Español Português International Development Finance Corporation the Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF) the Environmental Investment Fund of El Salvador (FIAES) and ArtCap Strategies today announced the financial close of $1 billion in financing for El Salvador’s repurchase of $1.031 billion of its outstanding bonds at discounts to par All savings generated by the transaction will be applied over time to support conservation and ecosystem restoration in the Lempa River (Rio Lempa) watershed acted as sole arranger and lender for the loan and J.P Morgan Securities LLC acted as dealer manager in the tender offer for El Salvador’s bonds Government’s international development bank is providing $1 billion in political risk insurance (PRI) while CAF is providing a $200 million standby letter of credit (SBLC) The combination of the DFC PRI and the CAF SBLC will provide integral credit enhancements that support the transaction which in turn catalyzes the additional investment in El Salvador’s conservation and ecosystem restoration efforts in the Rio Lempa watershed ArtCap Strategies acted as financial advisor and global coordinator for the transaction The Rio Lempa watershed is one of the longest rivers in Central America and plays an important role in the well-being of cities communities and the economy in El Salvador by providing drinking water as well as supporting industry and hydropower generation It also supports diverse ecosystems that represent a large portion of the country’s environmental heritage Projects funded by the savings from the transaction are expected to enhance water quality and reliability; strengthen climate resilience; protect the watershed’s natural ecosystem; and mitigate water security risk in the region the Government of El Salvador will realize more than $352 million in lifetime savings through a combination of immediate notional debt savings and material reductions in debt service costs $350 million of these savings will be applied to the Rio Lempa Conservation and Restoration Program (the “Program”) over the next 20 years in support of the country’s commitment to watershed conservation in the Rio Lempa basin or an average of $9.75 million annually over 20 years The funds in the endowment will be invested and are intended to become a source of ongoing funding for the Program beyond 2044 This $350 million allocation represents the largest funding commitment a country has ever made for conservation in a debt conversion transaction CRS and FIAES will jointly manage the Program and will collaborate with key government water and environmental agencies to enhance water security and watershed health stimulate economic development through regenerative agriculture and strengthen planning and management capacities in the Rio Lempa watershed The Program will make grants to non-governmental organizations operating in El Salvador in support of these goals with initial grants set to disburse in 2025.The Program will be governed by a seven-member Board of Directors that includes one representative from the Government of El Salvador Agency for International Development (USAID) “This debt conversion represents the most ambitious and impactful environmental action in El Salvador's history It not only reaffirms this government's commitment to economic growth it also enables us to achieve this growth while preserving one of our most precious natural resources: the Lempa River watershed we are executing the largest debt conversion transaction of its kind to date This debt conversion project promotes sustainable development for our communities and protects our ecosystems to secure the well-being of this generation and those to come we aim to transform the environmental and economic future of El Salvador,” said Nayib Bukele DFC has been a pioneer in the field of debt conversions Today’s announcement presents the world’s first-ever debt conversion for watershed conservation and water security This transaction will protect critical resources while helping unburden the Salvadoran economy and promoting the growth of a vibrant private sector that will create more opportunities for Salvadoreans to find employment in their communities DFC is committed to continuing to leverage our unique financial tools in innovative ways in pursuit of our developmental priorities around the world,” said DFC CEO Scott Nathan we are committed to becoming the green bank of Latin America and the Caribbean we are investing $25 billion by 2026 to finance environmental such as the one we are announcing today in partnership with the Government of El Salvador we can advance innovative financial mechanisms that accelerate sustainable development,” said Sergio Díaz-Granados “CRS is excited to be part of this transformative program in El Salvador which sets a new standard for the scale and long-term funding needed to restore and protect critical water resources for current and future generations This program came together because of bold leadership and collective action by a dynamic and diverse team,” said Carla Fajardo Regional Director for Latin America and the Caribbean “FIAES is pleased to participate in the Rio Lempa Conservation and Restoration Program acting as a strategic partner of the Government of El Salvador and the Government of the United States of America as a fund administrator and program co-manager The Río Lempa watershed is a valuable natural resource for our country since it covers 49 percent of the territory and supplies 68 percent of the national water needs; therefore its preservation is essential to guarantee the sustainability of its ecosystem services” “ArtCap is proud to have spearheaded the coordination of this landmark transaction uniting public and private stakeholders to help develop a comprehensive financial and conservation strategy This program will deliver an important source of long-term funding for projects focused on the Rio Lempa watershed ArtCap was able to set a new precedent for collaboration among public and private stakeholders that helped to achieve a program with an impressive scale We hope the success of this transaction will encourage further innovation in conservation finance,” said Antonio Navarro International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) partners with the private sector to finance solutions to the most critical challenges facing the developing world today DFC investments