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information The Monastery of the Dominicans of Batalha was built to commemorate the victory of the Portuguese over the Castilians at the battle of Aljubarrota in 1385 It was to be the Portuguese monarchy's main building project for the next two centuries Édifié pour commémorer la victoire des Portugais sur les Castillans à la bataille d'Aljubarrota en 1385 le monastère des dominicains de Batalha fut pendant deux siècles le grand chantier de la monarchie portugaise où se développa un style gothique national original شكّل دير الرهبان الدومينيكيين في بطليوس الذي شيّد احتفاء بذكرى انتصار البرتغاليين على القشطاليين في معركة الجبروت عام 1385 ورشة كبرى أقامتها المملكة البرتغالية على مدى قرنين وتطور فيها طراز قوطي وطني فريد شديد التأثر بالفن المانويلي، كما يظهر في الرواق الملكي الذي يُعتبر تحفة حقيقية 这座多明各会的巴塔利亚修道院是为了纪念1385年葡萄牙王国在阿尔儒巴罗塔战役中战胜卡斯提尔王国而建立的。在后来的两个多世纪中，葡萄牙王室一直把修建这座修道院当作最重要的建设工程之一。巴塔利亚修道院展示出了高度原创和有葡萄牙特色的哥特式风格，整个建筑明显受到曼奴埃尔式风格的深刻影响，这一点从皇家修道院这一建筑杰作中可以很清楚地看出来。 Доминиканский монастырь Баталья был сооружен в память о победе португальцев над кастильцами в 1385 г Ему суждено было стать главным объектом строительства португальских королей в следующие два столетия Здесь проявилась весьма специфичная национальная разновидность готики возникшая под сильным влиянием стиля мануэлино что демонстрирует такой шедевр как Королевский клостер El monasterio dominico de Batalha fue erigido para conmemorar la victoria de los portugueses sobre los castellanos en la batalla de Aljubarrota (1385) que fue la principal empresa arquitectónica de los monarcas portugueses durante dos siglos dio nacimiento a un estilo gótico nacional hondamente influido por el arte manuelino Constructed in fulfilment of a vow by King João to commemorate the victory over the Castilians at Aljubarrota (15 August 1385) The greater part of the monumental complex dates from the reign of João I (1385-1433) and the funeral chapel of the founder were constructed The design has been attributed to the English architect Master Huguet The chapel's floor plan consists of an octagonal space inserted in a square creating two separate volumes that combine most harmoniously The ceiling consists of an eight-point star-shaped lantern The most dramatic feature is to be found in the centre of the chapel: the enormous medieval tomb of Dom João I and his wife Bays in the chapel walls contain the tombs of their sons The main entrance of the church is through the porch on the west facade On both sides of this portal are sculptures of the twelve apostles standing on consoles In the centre is a high relief statue of Christ in Majesty surrounded by the Evangelists framed by six covings decorated with sculptures of biblical kings and queens prophets and angels holding musical instruments from the Middle Ages This great profusion of sculptures is completed by the crowning of the Virgin Mary As a monument charged with a symbolic value from its foundation the great workshop of the Portuguese monarchy It is not surprising that the most characteristic features of a national art would have been determined there during both the Gothic and the Renaissance periods Batalha is the conservatory of several privileged expressions of Portuguese art: the sober architectural style of the end of the 14th century renders most impressive; the exuberant aesthetic of the capelas imperfeitas; the flamboyant arcades embroidered in a lace-work of stone: the Manueline Baroque even more perceptible in the openwork decor of the tracery of the arcades of the royal cloister than on the immense portal attributed to Mateus Fernandes the Elder; and finally architect of the loggia constructed under João III (1521-1557) Criterion (i): The Dominican Monastery of Batalha is one of the absolute masterpieces of Gothic art Criterion (ii): The Monastery of Batalha was an important workshop of the Portuguese monarchy The most characteristic features of a national art were determined here both during the Gothic and the Renaissance periods Within the boundaries of the 0,98 ha property are located all the necessary elements to express the Outstanding Universal Value of the Monastery of Batalha To reduce the traffic in the old main road (EN1) which crossed the site’s buffer zone a new road (A14) was built outside the property and a curtain of trees was planted to reduce possible pollution impacts on the monument The Monastery of Batalha preserves its authenticity by maintaining its original plans materials and social and religious significance The property’s most relevant attributes have been preserved and even reinforced as far as quality is concerned Conservation and restoration of all stained glass windows and mural paintings in the Royal Cloister and in the Sacristy have been carried out according to the Nara Document on Authenticity the Escola Nacional de Artes e Ofícios da Batalha (School of Arts and Crafts) has been supllying skilled workers both for the conservation and restoration of stone elements and stained glass windows Ecclesiastical authorities have contributed to the preservation and enhancement of this property by using the church for religious ceremonies the Chapter House has a permanent guard of honour and is lit by a lamp symbolizing the homeland flame in homage to the Unknown Soldier protected by the mutilated “Christ of the Trenches” The Monastery of Batalha was classified as a national monument by a Decree published in the government Journal no In order to ensure enforcement of the Law establishing the bases for the policy and system of rules for protection and enhancement of cultural heritage (Law no 140 of 15 June 2009 established the legal framework for studies works or interventions upon classified cultural assets the need for a previous and systematic assessment monitoring and weighing of any works that are likely to affect the site’s integrity so as to avoid any disfigurement This is ensured by appropriate and strict planning methodologies and resources to be used for implementation of works on cultural properties there is a responsible management policy that has focused on environmental solutions and on maintaining open dialogue and building partnerships with the municipality so as to overcome the negative effects of undue use of the