368 The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 1. 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Available online at: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1064148.pdf lung toxicity and mutagenicity of burn pit smoke-related particulate matter The effect of a single exposure to simulated burn pit products in mice with healthy and inflamed airways doi: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_MeetingAbstracts.A5546 Sex-dependent effects of ambient PM2.5 pollution on insulin sensitivity and hepatic lipid metabolism in mice Translational role of rodent models to study ventilator-induced lung injury Citation: Penuelas VL and Lo DD (2024) Burn pit exposure in military personnel and the potential resulting lung and neurological pathologies Received: 3 January 2024; Accepted: 23 May 2024;Published: 21 June 2024 © 2024 Penuelas and Lo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: David D. Lo, ZGF2aWQubG9AbWVkc2NoLnVjci5lZHU= an ecosystem’s ability to bounce back from a disturbance depends on three key factors: water availability the study’s results show that forests need more water after a drought or fire and a combination of high solar radiation (more heat) water scarcity and low biodiversity makes recovery an uphill struggle Led by Meng Lui from the University of Utah (USA) the study analysed over three decades of satellite data from around the world It concluded that the most vulnerable ecosystems are found in the planet’s driest and most arid regions Our results revealed that the effects that follow a wildfire or severe drought vary depending on the location while arid regions become more sensitive to water stress but humid regions become more resilient and adapt better “Our results revealed that the effects that follow a wildfire or severe drought vary depending on the location,” says Peñuelas “Arid regions become more sensitive to water stress but humid regions — like Africa’s tropical rainforests or Europe’s boreal regions — become more resilient and adapt better,” he explains The study’s findings stem from analysis of Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) data spanning 1982 and 2018 it is possible to determine how much light plants absorb and how factors like temperature and humidity affect their development giving a detailed overall picture of global vegetation growth over time The researchers behind the study also used machine learning models specifically to analyse how plants’ sensitivity to water scarcity changes — i.e whether it affects them more after a fire or drought than it did before — and why “The information we obtained confirms that dry ecosystems are more sensitive to water scarcity after an extreme event,” Peñuelas remarks Image of a recently burned forest in Turkey Another of the study’s key findings concerns the role of biodiversity in mitigating the impact of droughts and wildfires “The data shows that biodiversity is a ‘life insurance policy’ in humid areas: the more diverse an ecosystem is the more resilient it will be,” states Liu That could be because having a wide variety of species with different traits ensures that at least some will be equipped to survive during droughts or after fires plants are already struggling to meet their water requirements making them more vulnerable to drought and fires alike such areas are exposed to high solar radiation which raises temperatures and the evaporation rate “exacerbating the effects of disturbances” as University of Utah researcher and study co-author William Anderegg points out ecosystems usually take around four or five years to recover from a disturbance meaning they should generally have enough time to do so before the next one comes along the researchers warn that the growing frequency and severity of droughts and wildfires is jeopardizing ecosystems’ ability to get over such events and leaving less and less time for regeneration especially in the most arid parts of the world poses a threat to their ability to function properly and absorb carbon “Since terrestrial ecosystems absorb roughly 25% of all carbon emissions from human activities each year understanding the impact of extreme events is crucial to managing global carbon and mitigating climate change,” concludes Peñuelas Referenced article: Liu, M., Peñuelas, J., Trugman, A.T. et al. Diverging responses of terrestrial ecosystems to water stress after disturbances. Nat. Clim. Chang. 15, 73–79 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02191-z The award highlights Peñuelas' extensive scientific career as an international reference in the research for global change as well as his leadership in technological innovation and his dissemination task This annual award highlights the career and international relevance of research professionals and is considered the most relevant in science in Spain Josep Peñuelas –principal investigator of the Global Ecology Unit at CREAF– receives the award as an honour and a responsibility and insists that it is awarded for the intense work of a team of scientists committed to offering alternatives to global change based on scientific knowledge The acting Minister of Science and Innovation stressed that the National Research Award contributes to advancing science and The jury that decided the verdict in each category was made up of 3 men and 3 women except in the Humanities and Law and Economic and Social Sciences areas Of the 114 nominations accepted for the National Research Awards 90 came from male scientists and 24 from female scientists The average age of the winners is 61 years In the case of the National Research Awards for Young People 97 were from male scientists and 88 from female scientists The average age of the winners in this case is 37 years Metrics details The availability of carbon from rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and of nitrogen from various human-induced inputs to ecosystems is continuously increasing; however these increases are not paralleled by a similar increase in phosphorus inputs The inexorable change in the stoichiometry of carbon and nitrogen relative to phosphorus has no equivalent in Earth’s history Here we report the profound and yet uncertain consequences of the human imprint on the phosphorus cycle and nitrogen:phosphorus stoichiometry for the structure functioning and diversity of terrestrial and aquatic organisms and ecosystems A mass balance approach is used to show that limited phosphorus and nitrogen availability are likely to jointly reduce future carbon storage by natural ecosystems during this century if phosphorus fertilizers cannot be made increasingly accessible the crop yields projections of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment imply an increase of the nutrient deficit in developing regions This creates a N:P imbalance that may induce significant alterations in Earth’s organisms and ecosystems and a P limitation of natural ecosystems growth and agricultural production in the future These unbalanced nutrient inputs are very likely to alter the environment and the life it supports and their interaction with the coupled climate–carbon cycle system remains highly uncertain Here we aim to discern how phosphorus limitations and increased N:P resources will affect the environmental N:P imbalances and the structure function and diversity of the Earth’s organisms and ecosystems and in particular future terrestrial ecosystem and cropland productivity and changes in carbon storage and thereby the function of the carbon cycle We conduct a literature review of the available observations and experimental evidences of the ecological consequences of human-induced N:P imbalances in the ‘Web of Science’ and conduct a mass balance analysis we assume a C:N:P ratio and calculate N and P demands for given changes in C pools for an ensemble of models from the Coupled Climate Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Projects (C4MIP and CMIP5) used in the IPCC Fourth and Fifth Assessment Reports we report profound and yet uncertain consequences of the human imprint on the phosphorus cycle and N:P stoichiometry for the structure We show that limited phosphorus and nitrogen availability are likely to jointly reduce future carbon storage by natural ecosystems during this century and that if phosphorus fertilizers cannot be made increasingly accessible Effects of nitrogen deposition and eutrophication and increased environmental N:P ratios are indicated by continuous lines effects of increased organisms’ N:P ratios by dashed lines and effects of increased growth rates by dotted lines leading to an accumulation of carbon in the forest floor) The majority of models show high sensitivity of productivity to CO2 because they all lack P limitation and all but two models lack N limitation Grey points for a are for the coupled C4MIP models and the black points for the uncoupled C4MIP models whereas the grey points for b are for RCP 2.6 and the black points for RCP 8.5 the extra amount of nitrogen needed to sustain the increased carbon storage exceed all plausible nitrogen supply scenarios by the end of twenty-first century for 18 out of 22 coupled and uncoupled simulation and 11 out of the 35 CMIP5 models We estimated an extra-tropical labile pool of 9.9 Pg P (from a global labile-phosphorus pool of 13.2 Pg P) three times as high as the tropical labile-phosphorus pool with cumulative (over the years 2000–2099) extra-tropical dust and weathering inputs at 1.4 Pg P but exceeded by large leaching and occlusion losses at 3.4 Pg P This suggests that fast shift rates of N:P ratio can be more detrimental for less homoeostatic species with consequences for community composition and carbon cycling Marine ecosystems in the geological past thus appear to have been highly sensitive to changes in the N:P ratio although most events recorded a decrease in this ratio during transition periods ranging from 104 to 106 years A strong increase in this ratio over a few decades as is now occurring in response to human activities could slow nutrient cycling and further reduce phosphorus availability and ecosystem productivity analysing C:N:P interactions and the isolation of the N:P impacts in our analysis is already one important step ahead with respect to previous studies Knowledge about the potential for ecosystems to tap into the labile-phosphorus pool and for nitrogen deposition to affect the processes by which plants may try to 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limitation on land and in the sea-how can it occur Experimental investigation of nutrient limitation of forest growth on wet tropical mountains or litter production in a lowland tropical forest Nitrogen inputs accelerate phosphorus cycling rates across a wide variety of terrestrial ecosystems Effects of soil nutrient availability on investment in acquisition of N and P in Hawaiian rain forests Simulated pollutant nitrogen deposition increases P demand and enhances