adhere to high standards and respect the environment CAF – Development Bank of Latin American and Caribbean – has the mission to promote sustainable development and regional integration by financing public and private sector projects Established in 1970 and currently composed of 21 countries – 19 from Latin America and the Caribbean along with Spain and Portugal – and 13 private banks it is one of the main sources of multilateral financing and a significant knowledge generator for the region  Catholic Relief Services is the official international humanitarian agency of the Catholic community in the United States The agency alleviates suffering and provides assistance to people in need in more than 100 countries CRS works at the nexus of sustainable agriculture and all stakeholders to provide truly sustainable solutions that increase crop production CRS has worked in El Salvador for over 50 years  FIAES was launched in 1993 as a Conservation Trust Fund as a result of a debt-for-nature swap between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of El Salvador to support the restoration and conservation of natural resources in El Salvador FIAES manages multiple funds including several debt-for-nature swaps environmental compensation funds from the Government of El Salvador and several conservation grants from international organizations FIAES has invested more than $90 million in conservation and restoration of coastal marine and terrestrial ecosystems ArtCap Strategies is a private credit fund and a leading financial advisory firm specializing in innovative sustainable financing solutions for public and private sector clients (among other strategies) With a focus on structuring and investing in deals that address global challenges such as climate resilience and private investors to create impactful financial strategies ArtCap’s expertise lies in coordinating complex transactions that not only generate economic value but also drive environmental and social progress setting new standards in responsible finance This announcement may contain forward-looking statements Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts These statements are based on El Salvador’s current plans you should not place undue reliance on them Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made and El Salvador undertakes no obligation to update them in light of new information or future events This announcement is not an offer to purchase or the solicitation of an offer to sell any securities any jurisdiction where it is unlawful to release info@caf.com Tlf. +58 (212) 209-2111 Volume 3 - 2012 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00256 This article is part of the Research TopicAftereffects in face processingView all 14 articles An important question regarding face aftereffects is whether it is based on face-specific or lower-level mechanisms One method for addressing this is to explore how adaptation in upright or inverted photographic positive or negative faces transfers to test stimuli that are either upright or inverted and normal or negated A series of studies are reported in which this is tested using a typical face identity aftereffect paradigm in unfamiliar and famous faces Results showed that aftereffects were strongest when the adaptor matched the test stimuli aftereffects did not transfer from upright adaptors to inverted test images but did transfer from inverted adaptors to upright test images in famous faces The results are interpreted in terms of how identity adaptation interacts with low-level adaptation and highlight differences in the representation of famous and unfamiliar faces Low-level adaptation is tied closely to the physical properties of the stimuli: the adaptor must match the test stimuli the adaptor and the test do not have to match so well and aftereffects can transfer across viewpoints and images There is sufficient evidence to suggest that both lower- and higher-level adaptation mechanisms are involved in face aftereffects but the relative involvement of each is not well understood In their seminal study, Webster and MacLin (1999) created a series of stimuli of faces that were distorted from the norm in a Gaussian fashion in vector format The resulting set of faces was presented to participants using a nulling-match procedure whereby participants had to adjust a distorted face to appear normal After inspecting an adaptation face for 5 min and for 8 s between each test image participants had to adjust the distorted face such that it would appear normal The adjustments the participants made were distorted in the opposite direction to the adaptation stimuli the participants had seen The results were replicated in a normal rating procedure These results indicate that these aftereffects involve at least some higher-level mechanisms Yamashita et al. (2005) found that the magnitude of face aftereffects are dependent on the visual similarities between the adaptor and the test stimuli changes that affect the recognizability of faces affect the magnitude of aftereffects more than changes that do not affect the recognizability Size and color differences between the adaptor and the test stimuli reduce the magnitude of adaptation significantly less than spatial frequency and contrast differences between the adaptation and test stimuli Often considered similar to FDAEs are face identity aftereffects (FIAEs), whereby the perceived identity of a face is altered after adaptation to a particular identity. Leopold et al. (2001) conducted an elaborate study into FIAEs. In their study, 200 faces were morphed together to produce a prototype face. This was assumed to be the center of the face-space (see Valentine, 1991) each face identity could be measured in terms of Euclidean distances from the prototype face a series of faces were created ranging from the prototype face to the face identity each differing in identity “strength.” Identification thresholds (the required identity strength to perceive the face identity) were taken before and after adaptation to an anti-face identity (opposite from the face identity in terms of Euclidean geometry) the identification threshold was lowered by 12.5% suggesting it was easier to perceive the identity following adaptation since the prototypical face is shifted The magnitude of the aftereffects were similar for upright and inverted faces provided that the adaptation and test faces