monument’s surrounding area buffer zones are considered special protection zones benefitting from adequate restrictions for the protection and enhancement of cultural properties To preserve the authenticity and integrity of the whole monumental complex within a work plan involving the local community is the key management goal It also takes into account UNESCO’s recommendations in the State of Conservation Report from 1990 namely conservation measures that have been taken to solve the problem of distortion of the lead work and broken panes in the stained-glass windows All the interventions that have been implemented or are foreseen comply with current legislation as well as with strict technical and scientific criteria There is a special focus on the treatment and rehabilitation of the area surrounding the monument as these works will be ensured by local organisations involving both the municipality and the local community Management of this complex is ensured by the decentralized services of the Directorate General for Cultural Heritage (DGPC) the central administration department responsible for cultural heritage enhancement and safeguarding measures are ensured by DGPC that is responsible for drawing up an annual programme and implementing it so as to secure the future of the monument an interpretation centre has been established Today visitors have access to more areas and to new information that will ensure a better and more integrated knowledge of the World Heritage property “This is a lack of respect for the people of Madeira” said the political commentator in his weekly opinion section ‘5th Column’ before adding: “This photograph is as if the battle of Aljubarrota was taking place and we saw Nuno Álvares Pereira on the beach of São Pedro de Moel sunbathing during the battle” Miguel Sousa Tavares was not kind to Miguel Albuquerque the columnist used a photograph of the president of the Regional Government The portrait was allegedly taken when Madeira was on fire and the ruler had returned to the Golden Island to enjoy the rest of his vacation, which was interrupted by the fire. In the ‘5th Column’  Miguel Sousa Tavares admitted that the photograph on the sun lounger “deserves to be seen” because it is worth “more than a thousand words” And the political commentator also took the opportunity to establish a historical analogy “This photograph is as if the battle of Aljubarrota was taking place and we saw Nuno Álvares Pereira on the beach of São Pedro de Moel sunbathing during the battle” By admitting that he is not an expert in fires “just as a Portuguese person used to seeing” the country burn Miguel Sousa Tavares admits that over the years he has “learned something” and he cannot understand “what the strategy is The writer also made a comment on the management and protection of the Madeiran forest noting the number of members of the forest police force “I saw an interview the other day with someone who had worked in the Madeira forestry services there were 2,300 forest rangers in Madeira but the customers who come to Madeira hotels come mainly to see the forest they give more money to the private sector Miguel Sousa Tavares also addressed the fire in Madeira preferring to highlight a specific situation: that the use of fireworks is prohibited during the summer period And the first thing I don’t understand is that fireworks are allowed in Portugal at summer parties Nero fiddled while Rome burnt same scenario 🤬👎 I would think he would be unemployable in Madeira and doesn’t deserve the job he has Disgusting behaviour by someone who should know better Why on earth do people keep re-electing this buffoon and then complain about his attitude Miguel Sousa Tavares is another arrogant writer plus commentator that thinks that is above of everyone else and like he said he not a expert in fires go back to enjoy your retirement And that place for Miguel Sousa Tavares is at home It would appear that maybe Madeira has run out of space for more hotels to accommodate more tourists so if you have a lot of bare burnt out ground just maybe some magical contracts will appear for more exclusive hotels The majority of bare burnt out ground is in the middle of no where Apart from who would wish to spend a holiday in the middle of no where who’s going to foot the bills for utilities Albuquerque was re-elected in spite of the corruption suspicions blaming others and they do not take any responsability for their actions In places where there is little to no tourists you’ll find garbage everywhere I read that digital nomads have been cleaning beaches in Funchal So there is nothing to expect from the head of the government other than organizing Aston Martin ride outs with HNW’s on streets which are definitely not designed for this kind of cars Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email As we discussed in our last column, the “Caroline War” started out as just another phase in that clash between the kingdoms of England and France that we have all agreed to mislabel the Hundred Years’ War it would metastasize into something quite different: a kind of world war involving nearly every major power in Latin Christendom other realms had been involved diplomatically and militarily in this essentially Anglo-French war from the very beginning of the conflict But the Caroline War witnessed the deliberate extension of combat operations to these realms creating new combatant “theatres of operations.” the French and English pursued their respective geopolitical agendas not only directly though generally supportive of the goals of their “superpower” patrons also had interests and objectives that were not always perfectly aligned with those of their respective patrons it is perhaps not too surprising to find that victory in this phase of the war tended to go those who could triumph not only on the field of arms but on the field of diplomacy as well; for the ability to wrangle one’s allies and proxies in the service of one’s cause was absolutely necessary if one was to concentrate all the various arrows in one’s strategic quiver at a single decisive point Significantly for the course of both the Caroline War and the longer conflict of which it was a part if the former sometimes favoured the English king the latter almost