root-surface phosphatise activities of three plant functional types in a calcareous grassland Belowground ectomycorrhizal fungal community change over a nitrogen deposition gradient in Alaska Patterns of new versus recycled primary production in the terrestrial biosphere Impacts of atmospheric nutrients inputs on marine biogeochemistry Potential impact of climate change on marine export production The growing human footprint on coastal and open-ocean biogeochemistry Scaling of C:N:P stoichiometry in forest worldwide: 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Obersteiner Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO) made the calculations for the modelling exercise of the future global C cycle and J.S collected the data for the meta-analysis of the impacts of changing N:P ratios All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript and the drafting of the figures The authors declare no competing financial interests Supplementary Methods and Supplementary References Download citation Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Communications Earth & Environment (2024) Agronomy for Sustainable Development (2024) Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition (2024) Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Microbiology newsletter — what matters in microbiology research The dates displayed for an article provide information on when various publication milestones were reached at the journal that has published the article activities on preceding journals 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Metrics details Terrestrial plants re-emit around 1–2% of the carbon they fix as isoprene and monoterpenes These emissions have major roles in the ecological relationships among living organisms and in atmospheric chemistry and climate and yet their actual quantification at the ecosystem level in different regions is far from being resolved with available models and field measurements Here we provide evidence that a simple remote sensing index which is indicative of light use efficiency is a good indirect estimator of foliar isoprenoid emissions and can therefore be used to sense them remotely These results open new perspectives for the potential use of remote sensing techniques to track isoprenoid emissions from vegetation at larger scales our study shows the potential of this photochemical reflectance index technique to validate the availability of photosynthetic reducing power as a factor involved in isoprenoid production but studies are few in number and temporally very limited Detecting BVOC exchange using remote sensing techniques is and one that is far from being accomplished hypothesize that PRI would also be useful as an estimator of isoprenoid emissions We test our hypothesis on saplings of a deciduous species We calculate light-response curves for isoprenoid emissions from 0–2500 μmol m−2 s−1 in leaves of saplings growing under well-irrigated conditions under drought conditions and under conditions of senescence and in all cases compare growth in full sun with shade we generate a wide range of LUEs to test our hypothesis The results provide evidence that PRI is a good indirect estimator of foliar isoprenoid emissions and can therefore be used to sense them remotely The results also show the potential of this PRI technique to validate the availability of photosynthetic reducing power as a factor involved in isoprenoid production Data shown for net photosynthetic rates in control (circles) foliar senescing (squares) and droughted (triangles) plants grown in sunny (closed symbols) and shaded conditions (open symbols) The figure shows saturation of net photosynthetic rates at PPFDs above 250 μmol m−2 s−1 The red symbols represent light-saturated conditions for photosynthesis (PAR above 250 μmol m−2 s−1) The blue symbols represent values for PAR below 250 μmol m−2 s−1 The continuous black line represents the whole data set 95% Confidence intervals are plotted for both relationships (continuous blue lines for whole data set and dashed blue lines for light-saturated conditions for photosynthesis) For the whole data set on isoprene emissions: y=a exp (-bx) where a=5.5±0.6 For the data set on light-saturated conditions: y=a exp (-bx) where a=6.1±0.8 For the whole data set on monoterpene emissions: y=a exp (-bx) where a=2.6±0.2 For the data set on light-saturated conditions: y=a exp (-bx) where a=2.7±0.3 these results also create the possibility of using remote sensing to estimate isoprenoid emissions directly based on a rough general relationship or at least indirectly through the improved modulation of the estimated emissions from factors of emission capacity (Ec) using PRI A comparison of the remote sensing of formaldehyde and PRI could validate this approach PRI could thus substitute the serial empirical functions currently established in the emission models to better estimate current emissions A complementary use of the remote sensing of formaldehyde and PRI could validate this approach Adding information from PRI to the emission models might at least help to capture some spatial and temporal variability that the current models presently miss The results of these studies confirm an exponential relationship between LUE and PRI over a wide range of species and conditions therefore suggesting that the relationship of isoprenoid emissions with PRI may also hold well when upscaled to the canopy and ecosystem scales The high spectral resolution sensors on satellite platforms such as the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer MODIS sensor on the TERRA and AQUA satellites might therefore be used for global assessment of isoprenoid emissions Satellite sensors such as MODIS can make suitable reflectivity measurements only once a day at a given location on the Earth in cloud free conditions The PRI would thus suffer from an inherent clear sky bias but it could be complemented with the use of remote sensing signals for HCHO that contain the underlying signature of BVOC emitted in both cloudy and clear sky conditions These results therefore provide a challenging and exciting new way of potentially assessing isoprenoid emissions from terrestrial ecosystems something which is essential for a more accurate quantification of global isoprenoid emissions and an understanding of their variability as a proxy of isoprenoid emissions and LUE can be used to complement the normalized difference vegetation index or other indices such as enhanced vegetation index which are proxies of green biomass-fraction of absorbed PAR in order to estimate canopy isoprenoid emission rates something that is essential in determining their chemical and climatic effects such as the NASA HyspIRI or the German EnMAP will allow PRI to be calculated even at 30-m resolution: this offers great potential The use of PRI will enable a better estimation of isoprenoid emissions either through direct empirical estimates or through improved modelling by modulating the emission factors for ecosystems and biomes rather than multiple complicated climatic plants grown in a nursery (Tres Turons S.C.P. maintained under Mediterranean ambient conditions outdoors (five saplings of each species grown under sunny conditions and five saplings grown under shade conditions) They were grown in 15-L pots with a substrate composed of peat and sand (2:1) To widen the range of tested LUE conditions an additional plant treatment was established Irrigation was withheld from these saplings grown under sunny and shaded conditions and they were measured again (droughted plants) In order to further widen the range of tested LUE conditions for the control nigra saplings grown in both sunny and shaded conditions were also measured in November when the leaves were senescing (senescing leaves) Foliar CO2 and H2O exchanges were measured with the LCpro+ Photosynthesis System (ADC BioScientific) LUE was here calculated as the ratio between the net photosynthetic rates and incident PAR In order to determine and quantify BVOC exchange flow meter were used to monitor the air exiting the leaf chamber which was then analysed using proton transfer reaction–mass spectrometry (PTR–MS; Ionicon Analytik the output air flowing from the leaf chamber was also sampled using stainless steel tubes filled with terpene adsorbents and thereafter analysed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) The difference between the concentration of isoprenoids passing through the chamber clamped to a leaf and the chamber with no leaf were used to calculate the foliar isoprenoid exchange The tubing used to connect the leaf chamber with the PTR–MS system (50 cm long and 2 mm internal diameter) was made of Teflon The system used was always the same for all measurements the PTR–MS drift tube was operated at 2.1 mbar and 50 °C with an E/N (electric field/molecule number density) of around 130 Td (townsend) (1 Td=10–17 V cm2) The primary ion signal (H3O+) was maintained at approximately 6 × 106 counts per second The instrument was calibrated using an aromatic mix standard gas (TO-14A USA) and isoprene and monoterpene standard gas (Abello Linde SA and the flow varied between 470 and 500 ml min−1 depending on the glass tube adsorbent and quartz wool packing Glass tubes were stored at −28 °C until the analysis Terpene analyses were performed using a GC–MS system (Hewlett Packard HP59822B The monoterpenes trapped on the tubes were processed with an automatic sample processor (Combi PAL FOCUS-ATAS GL International BV 5500 AA Veldhoven using an OPTIC3 injector (ATAS GL International BV 5500 AA Veldhoven into a 30 × 0.25 × 0.25 mm film capillary column (SPB TM-5 Fused Silica Capillary column; Supelco The injector temperature (60 °C) was increased at 16 °C s−1 to 300 °C The injected sample was cryofocused at −20 °C for 2 min Total run time was 23 min and the solvent delay was 4 min the initial temperature (40 °C) was increased at 30 °C min−1 up to 60 °C and thereafter at 10 °C min−1 up to 150 °C and thereafter increased at 70 °C min−1 up to 250 °C and maintained at this temperature for another 5 min Monoterpenes were identified by comparing the retention times with standards from Fluka (Buchs and the fractionation mass spectra with standards spectra derived from the literature and the GCD Chemstation G1074A HP and the mass spectra library wiley7n Terpene concentrations were determined from calibration curves The calibration curves for common monoterpenes and common sesquiterpenes such as a-humulene were determined once every five analyses using four different terpene concentrations The calibration curves were always highly significant (r2>0.99 for the relationships between the signal and terpene concentrations) and with empirical models using MEGAN algorithms complemented with PRI Photochemical reflectance index as an indirect estimator of foliar isoprenoid emissions at the ecosystem level BVOCs: plant defense against climate warming Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature) Why