were in the same orientation Given that the representations of faces depends on levels of familiarity it is important to explore how face aftereffects represent themselves faces that are not unfamiliar There have been limited studies conducted on adaptation in famous faces specifically the aftereffects demonstrated by Jiang et al Familiar faces have been viewed much more extensively in a variety of contexts and illumination conditions Carbon and Leder(2005, 2006) have shown that both the FDAE and the FIAE are longer lasting in famous faces than unfamiliar faces, but do not transfer to other faces in the same way that aftereffects in unfamiliar faces do (Carbon et al., 2007). Hills et al. (2010) have shown that non-visual adaptors can cause aftereffects in famous faces exposure to the name or to the voice cause aftereffects in faces to a similar degree as adaptation to a different image of the face This background summarizes three key areas of face aftereffects that require further elaboration: firstly whether there is reliance on specific face-processing mechanisms in the FIAE This can be tested by exploring how the aftereffects transfer from upright to inverted stimuli and vice versa how much (relatively) of the FIAE is low-level and how much is high-level Part of this can be explored by assessing how aftereffects transfer across different image manipulations and most importantly to different images A third question is whether the aftereffects are different across famous and unfamiliar faces whereas the faces in Experiment 1b were unfamiliar mean age 21 years) Cardiff University students undertook this experiment as partial fulfillment of a course requirement All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision All were White British nationals who were familiar with the famous faces Two different images of George Bush and Tony Blair were collected They were matched for dimensions (100 mm × 160 mm) and resolution (72 dpi) Image one of George Bush was matched for pose and lighting with image one of Tony Blair A series of morphs were created using Smartmorph™ Software with 200 anchor points Fifty morphs were created that ranged from 100% George Bush to 100% Tony Blair in increments of 2% (thus 50 images) Image two of George Bush was in a different pose and under different lighting conditions from image one of George Bush and matched to image two of Tony Blair The “image two” pair were morphed together in the same way as the image one pair The 100% images for each identity and each pair were also used as the adaptor These two sets of morphs were inverted into two addition sets. Two negated sets were also created using Adobe Photoshop™ image manipulation software. These negated sets were subsequently inverted to create two additional sets of stimuli. The 50% image of each type of stimulus is presented in Figure 1 All stimuli were presented using SuperlabPro 2™ Research Software on an RM PC Examples of the stimuli used in this Experiment The adaptor was manipulated between subjects with four levels (same image A within-subjects manipulation was also implemented whereby participants saw eight types of test faces: 2 (same or different image) × 2 (inverted or upright) × 2 (negated or control) The magnitude of adaptation was measured as the change in the PSE pre- to post-adaptation Participants were randomly allocated to one of the between subjects conditions with the proviso that there was an equal number of participants in each condition (N = 12) Participants were introduced to pictures of George Bush and Tony Blair that they would see in the experiment. The Experiment had three consecutive phases: baseline, adaptation, and test. The baseline phase involved the participants seeing all the morphs 10 times in a random order. They had to make a decision based on whether they thought the image looked more like George Bush (by pressing the G key) or Tony Blair (by pressing T key) based on the methodologies in Levitt (1971) Each morph was on screen until the participant responded Between each morph a 100-ms Gaussian noise mask was on screen The purpose of this baseline phase was to discover each individual participant’s “natural” PSE the participants were instructed to rest for 2 min and then given a 3-min irrelevant distractor task This distractor task involved a participants filling out a questionnaire about their experiences at University participants were presented with the adaptor image for 60 s They were told to examine the image that was presented on screen which was either George Bush or Tony Blair Immediately following the adaptor, a repeat of the baseline procedure took place. However, preceding each test face, participants were presented with the adaptor for another 5 s (e.g., Hills et al., 2010). Once the test phase had been completed, participants were thanked and debriefed fully. The total experimentation time for each participant was approximately 75 min. A schematic representation of the procedure is presented in Figure 2 Those surrounded by the box are the adaptor repeated during the test phase The magnitude of adaptation was calculated by subtracting the PSE pre-adaptation from the PSE post-adaptation. There was no effect of image identity or pair, as such the data were collapsed across these variables. Figure 3 shows the mean percentage increase in PSE in the George Busy–Tony Blair continuum for each of the test stimuli for each of the adaptor type A positive number indicates more identity is needed to perceive the identity of the adaptor The first analysis was a 4 (adaptor type) × 2 (orientation of test stimuli) × 2 (photographic positive/negative test stimuli) × 2 (same or different image) This revealed a significant four-way interaction The four-way interaction is interpreted as the three-way interaction (between orientation and image-change) is different depending on the adaptor type This indicates that different adaptor types affect different mechanisms each three-way interaction for each adaptor type was analyzed there was also a main effect of adaptor type in which aftereffects were larger following adaptation to the negated and inverted stimuli than all other stimuli (all ps < 0.05) Mean PSE (in identity strength needed to perceive the adapted identity) shift pre- to post-adaptation (as a measure of the magnitude of the aftereffect) for famous faces when the adaptor is (A) upright and photographically