always favoured the king of France as it was Charles V who revealed himself to be the more adept of the two sovereigns at what we would now call grand strategy One of the first theatres to be added to the new strategic map was that of the small Pyrenean Kingdom of Navarre ruled then by the notorious Frenchman (and son of a cadet branch of the Capetian French Royal family) Charles II “Charles the Bad” as he was known was an important English ally for two reasons his military support secured the strategically crucial English southern flank in Gascony Charles – via his claims to lands within the kingdom of France (especially Normandy) – put immense political pressure on the French kings Although renowned for his duplicitous power politics by 1360 Charles of Navarre had become a major strategic and political burr under the saddle of the Valois king and his allies and a major bastion of England’s continental empire Following Charles’ defeat at the hands of Bertrand du Guesclin at Cocherel in 1364 first for Charles and then for his sometime English allies his strategic position having been seriously compromised Charles was forced to spend the next decade trying to regain his footing by adopting a more political strategy – one focused less on hitching his horse to a hoped-for and vanishingly unlikely decisive English military victory and more on pursuing his his own political war-of-position to seize the French crown through cunning and guile the combination of the French king’s political savvy and Charles own inconstancy and ineptitude ultimately brought his house of cards crashing down about him Sandwiched on the one hand between hostile Valois loyalists in France and French-allied Castile on the other and abandoned by a thoroughly alienated England increasingly disaffected by the Navarrese sovereign’s faithlessness and incompetence Charles’ kingdom was humiliated and neutralized as a geopolitical force As if to punctuate this demise in Navarre’s fortunes Charles himself would die a famously gruesome death (being accidentally burned alive during a medical procedure) in 1387 The independent city-states of Flanders also participated substantially in the war during this time While the Flemish textile economy had been a major factor in the war from its start the desire for Flemish independence was a useful geopolitical tool with which Edward III could threaten the French northern border recognizing Flemish independence as the dire threat that it was directed much of his energies there first after becoming King English support for their allies flagged seriously at a crucial moment; Edward provided little support for the anti-French principalities and what aid he did manage to make available was mediocre at best many states in Flanders simply changed horses and submitted to French rule continued to resist as best they could while vainly hoping for more meaningful assistance from their increasingly unreliable English allies Edward didn’t grasp the seriousness of the situation until the French annihilated the last major independent Flemish army at Roosebeke in 1382 the English attempted to salvage the situation by launching the bizarre and ultimately abortive “crusade” led by Bishop Despenser of Norwich that achieved little more than the devastation of a few dozen square miles of Flemish coastal territory The net result: Flanders slipped back into France’s geopolitical orbit Arguably the most significant of the new combatant theatres to emerge during this phase of the seemingly interminable Anglo-French war The great kingdom of Castile found itself in the midst of a fierce civil war after the sudden death of Alfonso XI from the Black Death in 1350 On one side were the partisans of Alfonso’s legitimate heir Pedro – an infamously vicious character known to posterity as “the Cruel,” and on the other the forces of Alfonso’s illegitimate son Enrique de Trastamara Both reached out to England and France respectively for support pledging economic and political support in return Pedro finally won the exclusive backing of Edward the Black Prince obliterating the Franco-Spanish forces of Enrique at the Battle of Najera Pedro predictably failed to honor his promises to the Black Prince who was forced to retreat back into Aquitaine utterly bankrupt and disgusted by his faithless ally’s duplicity and sadism Enrique rebounded from this defeat and eventually murdered Pedro tipping the balance of power in Castile decisively in France’s favor the English did experience some notable geopolitical successes in one part of the Iberian theatre and that was in the nascent kingdom of Portugal the Portuguese had been ferociously defending their independence from a voracious and ever-encroaching Castile Once Castile fell to the French-backed Enrique de Trastamara the English recognized the geopolitical value of supporting Portuguese independence efforts and dispatched substantial military support in the form of small contract armies and military advisors These efforts came to fruition at the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385 where a massively outnumbered Anglo-Portuguese force decisively defeated a Franco-Castilian invasion army securing Portuguese independence for King João I and produced the Treaty of Windsor between England and Portugal – a treaty of alliance that has remained in effect to this very day Curry, Anne, Essential Histories: The Hundred Years War, 1337-1453 (Osprey Publishing Dr. Andrew Latham is a professor of political science at Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He is the author, most recently, of a monograph entitled Medieval Sovereignty, to be published in 2020 by ARC Humanities Press.  You can visit Andrew’s website at www.aalatham.com or follow Andrew on Twitter @aalatham Capt Rand Lee Brown II is a commissioned officer in the United States Marine Corps currently assigned to Marine Forces Reserve Holding a Master of Arts degree in Military History from Norwich University with a focus on medieval warfare Capt Brown has written on military history for a variety of forums including the Marine Corps Gazette and Medievalists.net Click here to read more Medieval Geopolitics Top Image: Europe in the 14th century – The Public Schools Historical Atlas by Charles Colbeck (Longmans