are estimates of global isoprene emissions so similar (and why is this not so for monoterpenes) Terrestrial biogeochemical feedbacks in the climate system A review of natural aerosol interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions The leaf-level emission factor of volatile isoprenoids: caveats The emission factor of volatile isoprenoids: stress Modeling the isoprene emission rate from leaves A unifying conceptual model for the environmental responses of isoprene emissions from plants Seasonal variation of biogenic VOC emissions above a mixed hardwood forest in northern Michigan Global emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons deduced from SCIAMACHY formaldehyde columns through 2003-2006 Measurement of isoprene fluxes at the PROPHET site Eddy covariance flux measurements of biogenic VOCs during ECHO 2003 using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry Emissions of isoprenoids and oxygenated biogenic volatile organic compounds from a New England mixed forest PTR-MS measurements of eddy covariance fluxes and concentrations of VOCs from aircraft over California 6th International Conference on Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry and its Applications Net ecosystem fluxes of isoprene over tropical South America inferred from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) observations of HCHO columns Volatile isoprenoid emission potentials are correlated with essential isoprenoid concentrations in five plant species Plant doi:10.1007/s11738-013-1344-4 (in the press) Plant VOC emissions: making use of the unavoidable Opportunistic emissions of volatile isoprenoids A narrow-waveband spectral index that tracks diurnal changes in photosunthetic efficiency Assessment of plant photosynthetic radiation-use efficiency with spectral reflectance Photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and remote sensing of plant CO2 uptake Relationship between photosinthetic radiation-use efficiency of barley canopies and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the remote sensing of leaf canopy and ecosystem radiation use efficiencies Potential of MODIS ocean bands for estimating CO2 flux from terrestrial vegetation: A novel approach Regional mapping of gross light-use efficiency using MODIS spectral indices Remote estimation of carbon dioxide uptake by a Mediterranean forest Tracking seasonal drought effects on ecosystem light use efficiency with satellite-based PRI in a Mediterranean forest Estimating photosynthetic light-use efficiency of Changbai Mountain by using MODIS-derived photochemical reflectance index Estimation of light-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems from space: a status report Remote sensing of ecosystem light use efficiency with MODIS-based PRI – the DOs and DON’Ts Remote sensing of photosynthetic light-use efficiency across two forested biomes: spatial scaling Remote sensing of the xantophyll cycle and chlorophyll fluorescence in sunflower leaves and canopies Reflectance indices associated with physiological changes in nitrogen- and water-limited sunflower leaves Carotenoids and photoprotection in plants: A role for the xanthophyll zeaxanthin Assessing photosynthetic radiation-use efficciency of emergent aquatic vegetation from spectral reflectance Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species PRI assesment of long-term changes in carotenoids/chlorophyll ratio and short-term changes in de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants Leaf reflectance and photo- and antioxidant protection in field-grown summer-stressed Phillyrea angustifolia On the relationship between isoprene emission and photosynthetic metabolites under different environmental conditions Metabolic profiling of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway reveals the source of post-illumination isoprene burst from leaves and isoprene in leaves under high photosynthetic irradiance Induction of a longer term component of isoprene release in darkened aspen leaves: origin and regulation under different environmental conditions and light effects on the capacity for isoprene emission and photosynthesis of kudzu leaves Profiles of isoprene emission and photosynthetic parameters in hybrid poplars exposed to free-air CO2 enrichment The transcriptome of Populus in elevated CO2 reveals increased anthocyanin biosynthesis during delayed autumnal senescence The relationship between isoprene emission rate and dark respiration rate in white poplar (Populus alba L.) leaves Mild versus severe stress and BVOCs: thresholds Detection of plant volatiles after leaf wounding and darkening by proton transfer reaction ‘time-of-flight’ mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF) Reflectance assessment of seasonal and annual changes in biomass and CO2 uptake of a Mediterranean shrubland submitted to experimental warming and drought Parallel adjustments in vegetation greenness and ecosystem CO2 exchange in response to drought in a southern California chaparral ecosystem Response of Plants to Multiple stresses eds Mooney H inSatellite Aerosol Remote Sensing over Land eds Kokhanovky A. On-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds at pptv levels by means of Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) Linking isoprene with plant thermotolerance R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing Download references This research was funded by the Spanish government grants CGL2010-17172 and CSD2008-00040 the Catalan government grant SGR2009-458 and the grant agreement no 238366 from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7 2007–2013) Gerard Farré-Armengol & Iolanda Filella All authors also participated in the calculations wrote the first draft and thereafter all authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript and the drafting of the figures Download citation Metrics details Soil phosphatase levels strongly control the biotic pathways of phosphorus (P) which is often limiting in terrestrial ecosystems We investigated the influence of climatic and soil traits on phosphatase activity in terrestrial systems using metadata analysis from published studies This is the first analysis of global measurements of phosphatase in natural soils is the most important P fraction in predicting phosphatase activity Structural equation modeling using soil total nitrogen (TN) thermal amplitude and total soil carbon as most available predictor variables explained up to 50% of the spatial variance in phosphatase activity Porg could not be tested and among the rest of available variables TN was the most important factor explaining the observed spatial gradients in phosphatase activity phosphatase activity was also found to be associated with climatic conditions and soil type across different biomes worldwide The close association among different predictors like Porg TN and precipitation suggest that P recycling is driven by a broad scale pattern of ecosystem productivity capacity Phosphatase enzymes are produced by bacteria fungi and plant roots and serve to cleave a phosphate group from its substrates transforming complex and sometime unavailable forms of organic P into assimilable phosphate phosphatase production depends on a combination of P demand from plants and microbes available organic P substrate and P limitation of the soil The rhizosphere is a narrow region of the soil that is directly influenced by root and mycorrhiza secretions of phosphatase and other enzymes and sustains dense populations of root-associated and free-living microorganisms soil contains large quantities of intracellular (in living microbial cells) and extracellular (secretions of living cells or dead cellular material) phosphatases Phosphatases can furthermore be stabilized in the soil on surface-reactive particles (e.g This geochemically immobilized and yet enzymatically active fraction accounts for the enzymatic activity exhibited by soil also negatively affect the activity of this enzyme Many of these experiments suggest that soil nutrients and climate influence phosphatase activity but a comprehensive overview is needed to document if there are large scale patterns that drive phosphatase activity in different soils and ecosystems across the globe understanding the capacity to mineralize P is crucial to understanding future ecosystem production changes Site-level phosphatase activity data in our database ranged between 0.01 and 79 µmol g−1 h−1, with a mean of 11.6 ± 0.8 µmol g−1 h−1 (Fig. S1, n = 329) and were distributed along the seven continents (Fig. 1) Acid phosphatase relationships. Acid phosphatase as a function of Total Phosphorus (A), Available P (B), organic available P (C) and organic P (D). Relationship between organic phosphorus and TN (E) and between acid phosphatase and Microbial C (F) are also shown for the mineral soils of our database. Although this work is centered on acid phosphatase activity, the results of modeling alkaline phosphatase activity in relation to TN, MAT, MAP and pH are presented in Table S3 (R2 = 0.43 Original pH of the soil was a significant explanatory variable for alkaline phosphatase unlike in the modeling of acid phosphatase Acid phosphatase activity on different Soil weathering Dependence of TN (A) and phosphatase activity (D) on the amount of soil weathering Only sites with information for soil type were included (n = 204) Dependence of TN (B) and phosphatase activity (E) on community type (n = 291) Dependence of TN (C) and phosphatase activity (F) on forest class Only sites with an accurate description of the vegetation were included (n = 171) Boxplot show median values (solid horizontal line) Letters represent the results of Tukey’s post-hoc comparisons of group means Soil acid phosphatase activity also differed significantly among communities (F = 4.76, P < 0.001) and forest types (F = 4.52, p < 0.01) (Fig. 5E,F) Forest soils exhibited higher phosphatase activities (average of 14 µmol g−1 h−1) compared to grasslands (7 µmol g−1 h−1) managed soil (see methodology for managed description) (8 µmol g−1 h−1) and shrubland and savanna soils (9 µmol g−1 h−1) The gradients in average phosphatase activity across biomes also match those of TN (9.2 managed land and shrubland and savanna types Differences were found between angiosperm and gymnosperm forests Both phosphatase and TN concentrations were higher in the angiosperm (14.5 µmol g−1 h−1 9.25 g kg−1 TN) than the gymnosperm (8.19 µmol g−1 h−1 p < 0.001) and also microbial carbon (R2 = 0.42 This clearly indicates that soils with higher nitrogen content also are wider reservoirs for Porg presumably because they accumulate more organic matter The result of the SEM and the possible direct effects of TN and TC over phosphatase production are discussed in the following section TN and TC can also be considered good proxies of soil Porg reinforcing the idea that the organic fraction of soil P might be