positive Darker bars represent upright test stimuli lighter bars represent inverted test stimuli Figure 3A indicates that greater adaptation occurred when the test stimuli were upright The data were subjected to a 2 × 2 × 2 within-subjects ANOVA This revealed that greater adaptation occurred when the same image was used for both adaptation and test Greater adaptation was observed for upright test stimuli than inverted test stimuli There were no significant differences in the magnitude of adaptation for negated test stimuli There was a significant interaction between image and negation revealing that greater adaptation was found for same image unaltered test stimuli than same image negated stimuli (mean difference = 5.31 p < 0.05) and different negated test stimuli than different unaltered stimuli (mean difference = 2.96 There was also an interaction between negation and orientation Simple effects showed that the effect of orientation was larger for unaltered stimuli (mean difference = 14.490 p < 0.05) than for negated stimuli (mean difference = 10.577 A parallel analysis was run for when the adaptor was a negated image (Figure 3B) This revealed a significant effect of image whereby greater adaptation was observed when the same image was used at adaptation and test than when a different image was used There was also a significant effect of orientation whereby greater adaptation was observed when the test stimuli were upright than when they were inverted There was a significant interaction between image and orientation Simple main effects showed that the magnitude of adaptation was stronger for negated images than unadjusted images when the same image was used as the adaptor as those that made up the test morph continua (mean difference = 2.63 whereas the magnitude of adaptation was stronger for unadjusted images than negated images when a different image was used as the adaptor to that at test (mean difference = 2.79 which revealed itself in a greater magnitude of adaptation for negated upright stimuli than inverted stimuli (mean difference = 13.46 p < 0.05) which was greater than when the stimuli were unadjusted (mean difference = 10.69 A further parallel analysis was run on the data when the adaptor was inverted (Figure 3C) whereby the same image produced greater adaptation than a different image whereby there was less adaptation for negated images than control images there was a significant interaction between image and orientation revealing itself through greater magnitude of adaptation for same upright images than same inverted images (mean difference = 1.95 p < 0.05) and different inverted images than different upright images (mean difference = 2.33 A fourth analysis was run on the data for when the adaptor was both inverted and negated (Figure 3D) whereby greater adaptation was observed when the adaptation and test stimuli matched than when they were different There was a significant effect of negation whereby greater adaptation was observed when the test stimuli were not negated than when they were There was also a main effect of orientation whereby inverted test stimuli were less adapted to than upright test stimuli There was an interaction between image and orientation revealing itself through a larger main effect of orientation when the test stimuli were different from the adaptor (mean difference = 16.96 p < 0.05) than when the test stimuli were the same as the adaptor (mean difference = 10.39 there was an interaction between negation and orientation Simple effects revealed that the main effect of orientation was greater for negated test stimuli (mean difference = 14.98 p < 0.05) than for unaltered test stimuli (mean difference = 12.38 All aspects of the method were identical to Experiment 1a, except that a different set of 32 participants were recruited and were tested on unfamiliar faces. The unfamiliar faces were matched for image quality to the famous faces, but were from the NimStim Face Stimulus Set (Tottenham et al., 2002) and had been previously rated as a similar level of attractiveness and distinctiveness as the famous faces in a pretest They were matched and morphed in the same way as in Experiment 1a The procedure contained an extra phase when the participants were introduced to the faces (prior to the baseline) Participants were shown each face identity (with either the letter T or G underneath) for 5 s five times Then they were presented the faces 10 times without the letter and asked to identify the face (by pressing either T or G) the participants were given a further 10 trials without feedback Accuracy was above 95% for all participants at this point the procedure was identical to Experiment 1a The analysis protocol was identical for Experiments 1a and 1b, and the mean PSE shift is presented in Figure 4 There main effect of adaptor type was not significant Mean PSE (in identity strength needed to perceive the adapted identity) shift pre- to post-adaptation (as a measure of the magnitude of the aftereffect) for unfamiliar faces Figure 4 indicates that greater adaptation occurred when the test stimuli were upright (Figure 4A) Greater adaptation was observed for photographic positive stimuli than photographic negative stimuli revealing that greater adaptation was found for same image unaltered test stimuli than same image negated stimuli (mean difference = 5.32 p < 0.05) and different negated test stimuli than different unaltered stimuli (mean difference = 3.11 Simple effects showed that the effect of orientation was larger for unaltered stimuli (mean difference = 5.85 p < 0.05) than for negated stimuli (mean difference = 1.38 A parallel analysis was run for when the adaptor was a negated image (see Figure 4B) whereby greater adaptation was observed when the test stimuli were upright There were larger aftereffects in photographic positive images than negated images There was a significant interaction between image and photographic negation Simple effects showed that the magnitude of adaptation was stronger for negated images than unadjusted images when the same image was used as the adaptor as those that made up the test morph continua (mean difference = 3.18 and when a different image was used as the adaptor to that at test (mean difference = 1.65 which revealed itself in a greater magnitude of adaptation for negated upright stimuli than inverted stimuli (mean difference = 5.94 p < 0.05) and no difference when the test stimuli were unadjusted (mean difference = 0.88 A further parallel analysis was run on the data when the adaptor was inverted (Figure 4C) The main effect of orientation was significant whereby there was more adaptation for inverted images than upright images There was a significant interaction between photographic negation and orientation in which the aftereffects were greater when the test images were inverted than upright when they were photographic positive (mean difference = 5.45 p < 0.05) but not when the test images were negated (mean difference = 1.69 there was an interaction between orientation and image type revealing itself through greater magnitude of adaptation for same inverted images than same upright images (mean difference = 4.83 p < 0.05) and different inverted images than different upright images (mean difference = 2.31 A fourth analysis was run on the data for when the adaptor was both inverted and negated (Figure 4D) whereby greater adaptation was observed when the test stimuli were negated than when they were not whereby inverted test stimuli were more adapted to than upright test stimuli revealing itself through a larger main effect of orientation when the test stimuli were the same as the adaptor (mean difference = 4.62 p < 0.05) than when the test stimuli were the different to the adaptor (mean difference = 2.40 There was an interaction between negation and orientation Simple effects revealed that the main effect of orientation was greater for negated test stimuli (mean difference = 5.91 p < 0.05) than for unaltered test stimuli (mean difference = 1.11 there was an interaction between photographic negation and image whereby negated images had a larger aftereffect than positive images when the test images were the same as the adaptor (mean difference = 2.60 p < 0.05) than when the test images were different to the adaptor (mean difference = 1.12 These results indicate that the interaction between type of processing and face-specific mechanisms (as indicated by the factors: orientation and image-change) depends on what the adaptor is This will be further discussed in the Section “General Discussion.” To address whether there are differences across familiarity a five-way ANOVA combining Experiments 1a and 1b thus containing the factors: familiarity (famous or unfamiliar faces); adaptor type; orientation (upright and inverted); negation (negated and normal); and image (same and different) the main effect of familiarity was significant in which aftereffects were significantly stronger for famous faces than unfamiliar faces (mean difference = 5.13) This suggests that the mechanisms behind adaptation in famous and unfamiliar faces are different Further discussion of this is provided in the Section “General Discussion.” we would expect that aftereffects should not transfer so readily across adaptors of one spatial frequency distribution to test stimuli of a different spatial frequency distribution Sixty Cardiff University students undertook this experiment as partial fulfillment of a course requirement All participants had normal or corrected vision All were White British nationals who were famous with the famous faces A 3 × 3 mixed design was employed in which the type of adaptor was manipulated between subjects and the type of test stimuli was manipulated within-subjects The experimental procedure was undertaken in the same way as Experiment 1 The data, summarized in Figure 5 were subjected to a 3 × 3 mixed-subjects ANOVA This revealed there was an effect of the test stimuli in which aftereffects were smaller in unaltered test stimuli than low-pass filtered test stimuli (mean difference = 3.85 There was also a main effect of adaptor type there was greater aftereffects following adaptation to the unaltered and high-pass filtered adaptors than the low-pass filtered faces (mean difference = 5.06 p < 0.05 and mean difference = 3.79 Mean PSE (in identity strength needed to perceive the adapted identity) shift pre- to post-adaptation (as a measure of the magnitude of the aftereffect) and high-pass filtered adaptation stimuli split by unaltered and high-pass filtered test stimuli for famous faces Experiment 2b was conducted in the same way as Experiment 2a except that the faces were unfamiliar (the same as those used in Experiment 1b A different set of 60 participants were recruited The data, summarized in Figure 6 This revealed there was a marginal effect of the test stimuli in which aftereffects were smaller in unaltered test stimuli than low-pass filtered test stimuli (mean difference = 2.69 there was greater aftereffects following adaptation to the unaltered than the high-pass and low-pass filtered faces though not significantly (mean difference = 4.35 p = 0.07 and mean difference = 3.81 and high-pass filtered test stimuli for unfamiliar faces a comparison across famous and unfamiliar faces was conducted by inputting the data into a 2 × 3 × 3 mixed-subjects ANOVA with the factors: familiarity of the face the three-way interaction was not significant The main effect of familiarity was significant in which aftereffects were greater following adaptation to famous faces (mean difference = 5.24) these results indicate that image degradation affects the FIAE famous and unfamiliar faces in a similar manner aftereffects are greater in famous faces than unfamiliar faces the results for famous faces are not consistent with these results (Experiment 1b) More interestingly, adaptation to an upright stimulus does not transfer to inverted test stimuli. This suggests that during the test phase, extracting identity from the inverted faces is unaffected by adaptation. This may be because it takes longer to recognize an inverted face (Valentine, 1988) and the response to the face is made before recognition is fully made (cf. the difference between a remember and a know response in the remember/know procedure) The results are more intriguing when the adaptor is inverted. Here, the adaptation does transfer to upright stimuli (Figures 3B,D and 4B,D). However, the magnitude of adaptation depends on how different the test stimuli are from the adaptor. The magnitude of adaptation is smaller when there are more differences between the adaptor and the test stimuli. When the adaptor is inverted and negated (Figures 3D and 4D) the magnitude of adaptation does not depend on degree of difference between the adaptation stimuli