a good an indicator of the potential activity of acid phosphatase In our database TN and organic P are also strongly correlated so we propose that the effect of TN over phosphatase activity is also strongly influenced by long-term ecosystem evolution more enzymes might be required because in these systems sclerophyll woody vegetation represents an important fraction of the forest understory The labile P pathways in these environments are closely associated with the Fe and S cycles as well as alpine and arid sites (not shown) The effect of TN is not the main factor explaining phosphatase activity variance in Mediterranean sites due to the propensity of water availability and temperature to constrain nutrient cycling of the system and such a shift can become an important driver of phosphatase activity a positive feedback loop of intensifying nutrient limitation can occur: lower nutrient concentrations alter microbial communities decrease decomposing activity and further intensify nutrient limitation perhaps leading to a higher phosphatase requirement and thus higher enzyme activities This differential demand of P arises as an important biological trait that could have driven both separate evolutionary paths but also suggest that possible effects of CO2 and temperature can be constrained by water limitation fire might increase the available P for the surviving and pioneer plants Our models and literature compilation suggest an uncertain scenario for the coming years: the effects of higher CO2 levels N fertilization and temperature are expected to increase phosphatase activity and the rate of turnover of Porg in soils water restriction will induce P limitation and lower phosphatase activity an effect that could be aggravated by recurrent fires This study is the first to date to analyze global patterns of phosphatase activity in soil Soil TN is the main factor that we looked at explaining spatial gradients of phosphatase activity at a global scale Higher temperature and precipitation were further found to be positively associated with phosphatase activity An important part of the effect of rainfall on phosphatase activity was indirect occurring through the effect of water availability on soil TN Where the climatic conditions are not specifically limiting -such as temperate and tropical forest- soil N arises among the studied factors as the most determinant in limiting acid phosphatase activity on other sites that can undergo temperature or water limitations the main control over phosphatase activity would be exerted by climate –such as arid or Mediterranean areas- Mutualistic interactions between microbes and plants can guarantee P cycling release and effective use of phosphatase can be an ultimately constrain for P uptake Soil geochemical conditions play an important role in determining phosphatase activity and may be specifically important in tropical systems This study identified some global and regional variables empirically associated with soil phosphatase content but the complexity and importance of the issue merits a further combination of experimentation and wider data collection from natural soils (especially from boreal Such studies should include an analysis of the various P and N pools including microbial and plant P and N for understanding the coupling of the N and P cycles as a mechanism arising from our study by which organisms might be able to compensate for the anthropogenic disturbances in geochemical cycles Future work is also required to determine the effects of global change on soils around the world for developing robust models of changes in the stoichiometric relationships for all types of ecosystems We searched the ISI Web of Science using combinations of the following key words: acid stoichiometric and stoichiometry (Supplementary Informations The spectrophotometric absorbance method estimates the maximum potential activity of soil phosphatase which will be reported as phosphatase activity in this study Although acid and alkaline phosphatases sometimes coexistbut dominate within different ranges of soil pH we focused our analyses on acid phosphatase for being measured on pH more representative of natural soil conditions than the alkaline one Alkaline phosphatase is typically measured at high pH far away from standard natural soil pH values Acid phosphatase is moreover the most extensively used phosphatase activity measurement and from which we have a more robust dataset The sites spanned latitudes from 74°S to 67.3°N and longitudes from 159.5°W to 172.73°E MAP between 120 and 7000 mm and AMP between 8.5 and 51.5 °C We obtained 72 measurements of alkaline phosphatase activity and 329 geo-referenced sites for acid phosphatase activity from 183 studies of 213 reviewed publications. From these, 50 measurements were from the Southern Hemisphere, and 279 were from the Northern Hemisphere (Fig. 1) samples were classified among general community types: forest (natural forest) shrubland (natural shrubland) and managed systems (including forest plantations For comparing the phosphatase and nutrient statuses of the soil we classified the soil types based on the amount of weathering as very low (Leptosol Determining the proportions of soil P pools and the avP or Porg:TN ratio of soil is a key step for the understanding of nutrient coupling because soil total P itself is not a good indicator of the biological availablity of this nutrient by the system Insufficient information was unfortunately provided by most studies of enzymes involving the available forms of P which prevented us from including this parameter in our analyses the reduced number of samples prevented us from developing a model that also included TC as an explanatory variable significance level is considered at p < 0.05 Nannipieri, P., Giagnoni, L., Landi, L. & Renella, G. Role of Phosphatase Enzymes in Soil. 215–243, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15271-9 (2011) Climate change 2007-the physical science basis: Working group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC Adjustment of microbial nitrogen use efficiency to carbon: nitrogen imbalances regulates soil nitrogen cycling Shepherd, M., Ghani, A., Rajendram, G., Carlson, B. & Pirie, M. Soil total nitrogen concentration explains variation in pasture response to spring nitrogen fertiliser across a single farm. 377–390, doi:10.1007/s10705-015-9686-5 (2015) Analysis of the relationship between total nitrogen and available nitrogen in non-pastoral topsoils of new zealand from a large soil test database In In Mediterranean- Type Ecosystems: Origen and Structure (eds Di Castri Phosphatase production by mycorrhizal fungi World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 orld Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 update 2015 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps 106 url: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Hmisc (2015) bootstrap and other resampling methods in regression analysis R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. at http://www.r-project.org/ (2014) 1–4 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v008.i18 visreg: Visualization of Regression Models at http://cran.r-project.org/package=visreg (2015) rgdal: Bindings for the Geospatial Data Abstraction Library ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis Download references This research was supported by the European Research Council Synergy grant ERC-SyG-2013-610028 IMBALANCE-P the Spanish Government grant CGL2016-79835-P and the Catalan Government grant SGR 2014-274 Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science wrote the first draft of the manuscript and thereafter J.P. The authors declare that they have no competing interests Reprints and permissions Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01418-8 Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science Abelardo Penuelas collected three runs while Humberto Valdez pitched the first no-hitter of the tournament during Mexico's impressive 13-0 win against Denmark on Sunday Penuelas scored in each of the first three innings with two hits from two at bats while Valdez was on fire on the mound Jesus Rivera sparked the fiery start for Mexico after hitting an RBI double to the centre field to score Peñuelas and Jordan Solorio for a 2-0 lead after the first innings Joel Castro and Eloy Flores scored consecutively for Mexico off the bat of Peñuelas before Mexico scored another off an error from Denmark to close out the second innings 5-0 Mexico further surged in the third with Josue Martinez and Jose Soto crossing before Jordan Solorio hit a triple to let David Palafox Flores and Peñuelas score before Solorio and Rivera also got home thanks to a triple from Martinez First baseman Martinez made the score 13-0 after reaching home on a wild pitch match before Valdez clossed out the game in the top of the 4th Sitemap Media Data Protection Contacts Avenue Général-Guisan, 45 CH-1009 Pully | Switzerland The WBSC is recognised as the sole competent authority in Baseball and Softball by the International Olympic Committee Jesus Gonzalez Penuelas, 51, of Sinaloa, Mexico, is the leader of one of the largest raw opium gum and heroin sources in northern Mexico, as well as a major distributor of fentanyl, according to the U.S. Attorney's Office. Gonzalez Penuelas -- also known as Chuy Gonzalez -- remains at large and is also facing charges from the U.S. Attorney's Office in Colorado, prosecutors said. Officials say his organization largely operates in Sinaloa and Sonora, Mexico, as well as various ports of entry in the United States and U.S.- based distribution cells in California, Texas, Colorado, Washington, Utah and Nevada. The cartel also works with other drug trafficking operations in Mexico by acting as enforcement on trafficking routes, the U.S. Attorney's Office said. The indictment, which was returned in 2017, charges Gonzalez Penuelas with conspiracy to distribute controlled substances intended for importation and conspiracy to import controlled substances. On Wednesday, the U.S. Department of the Treasury also announced sanctions against Gonzalez Penuelas, identifying him and his organization as Significant Foreign Narcotics Traffickers pursuant to the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act. "Treasury is targeting those criminal leaders such as Jesus Gonzalez Penuelas and organizations that help fuel our nation's opioid epidemic," said Andrea Gacki, director of the Office of Foreign Assets Control. The Treasury Department said Gonzalez Penuelas has been the leader of an independent methamphetamine, marijuana and heroin production and distribution organization since at least 2007 and oversees heroin processing laboratories in Sinaloa. The department's sanctions also target two of Gonzalez Penuelas' brothers, along with other Mexican nationals identified as key figures within the organization. "This indictment and the Treasury Department sanctions announced today show that the Department of Justice, together with our law enforcement partners, will aggressively investigate and prosecute the most significant cartels and kingpins who import illegal drugs into the United States," Acting U.S. Attorney Randy Grossman said. The Peñuelas Lake is located around 70 miles west of capital Santiago I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our Privacy notice A vast lake which supplied drinking water for nearly two million people in Chile has dried up in the course of six years due to a multi-year drought New satellite observations, published on Tuesday, reveal before and after images of the Peñuelas Lake, around 70 miles west of capital Santiago, in April 2016 and this month an expanse of dark blue water six years ago is a now yellow-ish scar in the landscape and appears completely dried out The lake was one of the main sources of water supply for the Valparaíso region it was the water supply for nearly two million people Many rural communities in the area are now having their drinking water delivered by trucks The lack of water has left local plant and animal life struggling to survive while tens of thousands of farm animals have died Chile’s government declared agricultural emergencies in more than 50 areas According to the latest report by the Valparaíso Sanitation Company, the Peñuelas Lake’s current capacity barely reaches 170 thousand cubic meters, which amount to only 0.2 per cent of its total capacity of 95 million cubic meters. While intense droughts that may last a couple of years are common in Chile, the South American nation has been gripped by this mega-drought since 2010. For the past decade, rainfall in central Chile has been up to 45 per cent below average, and in Santiago, rain has hovered around 10-20 per cent of normal. It is the worst drought in modern history, with scientists attributing about 25 per cent of the event’s severity to climate change. The rest is linked to natural cycles in atmospheric circulation, ocean temperatures, and rainfall patterns. The images were acquired by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellites from Copernicus is the European Union’s Earth observation programme. Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies either observed and verified firsthand by the reporter or reported and verified from knowledgeable sources Translations may contain inaccuracies—please refer to the original content Cruz's Mexican Grill is the first taqueria owned by actual Latinos in America's northernmost settlement The locals changed the name to Utqiagvik ("Oot-KAH-gr-vik") by a margin of six votes a few years ago There is no taqueria closer to the North Pole could not be farther from where they started They met in Utqiagvik and dreamed of opening an authentic Mexican restaurant to serve the food they grew up eating The husband-and-wife team applied for a restaurant permit in 2014 Since the settlement has been home to indigenous people for more than 1,500 years they first needed permission from the tribal council Cruz's Mexican Grill was not the first taco spot to open in Utqiagvik Pepe's North of the Border had served the community since 1978; it wasn't clear that the tiny community needed a second taco Renaissance The Peñuelas made a distinction the council found persuasive Cruz and Liliana would embrace authentic Mexican gastronomy especially dishes traditional to the state of Sinaloa an all too common occurrence in the Arctic region.) Today Cruz's Mexican Grill serves 18 dishes from enchiladas and nachos to fajitas and tamales Cuban-born Liliana left the island in 1966 for Puerto Rico Joining a friend who worked at Utqiagvik's only hospital she arrived in 1990 and made this remote outpost her home long after his 1985 migration from his native Mexico to California The couple were delighted by how the Iñupiaq community embraced their cuisine "They eat way more spice than Mexicans," Cruz tells Zenger News explaining how the local community tries everything on the menu Tourists visiting the Iñupiaq Heritage Center or the Gateway to the Arctic a whalebone arch that celebrates Utqiagvik's tradition of subsistence whaling have stopped by the taqueria for years with the curious look of someone who just spotted a KFC in Beijing The deadly coronavirus had other ideas in 2020 "Hundreds of tourists and students visit Utqiagvik every year But this year they couldn't come because of COVID-19," Cruz says COVID-19 is making a big mark on small settlements Utqiagvik and seven smaller villages make up Alaska's North Slope Borough according to Alaska Department of Health and Social Services reports released on September 24 where residents are living under a "hunker down" order until Oct María Elena Ball wonders if her own restaurant will see the end of COVID-19 "Mexico in Alaska" is delivery-only for now and loyal regular customers are helping her keep going The pandemic reminds Alaskans how isolated they are "People went crazy and emptied the stores" when deaths began to mount all over the world the stores rationed some goods: one could buy just one 25-pound bag of rice per person." Stores suggested she get friends to buy things for her The challenges pile up as Anchorage marks its 4,000th case of COVID-19 "Produce did not arrive this week because ships had trouble with the storms," María Elena says "We usually order goods one week in advance More than 50,000 Latinos lived in Alaska last year about 10 times as many as the entire population of Utqiagvik "there were not even 10 Hispanic families in Anchorage," she says And when she opened her restaurant in 1972 Alaskans hardly knew anything about authentic Mexican cooking But she introduced genuine Mexican specialties from Michoacán state where she was born—a 4,875-mile road trip to the south—including mole the traditional Mexican sauce based on chocolate Because the right ingredients were scarce in Alaska María Elena's mother sent her dried peppers and spices from San Antonio She says being able to get locally made tortillas back then "was a huge advantage More elaborate dishes came later when grocery stores added Hispanic goods to their ethnic sections Liliana and Cruz can't go to a Fred Myer or Walmart for serrano and habanero peppers Anywhere in the "lower 48," these ingredients are easy to get But bringing anything to their doorstep is a challenge "All our supplies come from abroad," Cruz says "We work with a local company that brings meat and other ingredients The pandemic has made resupplying even more difficult Freight may be delayed by more than a month which means food can go bad before it arrives Cruz pays steep prices for fresh produce at the local grocery The Beaufort Sea begins to freeze by mid-October and the taqueria at the end of the world stays open When temperatures drop to 50 degrees below zero Cruz partners with local taxis for delivery service when "we recognize people by the color of their parkas," Utqiagvik's three cab companies carry tacos to customers This story was provided to Newsweek by Zenger News Newsweek is committed to challenging conventional wisdom and finding connections in the search for common ground Newsletters in your inbox See all The motorist who killed a man attacking a state trooper was described Monday by the trooper's boss as a humble, spiritual man who believes God had put him on a desolate stretch of Interstate 10 to save the trooper's life. Col. Frank Milstead, Arizona Department of Public Safety director, also released the names of the attacker, identified as a former Mexico federal police officer was believed to be in the country illegally, and the Phoenix woman who died at the scene on Thursday. Milstead said he talked with the Good Samaritan on Saturday and that the man was still wrestling with taking a life, although he knew he did the right thing. The man said he is still not ready to be named but will come forward eventually. The man, who had been headed to California for a long weekend with his fiancee, had no military or law-enforcement background but routinely practices his marksmanship with people he knows in those fields, Milstead said. At a news conference, Milstead provided additional details about the fatal predawn confrontation. The attacker was Leonard Penuelas-Escobar, a 37-year-old man who was believed to be in the country illegally and was a known methamphetamine user, Milstead said. "Based on Department of Homeland Security databases, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement has determined Mr. Penuelas was a Mexican national who was unlawfully in the United States at the time of his death," ICE said in a statement. Penuelas-Escobar previously had tried to enter the U.S. oncein 2005 and was turned away but had been living in Glendale for at least a year and a half, Milstead said. He had no criminal history and formerly was a federal police officer in Mexico, Milstead said. It was unclear if he ever had been deported. Investigators believe Penuelas-Escobar was driving a vehicle at a high speed Thursday when it rolled over. He was wearing a seat belt and did not sustain serious injuries in the crash, but a woman in the car was not restrained and was ejected from the vehicle, eventually dying from her injuries. Milstead identified her as Vanessa Monique Lopez-Ruiz, a 23-year-old from Phoenix who also was a known methamphetamine user. Officials believe the two were dating. She had a criminal history involving shoplifting and possession of drugs, and there were multiple warrants out for her arrest when she died, Milstead said. Penuelas-Escobar had recently been kicked out of his apartment for doing and selling drugs, so the couple had been staying in Salome, which is where officials believe they were headed when they crashed, Milstead said. Salome is about 45 miles northwest of the accident scene. The motive “is the big unknown,” Milstead said. "I'm gonna guess that he was impaired. They were both known meth users. You can surmise that maybe there were hallucinations ... you can surmise that he was frustrated that his girlfriend was mortally injured in this collision and people wouldn’t stop (to help them)." DPS has obtained a search warrant and plans to comb Penuelas-Escobar's car on Monday evening or Tuesday and may release more information after that, Milstead said. 