and the test stimulus since greater adaptation was noted for upright test stimuli the nature of identity adaptation is more complicated than based on visual or expert face-processing skills One plausible explanation for the transfer from inverted adaptation stimuli to upright test stimuli may be based upon how participants process an inverted face. Extracting identity from an inverted face takes longer than in an inverted face, however, it is still completed within 5 s (Valentine, 1988) which is the length of time the adaptor was on screen for in the present study even an inverted face can cause identity adaptation an inverted test stimulus will not be affected by adaptation possibly because the presentation is too brief to activate the expert face recognition system The adaptor is on screen for 5 s and which means that the early face processing could be inhibited in favor of later face processing using spatial frequencies in the lower bands if the faces are stored more with low spatial frequencies than high spatial frequencies This explanation can only be made hesitantly and requires further testing to see if during the adaptation phase whether high or low spatial frequencies are employed This is consistent with the suggestion that famous faces recruit additional brain regions that are more anterior than the fusiform gyrus adaptation in famous faces is likely to involve more brain regions than adaptation in unfamiliar faces and lead to more robust aftereffects This description is of course speculative and further research is required to confirm these suggestions this method could be used to establish how different the processing of other-race faces is: if there is transfer of aftereffects from own- to other-race faces then this suggests they are processed using similar mechanisms If there is no transfer then the mechanisms used to process faces is likely to be different has scope for exploring the representation of different classes of faces these data seem to suggest two important facets of the FIAE there is some image-based adaptation that is occurring This is lower-level and may exist to allow for differences between stimuli to be better detected This is based on the fact that stimuli that are matched at adaptation and at test produce stronger FIAEs than unmatched stimuli part of the FIAE is based on face-specific mechanisms since the FIAE is based in part on expert processing As such FIAEs represent a unique class of high-level shape aftereffect due to expert processing involved in face processing The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Viewpoint dependence in adaptation to facial identity Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Face recognition in poor-quality video: evidence from security surveillance CrossRef Full Text Face adaptation effects show strong and long-lasting transfer from lab to more ecological contexts CrossRef Full Text Face adaptation: changing stable representations of familiar faces within minutes The Mona Lisa effect: Is “our” Lisa fame or fake Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Adaptation effects of highly familiar faces: immediate and long lasting Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Face recognition is affected by similarity in spatial frequency range to a greater degree than within-category object recognition Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text and are not special: an effect of expertise Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The effect of rotation on configural encoding in a face-matching task Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Familiarity enhances invariance of face representations in human ventral visual cortex: fMRI evidence Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Effects of face inversion on the structural encoding and recognition of face: evidence from event-related brain potentials CrossRef Full Text Identification of familiar and unfamiliar faces from internal and external features: some implications for theories of face recognition Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Neural mechanisms of 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aftereffects and their relation to priming Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Identity-specific face adaptation effects: evidence for abstractive face representations Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Probing the visual representation of faces with adaptation: a view from the other side of the mean Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The role of familiarity in three-dimensional view-transferability of face identity adaptation Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Three-dimensional information in face representations revealed by identity aftereffects Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text When seeing should not be believing: photographs CrossRef Full Text Individual faces elicit distinct response patterns in human anterior temporal cortex Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Prototype-referenced shape encoding 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dissociates physical and identity representations in the brain Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Is pigmentation important for face recognition Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Representations of familiar and unfamiliar faces as revealed by viewpoint-aftereffects Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Understanding recognition from the use of visual information Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Solving the upside-down puzzle: why do upright and inverted face aftereffects look alike Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Attention-dependent brief adaptation to contour orientation: a high-level aftereffect for convexity Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Attentional selection of overlapped shapes: a study using brief aftereffects Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text A holistic account of the own-race effect in face recognition: evidence from a cross-cultural study Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Neural correlates of personally familiar faces: parents Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Robust representations for faces: evidence from visual search “Categorization of facial expressions in children and adults: establishing