'He knows that he did the right thing'DPS has not yet formally interviewed the wounded trooper, 27-year veteran Trooper Edward Andersson, because of his surgery and because he is still on pain medications. He has been discharged from the hospital and was expected to recover, Milstead said. The timeline of events may change once Andersson speaks, but Milstead provided what he said was the most accurate timeline so far. According to the DPS director, Penuelas-Escobar rolled the car, ejecting Lopez-Ruiz. He then shot at a passing car, and that driver called the police. Other drivers also called police because they saw Penuelas-Escobar dragging her body out of the road and holding a gun. Andersson, who was responding to the shots-fired call at 4:21 a.m., saw the rollover and the man holding the woman in his arms, so he called for medical help and pulled over to administer first aid. As Andersson was setting up flares in the dark, Escobar said something in Spanish and then shot Andersson once in the upper right shoulder. The unnamed Good Samaritan, who had been driving behind Andersson, approached and saw Penuelas-Escobar straddling and beating Andersson. The Good Samaritan grabbed his own gun from his car, stood about 5 feet away from Penuelas-Escobar and told him to stop, but Penuelas-Escobar cursed at him and continued beating Andersson. Worried that he might accidentally shoot the trooper, the Good Samaritan adjusted his position and then shot Penuelas-Escobar at least twice, Milstead said. The Good Samaritan then began administering first aid to Andersson. When Penuelas-Escobar came at them again, the Good Samaritan shot the suspect in the head, killing him, Milstead said. "I can tell you this: If he didn't save Trooper Andersson’s life, he definitely kept him from having much more severe neurological injuries from this beating that he was taking helplessly at the time," Milstead said. Both Penuelas-Escobar and Lopez-Ruiz were pronounced dead at the scene. The Good Samaritan and the attacker had no connection, Milstead said. "He knows that he did the right thing," Milstead said."He is trying to reconcile that in his mind, which, it's difficult to take a life, even when you know it’s the right thing to do." Background: There has been an extensive debate about a potential association between intelligence and social cognition. In this study, we aimed to assess the association between social cognition as measured with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMET) and intelligence as measured with the fourth edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) in children and adolescents diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome (AS). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 84 children diagnosed with AS aged 6–16 years (mean = 11.64; standard deviation = 2.75; 92.9% males). We analyzed the association between RMET performance and WISC-IV total score as well as the association between RMET performance and each of the four WISC-IV indexes (processing speed index, PSI; working memory index, WMI; perceptual reasoning index, PRI, and verbal comprehension index, VCI). Results: We found a positive correlation between RMET performance and full-scale intelligence quotient (r = 0.340; p < 0.01), VCI (r = 0.310; p < 0.01), PRI (r = 0.401; p < 0.01), and WMI (r = 0.292; p < 0.01). In the linear regression model, age was a significant predictor of RMET score (β = 0.409; p < 0.001) as was PRI (β = 0.309; p = 0.019). Conclusion: Our results suggest that intelligence quotient positively influences RMET performance, indicating that intelligence increases social cognition in individuals diagnosed with AS. However, weak-to-moderate size effects were found. This study contributes to understanding the mechanisms underlying the disturbance of social cognition in children and adolescents diagnosed with AS. Volume 12 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642799 Background: There has been an extensive debate about a potential association between intelligence and social cognition we aimed to assess the association between social cognition as measured with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMET) and intelligence as measured with the fourth edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) in children and adolescents diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome (AS) Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 84 children diagnosed with AS aged 6–16 years (mean = 11.64; standard deviation = 2.75; 92.9% males) We analyzed the association between RMET performance and WISC-IV total score as well as the association between RMET performance and each of the four WISC-IV indexes (processing speed index Results: We found a positive correlation between RMET performance and full-scale intelligence quotient (r = 0.340; p < 0.01) age was a significant predictor of RMET score (β = 0.409; p < 0.001) as was PRI (β = 0.309; p = 0.019) Conclusion: Our results suggest that intelligence quotient positively influences RMET performance indicating that intelligence increases social cognition in individuals diagnosed with AS This study contributes to understanding the mechanisms underlying the disturbance of social cognition in children and adolescents diagnosed with AS the difficulty in recognizing emotions is well-established in individuals with AS although it is not fully understood In children diagnosed with ASD, IQ may be associated with a better performance in social cognition tasks, including face-emotion recognition (17, 18). Intelligence may play a compensatory role in tasks that require emotional recognition (19). This compensatory role of intelligence could impact facial emotion recognition to a greater degree than in normal children (20) Lately, the association between intelligence and RMET in ASD has gained some attention. In a recent meta-analysis, we explored the association between RMET performance and IQ in children diagnosed with ASD (21) We found that higher IQ was associated with higher RMET performance in controls results should be taken with caution as the meta-analysis included few studies In contrast, in the meta-analysis of Baker et al. (22) the authors found a positive correlation between IQ and RMET performance (r = 0.24) and concluded that both verbal and performance intelligence contributed equally to this association We aimed to investigate whether RMET is associated with IQ as measured with the WISC-IV We also aimed to identify which WISC-IV indexes—VCI and PSI—were most strongly associated with RMET performance This study was approved by the Regional Hospital Ethics Committee of Malaga All procedures were conducted following the institutional research committee's ethical standards and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments Informed consent was obtained from all participants' parents This is a cross-sectional study carried out among children diagnosed with AS Participants were recruited via the Asperger Syndrome Association of Málaga (Asociación Malagueña de Síndrome de Asperger free-to-join association that does not have a direct relationship with clinical facilities This association offers memberships to any person diagnosed with AS AMSA members are representative of community-dwelling people with AS 2. Having a diagnosis of AS by a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria (26) based on a clinical assessment using developmental history and a standardized scale, such as the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised (27) or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule–Generic (28) Having an IQ of 70 or higher on the WISC-IV There were no exclusion criteria regarding gender We measured IQ with the Spanish version of the WISC-IV (13, 32). The WISC-IV was standardized for children aged 6–16. Norm tables were divided into 4-month age intervals. Children obtain scores that directly compare them with a representative sample of all children of the same age range (13) VCI measures verbal concept formation through the tasks similarities PRI measures non-verbal and fluid reasoning with the tasks block design WMI assesses children's working memory with the tasks digit span and letter–number sequencing PSI measures processing speed with the tasks coding and symbol search they were scheduled for a baseline interview in which the details of the project were explained fully and they were given the informed consent form They were given enough time to read the informed consent form and any doubts they might have were answered the standardized scales were administered by trained clinicians Each participant was assessed individually using the RMET and the WISC-IV Participants were allowed to take short rest breaks (10–15 min) between tasks All analyses were carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22.0. Preliminary analyses were conducted to compute descriptive statistics. The association between WISC-IV score and RMET performance was analyzed with zero-order Pearson's coefficients. Correlations between WISC-IV index scores and RMET performance were also conducted. According to Cohen (33) an absolute value of r ≤ 0.1 means weak correlation an absolute value of 0.1–0.3 means moderate correlation and an absolute value of ≥0.5 means large correlation To explore the unique strengths of association between RMET score and WISC-IV indexes controlling by age we conducted a two-step hierarchical linear regression analysis All tests were two-tailed with statistical significance at p < 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals Our sample comprises 84 children diagnosed with AS with a mean age of 11.64 years (standard deviation = 2.75). The proportion of males was 92.9%. Table 1 shows the mean scores including FSIQ and the four index scores (VCI Zero-order correlations among WISC-IV index scores and FSIQ We carried out a linear regression model to explore the association between RMET score and WISC-IV indexes scores controlling by age. Results are shown in Table 3 The full model was statistically significant [F(5 Age was a significant predictor of RMET score (β = 0.409 older children showed higher RMET scores than younger children PRI was also significantly associated with RMET score (β = 0.309 showing that children with higher PRI scored higher on the REMT Hierarchical linear regression model: associations between RMET score and WISC-IV indexes controlled by age Figure 1 shows a scatterplot of RMET scores and unstandardized predicted values for the linear regression model (Figure 1) Scatterplot of RMET and unstandardized predicted values for the final regression model with a linear fit line This study explored the association between RMET performance and IQ in children and adolescents with AS we found a moderate positive correlation between RMET performance and FSIQ and PRI and a weak positive correlation between RMET and WMI we found that age and PRI were statistically significantly associated with RMET performance perceptual components of intelligence are the areas that appear more related to social cognition Verbal component and working memory also appear to play a role as does total IQ processing speed was not associated with RMET We found a moderate positive correlation between age and RMET suggesting that age might be an important factor in determining RMET performance in children and adolescents Future research should determine whether these findings might be confirmed in other age groups as well as in longitudinal studies our study suggests that higher IQ attributes and higher RMET performance are associated it requires accurate visual processing and then reasoning individuals diagnosed with AS with a better reasoning ability may perform better in RMET Similarly, we found a moderate positive correlation between VCI and RMET performance. Studies show that people diagnosed with ASD have pragmatic language problems (41), especially those with AS (42). This deficit may be related to weak central coherence, which is the difficulty in adjusting language to context as (43) described WMI was also associated with RMET performance in our study. Working memory (WM) is an essential part of executive functioning. Previous studies have found that individuals diagnosed with AS have deficits in WM after controlling for the influence of IQ (44) we found no correlation between PSI and RMET performance Our findings should be considered in light of some limitations the cross-sectional design of our study precludes drawing conclusions about the causality of the associations found we cannot establish the directionality of these associations we should also consider the possibility that social cognition leads to better cognitive development and a higher IQ although all participants had a total IQ of 70 or above some of them scored below 70 in some of the indexes so the conclusions derived from our study are difficult to extrapolate to the female population our results suggest an association between RMET performance and IQ in children diagnosed with AS the perceptual reasoning component was the most strongly associated with RMET This association should be considered when evaluating RMET performance Our results suggest that intelligence positively influences social cognition although causality cannot be established which requires us to take these results with caution Longitudinal research could be useful to clarify the association between social cognition and intelligence Among the mechanisms that could explain the association between intelligence and social cognition the overlapping of brain areas involved in both functions and the use of intelligence as a compensatory strategy stand out Cognitive training could be useful in improving social cognition in children and adolescents with AS the improvement of social cognition could lead to greater functionality and quality of life in this population The original contributions generated for the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Regional Hospital Ethics Committee of Malaga Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants' legal guardian/next of kin AS wrote the article and contributed to the final version AP-S contributed to the search for references and contributed to the final version F-BC-S contributed to the search for references and contributed to the final version PF-B designed the study performed the statistical analyses and contributed to the final version This work was supported by The Spanish Ministry of Economy Industry and Competitiveness (project: PSI2017-84170-R to PF-B) and by Junta de Andalucía (project: UMA18-FEDERJA-114 to PF-B) The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642799/full#supplementary-material Conservation of liquid and solid quantity by the chimpanzee Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Another advanced test of theory of mind: evidence from very 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Fernandez-Berrocal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Inmaculada Peñuelas-Calvo, aW5tYWN1bGFkYS5wZW51ZWxhc0BxdWlyb25zYWx1ZC5lcw== The hunt for the best Sinaloan-style fish takes the Goldster to four restaurants This week, Jonathan Gold hones in on not one but four restaurants as he trails Sergio Peñuelas also known as the “Snook Whisperer.” Peñuelas has made a name for himself on the blogosphere as the man behind pescado zarandeado a challenging gamefish that is “apparently as difficult to cook as it is to catch.” Peñuelas is currently manning the grills of Mariscos Chente on Centinela but the Goldster decided to make the valiant quest to “discover whether Peñuelas’ actual presence was demanded or whether his influence was enough whether he was the Snook Whisperer or merely the Johnny Appleseed of Snook.” The Times critic first completes a comparative analysis of the shrimp dishes: head-on shrimp arranged like an Esther Williams troupe inside a ring of sliced cucumbers and onions Were the shrimp at Inglewood’s Mariscos Chente perhaps both firmer and creamier and the ones at Coni’Seafood more elegantly presented I liked the creamy chile-cheese sauce on the camarones a la Culichi at Cheko better than I did the slightly grainier versions at the other restaurants although the shrimp at Coni’Seafood and the Inglewood Chente were slightly more plump and crisp were irresistibly crisp-edged at the Centinela Chente and pleasingly chewy and oversalted at the Inglewood Chente abalone and crab at Coni’Seafood were delicious and elegant terrific tacos stuffed with smoked marlin and cheese (The marlin was a bit mealier at the Centinela Chente.) I liked them all Apparently all the restaurants have great shrimp I am prepared to tell you that the snook at Cheko was excellent crisp-edged and full-flavored if a little dry the one at the Centinela Chente restaurant was perhaps better but a bit chewy and that the juicy snook at Coni’Seafood is best of all the Goldster concludes that you can’t go wrong at any of the restaurants (except the Inglewood Chente is the fact that Coni’seafood is the winner where Peñuelas most recently took his talent It’s been many years since pescadozarandeado—a whole snook grilled over charcoal and dressed with lemon and onion—has been on the menu at Mariscos Chente’s has earned himself a break from flipping fish over a hot grill Still, the dish, perhaps more than any other, was instrumental in establishing Chente's legacy, even if people didn't realize he was the driving force all along. In 2011, Jonathan Gold published a review of Coni'Seafood, where he expressed concern that Sergio Peñuelas the cook he deemed responsible for the excellent zarandeado Peñuelas at the Hawthorne Avenue restaurant has he moved to the Mar Vista branch or has he hopped to the one in Gardena?" Gold wrote Do the other chefs know how to grill snook?" Gold doubled down on that fear—admittedly fueled by rumors on message boards like Chowhound—in his 2015 101 Best Restaurants list He deemed Coni'Seafood worthy of the ballot but questioned the future of zarandeado due to the departure of Peñuelas The same—and that's no coincidence as long as we're going down that road it’s somewhat condescending to praise restaurants with local celebrity chefs that are rarely in the kitchen and then apply a different standard to a traditional restaurant that’s been in business since 1987 Ludo or Jon and Vinny don’t have to be in the kitchen but Peñuelas does Traditional restaurateurs are just as capable of maintaining their recipes not necessarily Peñuelas's proficiency on the grill Especially in today's cult-of-the-chef restaurant climate you don't credit the cook reducing the sauce or searing off the meat; you give the genius who crafted the food their due Regulars who have been eating Chente’s food—whether it's at Mariscos Chente’s or Coni’Seafood—since the beginning know that his restaurants have maintained their flavor and quality through the years (Though the same can't be said for his ex-wife Magdalena's similarly named Mariscos Chente in Mar Vista I might spend more time at Coni’Seafood these days because that's where the best pescado zarandeadoin the U.S and that's where you can find what is essentially the original Mariscos Chente's experience But everyone who loves Mexican seafood owes themselves a pilgrimage to the man’s whose recipes changed Mexican seafood in L.A And when you go there—get the ceviche Though the family has done an excellent job of maintaining Chente's recipes no one can make a traditional Nayarit-style ceviche like him; it’s always brilliant at Coni’Seafood “It’s my dad’s flavor; no one does it like him—I mean I do the same recipe but it just tastes a little different and ask him to please make you his ceviche de camaron A plateful of raw shrimp sourced from Mexico is tossed with diced tomato I always ask for it extra spicy—it’s ceviche man Scoop up the ceviche with a tortilla chip and you’re in Essential T country Chente’s nautical themed hole-in-the-wall may look like a shipwreck first family of Mexican seafood is still an outstanding cook and seafood cocktailer Thelma Golden will celebrate Lauren Halsey and U.K.-based singer Griff will take the stage featured A-list designers and Otis College standouts who earned scholarships for innovation in Fashion Design lawyers say Boston Police Officer John O'Keefe showed injuries consistent with a dog attack and plan to present a case against Chloe a German Shepherd who was re-homed by the owner's of the house where the cop's body was found in a snowbank Magazine’s takeaways on five notable topics from President Donald Trump’s first 100 days of his second term consumers are stocking up on household items and bites from THEBlvd and Hinoki & the Bird Donate to Living on Earth!Living on Earth is an independent media program and relies entirely on contributions from listeners and institutions supporting public service. Please donate now to preserve an independent environmental voice Sailors For The Sea: Be the change you want to sea Major funding for Living on Earth is provided by the National Science Foundation Creating positive outcomes for future generations Committed to healthy food Innovating to make the world a better, more sustainable place to live. Listen to the race to 9 billion Socially and environmentally sustainable investing. Pax World Explore, enjoy and protect the planet. The Sierra Club Applying a sustainable approach to fixed income investing furthering the values that contribute to a healthy planet The Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment: Committed to protecting and improving the health of the global environment Contribute to Living on Earth and receive, as our gift to you, an archival print of one of Mark Seth Lender's extraordinary wildlife photographs Follow the link to see Mark's current collection of photographs PENUELAS, Puerto Rico — A 7-year-old girl who was abducted and slain in Georgia was buried Tuesday in a white dress with flowers in her hair, surrounded by some of her favorite toys and what seemed like much of the population of the southern Puerto Rican town where she was born. Hundreds of people filled Penuelas' streets walking behind a horse-drawn carriage adorned with pink and white balloons that carried the body of Jorelys Galarza Rivera to the cemetery. More than a dozen construction workers removed their hard hats in unison as the carriage rolled past. A woman leaned against the roof of a car and cried. At the cemetery in the town on the island's Caribbean coast, friends and family gathered around the