a larger stimulus set.” in Poster presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting in San Francisco Upside-down faces: a review of the effect of inversion upon face recognition Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text A combinatorial study of pose effects in unfamiliar face recognition Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pulling faces: an investigation of the face-distortion aftereffects Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Orientation dependence of the orientation-contingent face aftereffect Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Figural aftereffects in the perception of faces Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Stimulus selectivity of figural aftereffects for faces Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text CrossRef Full Text The size-tuning of the face-distortion aftereffect Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish The Government of El Salvador has announced an agreement with the US International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) the CAF (Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean) the international humanitarian agency Catholic Relief Services (CRS) and the private credit fund ArtCap Strategies to repurchase sovereign bonds of El Salvador at a discount on their nominal value with the purpose of supporting conservation water security and ecosystem restoration in the Lempa River basin for a period of 20 years through the savings generated by the transaction The US bank DFC will provide resources for 1 billion dollars in political risk insurance (PRI) while the CAF will contribute through a standby letter of credit of 200 million dollars (SBLC) CRS and FIAES will jointly manage the Lempa River Conservation and Restoration Program and collaborate with key government water and environmental agencies to improve water security and the basin health We use cookies to enhance your browsing experience We use cookies to help you navigate efficiently and perform certain functions You will find detailed information about all cookies under each consent category below The cookies that are categorized as "Necessary" are stored on your browser as they are essential for enabling the basic functionalities of the site We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze how you use this website and provide the content and advertisements that are relevant to you These cookies will only be stored in your browser with your prior consent You can choose to enable or disable some or all of these cookies but disabling some of them may affect your browsing experience Necessary cookies are required to enable the basic features of this site such as providing secure log-in or adjusting your consent preferences These cookies do not store any personally identifiable data Functional cookies help perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website These cookies help provide information on metrics such as the number of visitors Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with customized advertisements based on the pages you visited previously and to analyze the effectiveness of the ad campaigns Ana Paula Migliari / TV Brasil / EBCJoão Moreira Salles: the Institute’s initial endowment is R$20 millionAna Paula Migliari / TV Brasil / EBC Journalist and documentary producer João Moreira Salles and Branca announced the establishment of a private institute to support science Institute XY (the temporary name) will operate using resources from an endowment fund through a donation of roughly R$20 million from Mr João is a son of businessman and banker Walther Moreira Salles (1912-2001) Endowment funds are common financing models in countries such as the United States and they use donations that generate income that is in turn invested in research in charge of setting up the Institute and selecting its executive director tells Agência FAPESP that “the goal is to support research and science communication projects in mathematics and science.” The idea came about in 2010 while Salles was teaching a film course at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC/RJ) two mathematicians and 27 students with bachelor’s degrees in film “The graduation rate for engineers in Brazil is lower than in China India and Russia—the emerging countries with which we compete most,” he wrote in an article published in 2010 in the newspaper Folha de S.Paulo Salles has held meetings with researchers and visited funding agencies in Brazil such as the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany searching for ideas to strengthen the Institute XY is expected to begin operations in 2016 © Revista Pesquisa FAPESP - All rights reserved Christ the King Secondary School sent its largest-ever contingent of athletes to the OFSAA Tennis Championships at the Rexall Centre in Toronto this past week as six Jaguars qualified for the provincial tournament after winning the senior team titles at both the Halton and Golden Horseshoe finals Christ the King sent three doubles teams to the OFSAA tourney at the Rexall Centre in Toronto after those duos claimed both the Halton and Golden Horseshoe titles to earn spots at the provincials and the information within may be out of date Zach Bugden and Josh Bugden (boys’ doubles) Karli Fiaes and Emily Swica (girls’ doubles) along with Emma O’Toole and Jordan Baechler (mixed doubles) represented the Jaguars at OFSAA and all three teams won their opening match then lost the next one in the double-elimination tourney The boys’ and girls’ teams lost their third match while the Bugdens won theirs before getting eliminated in round four One of the top four seeds heading into the 16-team OFSAA AAA/AAAA Field Lacrosse Festival in Oshawa CtK’s boys’ squad went 2-1 in the preliminary round and didn’t advance to the semifinals The Jags beat Huntsville 10-2 in the preliminary round opener Wilson of Whitby 7-6 before beating Denis Morris of St relegating CtK to the consolation playdowns They lost the seventh-place game to Courtice’s Holy Trinity 8-6 CtK’s girls finished eighth at the Trillium Cup in Welland which is considered the unofficial provincial championship in just the second year for the Jags’ field team Your browser is out of date and potentially vulnerable to security risks.We recommend switching to one of the following browsers: Invalid password or account does not exist Submitting