white casket and musicians began to play. "Mother, don't cry," the singer wailed as 24-year-old Joselinne Rivera pressed her hands onto the top of her daughter's coffin and then leaned down to kiss it. The girl's father, Ricardo Galarza, spoke to the crowd before his daughter was buried. "I ask all mothers in this world to take care of their children," he said. "This (death) is something that is extremely hard. Something that, quite frankly, I don't think I'm going to overcome." Jorelys left this industrial town wedged between sea and mountains with her mother when she was 3 but had come back several times and was to spend Christmas in Penuelas with her father and extended family. The child was last seen alive Dec. 2 when she left the playground at the apartment complex where the family was living in Canton, Georgia. Her body was found three days later in a trash bin. She had been beaten, sexually assaulted and stabbed. A 20-year-old maintenance worker at the apartments was arrested and is being held without bond on a murder charge. Luz Muniz Perez, a 44-year-old resident of Penuelas and a distant member of the victim's family, said whoever is responsible should receive the death penalty. "People like that should not exist," she said. "To do this atrocity to a girl, that is the mentality of a person who does not deserve to be on this planet." Hundreds of people also attended a memorial service for Jorelys in Georgia, but the family chose to bury her in Puerto Rico amid family, friends and mementos from her short life, such as her prized stuffed animals — a unicorn, Hello Kitty, a bear and a rag doll. A purple butterfly with gold glitter was painted on the side of her face. The girls' mother said she was overwhelmed by the outpouring of sympathy in their hometown. "I'm grateful to everyone for their support," Joselinne Rivera said as she accepted condolences earlier in the packed funeral home. "I wasn't expecting it." People from all over the island and as far as New York and Orlando, Florida, came to pay respects, and they did not even know Jorelys, said the girl's aunt, Miriam Rivera. "I never thought people would join us in this moment of such great pain," she said. As the casket was lowered into the ground on a sweltering afternoon, people released doves and dozens of pink and white balloons as they wiped away tears and sweat. They then walked back to the center of town behind the empty horse-drawn carriage. Jorelys's father said he found solace in one thing: He kept his word about taking his daughter on a horse ride when she came to Puerto Rico. "To you Jorelys, I say to you, I kept my promise," he said, then bowed his head and cried. Print Food Critic Pescado zarandeado is one of the wonders of the seafood world thin fish sliced neatly in half on the vertical axis roasted slowly over a smoky fire and served on a platter the size of a skimboard — half an acre of smoking spices and mayonnaise before it hits the fire although it is usually all but greaseless when it hits the table You tear off pieces and wrap them in fresh tortillas with a strand or two of well-caramelized onion The cult of pescado zarandeado in Los Angeles is generally associated with Sergio Peñuelas a Sinaloa-born cook who has mastered the art of slow-grilling snook If you follow the confluence of food and social media Peñuelas may have been bubbling through your feeds for more than a decade by now Some of my friends call him the Snook Whisperer He first popped up in a Chowhound post in 2008 where the blogger Bill Esparza raved about the Sinaloa/Nayarit-style fish and shrimp dishes that Peñuelas made at the first Mariscos Chente in Inglewood and then the crowd followed him to a new Mariscos Chente on Centinela Avenue “Where’s Sergio?” became a catchphrase on the site.) Then Peñuelas moved to Connie Cossio’s Coni’Seafood in Inglewood (a regular on The Times’ 101 Best Restaurants list) where he stayed for a couple of years before moving to Cheko El Rey del Sarandeado in Long Beach Esparza popped up in Los Angeles magazine saying that it didn’t really matter where Peñuelas was; that the master chef had been Vicente “Chente” Cossio at the original Mariscos Chente all along Peñuelas had already left Cheko (run by another Cossio relative) to return to the Mariscos Chente on Centinela At the moment I write this Peñuelas is still there trapping it in a wire cage and flipping it over the fire It is apparently as difficult to cook as it is to catch and it is known as one of the most challenging of gamefish adept at severing even stout fishing lines with its razor-sharp gill plates We are fortunate to have the Snook Whisperer in our midst I’ve never quite known whether Peñuelas or Connie Cossio was in the kitchen on the evenings I happened to show up And I’ve just had a spectacular ceviche at the original Mariscos Chente in Inglewood And I realized that I really had no idea where the recipes really originated — that dishes like camarones a la cucaracha shrimp fried until they were as crunchy and brown as insects were squarely from Vicente Cossio’s birthplace of Nayarit and perhaps the pescado zarandeado may have been from Sinaloa I felt a sudden need to visit all of the Cossio/Peñuelas-related restaurants to discover whether Peñuelas’ actual presence was demanded or whether his influence was enough whether he was the Snook Whisperer or merely the Johnny Appleseed of Snook — and also whether the restaurants whose shrimp-intensive menus are nearly interchangeable You will dig around the frame for bits of sweet flesh prying hidden slivers from beneath membranes working a spoon into the head for the cheeks and scraping along the spine You will probably try a bite of the blackened skin and discover that it is not quite as edible as you would prefer You will develop a preference for onions dosed with more or less Maggi seasoning — it can be overpowering — and wish that the tortillas were perhaps more plentiful You may develop a liking for Modelo Especial The Inglewood Chente no longer sells snook You will have to console yourself with extra shrimp It may be worth mentioning here that while the snook that thrives among the Florida mangroves is a protected species the almost identical snook found along the Pacific coast from Mexico to Peru is listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as a species of “least concern.” So eat away At Manuela in DTLA, Jonathan Gold enjoys a ‘Redneck’ platter surrounded by fine art Jonathan Gold finds a spot that takes regional Mexican cooking on an adventure At Kismet, your culinary destiny may come in the form of rabbit kebabs jonathan.gold@latimes.com @thejgold Jonathan Gold was the restaurant critic for the Los Angeles Times. He won the Pulitzer Prize in criticism in 2007 and was a finalist again in 2011. A Los Angeles native, he began writing the Counter Intelligence column for the L.A. Weekly in 1986, wrote about death metal and gangsta rap for Rolling Stone and Spin among other places, and was delighted that he managed to forge a career out of the professional eating of tacos. Gold died July 21, 2018. Bronze Age funerary practices in the Villa de Vallecas district They are close to the seasonal streams of Los Migueles and La Marañosa in the municipal district of Villa de Vallecas (Madrid) 40 silo-type structures excavated in the ground have been documented The structures were also reused as garbage cans in which inclusions of materials attributable to the Middle Bronze appear mostly of ceramic pieces made by hand and some decorated with ungulations Most of the individuals were deposited in single holes and to a lesser extent in double holes and multiple connection holes Some have a cave excavated in its walls in which the individual was deposited there is a predominance of the axis of the body in an East-West and West-East direction (56%) compared to the North-South and South-North axis (29%) the left and right lateral decubitus with the legs flexed (37 individuals) prevails over the prone and supine position (9 individuals) it was not possible to document the position as they are cases that have suffered serious post-depositional processes.  The position of individuals within burials is directly associated with different historical moments whose religious beliefs and precepts demand fixed characteristics from the entire population only some ornamental elements with which they were buried have been found: a bronze needle belonging to some clothing some necklace beads made on snail shells and a spool of thread inside a child burial Although the state of conservation of the remains was not good it has been possible to determine some aspects of these Bronze Age populations followed by the group of children and juveniles the average height being 1,52 for women and 1,67 for men Some of the pathologies they present are due to repeated physical work and severe overload which would be related to the subsistence economies of the Bronze Age populations Of the oral pathologies studied in 36 individuals who still had teeth Some of them have loss of teeth as a result of periodontal infections associated with inflammatory processes The origin of cavities is associated with diets rich in carbohydrates to which other factors such as genetic predisposition are added The caries percentage is very low in both sites compared to others in the same period since caries is associated with a diet rich in carbohydrates and the inhabitants of these sites had an agricultural-livestock economy with great importance of cereals (as revealed by the high number of documented storage silos and mills) This result could be associated with good oral hygiene and good nutrition and health during childhood The fact that there is no planning in the burial areas prevents us from speaking of a necropolis proper In the absence of a homogeneous funeral ritual or a specific spatial arrangement everything seems to indicate that they are occasional burials that amortize disused structures belonging to itinerant populations Both sites were excavated within the archaeological activities related to the UZP 2.04 urbanization project "Development of the East-Los Berrocales" (1997): "The Bronze Age in the Iberian Peninsula: periodization and chronology" MC (1997): “The Bronze Age in the interior of the peninsula An approach to the II millennium in the Duero and Tajo river basins ” MC (2012): “Burials in silos-garbage dumps from the Middle Bronze Age of the El Espinillo and Alto de las Peñuelas deposits Sixth Conference on Archaeological Heritage of the Community of Madrid (2005): "Dental anthropology and its importance in the study of human groups" Memory of the archaeological intervention of the El Espinillo Unpublished report deposited in the General Directorate of Historical Heritage of the Community of Madrid (2009): "Proposal for a field and laboratory protocol in osteoarcheology: application to the El Espinillo" and Alto de las Peñuelas sites from the Bronze Age