this form below will send a message to your email with a link to change your password An email message containing instructions on how to reset your password has been sent to the email address listed on your account Juana Morales is cooking pupusas – thick tortillas with different kinds of fillings a highly nutritional seed whose consumption is being promoted in the small town of San Isidro in western El Salvador Aug 9 2016 (IPS) - Juana Morales is cooking one of the most popular dishes in El Salvador: pupusas But hers are unique: they are not made with the traditional corn tortillas a highly nutritional seed that has fallen out of use but whose consumption is being encouraged in rural communities “I cook something with ojushte almost every day – pupusas tamales (seasoned meat packed in cornmeal dough and wrapped and steamed in corn husks) orlittle cakes; it’s an excellent food,” the 65-year-old Salvadoran woman told IPS a small town of 3,000 people in the municipality of Izalco in the western department of Sonsonate Pupusas are made with thick tortillas and filled with beans vegetables or pork.“In the communities there are families who don’t have enough to eat and we can’t just sit back and do nothing.” -- Ana Morales Juana Morales has easy access to ojushte (Brosimum alicastrum) because her daughter Ana Morales is the leading local advocate of the nutritional properties of the seed in San Isidro thanks to the work carried out by a local organisation Maná Ojushte is a women’s collective that emerged in San Isidro and began to promote the Maya nut tree and its seeds in 2010, an initiative that received a major boost in 2014 when it began to receive support from the Initiative Fund for the Americas El Salvador (FIAES) a U.S.-Salvadoran environmental conservation organisation The seeds of the Ojushte or Maya nut tree are beginning to be used in San Isidro and other communities in this Central American nation as an alternative source of nutrients for rural families as part of projects designed to fight the impacts of climate change the tree is found in the Salvadoran countryside and in pre-Hispanic times it formed an important part of the diet of indigenous peoples throughout Central America and Mexico which makes them an excellent addition to the family diet but it has the advantage of being gluten-free and low in fat,” Ana Morales told IPS Support from FIAES forms part of the conservation plans for the Apaneca Lamatepec Biosphere Reserve which covers more than 132,000 hectares in 23 municipalities in the western Salvadoran departments of Ahuachapán we have tried to link cultural aspects with the health and nutrition of local communities which was part of our ancestral heritage,” FIAES territorial coordinator Silvia Flores told IPS ground and packaged in quarter and half kilo bags The ground toasted seeds can be used to make beverages or can be added to any dish And the cooked nuts themselves can be added to raw dishes Some 20 families harvest the seeds from farms around the community where trees have been found They sell them to the group for 20 to 50 cents of a dollar per half kilo depending on whether the seed is brought in with or without the shell in the area where the Maya nuts are dried and shelled in San Isidro in the municipality of Izalco in the western Salvadoran department of Sonsonate This represents an additional source of income at a time when work is scarce in the countryside and climate change is jeopardising staple food crops like corn and beans “The arrangement is that I buy the nuts from them but they have to include them in their diet,” she said Maná Ojushte sells 70 percent of what it produces and the remaining 30 percent is distributed free to the community “In the communities there are families who don’t have enough to eat and we can’t just sit back and do nothing,” said Morales 14 percent of children five and under suffered from chronic malnutrition according to that year’s National Health Survey which provides the latest available statistics That is higher than the Latin American average according to the World Health Organisation “My family and I love Maya nuts,” Iris Gutiérrez Gutiérrez buys buns and sells them in the village is to learn to make bread with ojushte flour and sell it “One day that dream will come true,” she said She added that she goes to farms around the village to harvest the nuts and adds them to her family’s diet collecting firewood along the way to cook them “If we gather two pounds (nearly one kilo) we add them to corn and the tortillas are more nutritious and our food stretches farther,” said Gutiérrez a mother of two and the head of her household of six people in the municipalities of Candelaria de la Frontera and Texistepeque the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) is backing a similar effort a bush native to Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula was also used by the ancient Mayans in the pre-Columbian era the promotion of chaya emerged as part of environmental conservation plans aimed at combating the impacts of climate change “Local communities had to look for a nutritional alternative that would improve the diet but would also be resistant to climate change and we found that chaya is one of the most beneficial plants,” Rosemarie Rivas a specialist in nutrition at the FAO office in El Salvador as well as 8,000 moringa trees (Moringa oleifera) also known as the drumstrick or horseradish tree Another part of the project will be the creation of 250 family gardens to boost local food production capacity Efforts to encourage consumption of ojushte moringa and other locally grown plants can make a difference when it comes to lowering malnutrition rates in rural areas that boosting nutrition is not only about eating healthy foods by factors such as the availability of sanitation and clean water its nice to know ojushte is being used and that native foods are making their way back into our kitchens A little nitpick here but tamales in El Salvador are not wrapped in corn husks This story includes downloadable print-quality images -- Copyright IPS IPS is an international communication institution with a global news agency at its core,raising the voices of the South and civil society on issues of development, globalisation, human rights and the environment Copyright © 2025 IPS-Inter Press Service. 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