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Connecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world As student enrollment across its 10 campuses hits an all-time high the UC system is looking to raise debt to pay for capital projects and refinance older obligations Retail investors will get a chance to place orders for the investment-grade issue on Wednesday All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. The Cree sustainable modular construction system was born just over ten years ago in Austria. The Casais Group, one of the largest construction companies in Portugal, is already using this technology and believes it is the future of construction, its commercial director told a Luxembourg-Portugal business forum, hosted by the Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce on Tuesday. “On the other hand, wood is a natural carbon sequester, so it has an impact in terms of CO2 emissions,” Laranjeiro added. “And construction time is reduced by 40%.” Driven by EU environmental commitments and the country’s growing concern about its ecological footprint, Luxembourg is increasingly committed to promoting sustainable construction. Modular construction and the use of green materials are two of the possible ways forward, and some projects are already underway. “The Ministry of the Economy is committed to promoting sustainable construction practices, together with other public bodies and the private sector,” Paul Shosseler, the director of sustainable construction and circular economy at the ministry, told the event. “We have resources, such as bio-based materials and we want to develop concrete recycling,” Shosseler said. “But also the management of national resources. We also want to promote smart city projects at the European level, geared towards digitalisation and, of course, logistical processes that help decarbonise prefabrication centres and construction consolidation centres. There are already projects on this in partnership with the University of Luxembourg,” he added. Bruno Renders, CEO of the Luxembourg Council for Economic Development in Construction (CDEC), created a decade ago, stressed the importance of the transition from traditional methods to more sustainable and efficient construction techniques. “We are aware that we can use 50% less material than we currently use [in construction],” Renders said, adding that while traditional materials will continue to be used, “nature-based technologies and traditional low-carbon materials” are growing in popularity. A sustainable system means that not only can many construction projects use fewer materials but it is also possible to streamline production processes “Everyone knows that we can make a specific structure emitting less than 50% the CO2 than we do today,” she said.The drive for industrialisation digitalisation and prefabrication is all about efficiency sustainability director at the Porto-based construction technology company Built Colab “All the industrialisation of the process means that there are fewer failures in construction and execution As soon as we make ten modules at once instead of ten different ones (This article was originally published by Contacto. Translation, editing and adaptation by Alex Stevensson) HousingPrivate developers disadvantaged in affordable housing sales, lobby claimsPrivate developers face stricter requirements for same properties than public bodies, argue real estate lobby group Chambre immobilière Rising wagesLuxembourg's €55 hourly labour costs still the EU’s highest But average hourly wages in the Grand Duchy rose by just 2.1% between 2023 and 2024, one of the smallest increases in the eurozone City redevelopmentPremiumRestaurant with park views planned in Hollerich renovation projectOffices are also set to be created in major revamp of former premises of Heintz van Landewyck cigarette company Real estateThe eight construction projects transforming the Cloche d'Or districtAs the new headquarters of State Street takes shape, a look at the other planned residential and office projects in the neighbourhood Construction freezeCity housing project in limbo as Capelli group faces receivershipPlans for site 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estate project?The main things we remember about the housing sector over the past 12 months are the rise in interest rates and the fall in property prices Advertiser contentProperty: I've decided to invest!The various forms of government support for investment Advertiser contentThe Luxembourg Times BusinessRun is happening again on 18th September!On Thursday 18th September with the starting gun of the 11th Luxembourg Times BusinessRun fired at the Coque at 7 pm Share this with instagramShare this with facebookShare this with linkedinSections 2012 at 3:13 pm ET.css-79elbk{position:relative;}The following arrests occurred between Nov 11/22/2012     12:00 am     Location: Morris Avenue Detective Keith Doherty stopped a car after observing it weaving over the center line traveling on Morris Avenue was subsequently arrested for Operating a Motor Vehicle While Under the Influence of Alcohol and Operating a Vehicle with a Suspended Driver License He was later released with a Springfield Municipal Court appearance date 11/22/2012     4:15 am      Location: Morris Avenue Officer Marcos Vaz stopped a car on Morris Avenue for making repeated unsignaled lane changes was subsequently arrested for Operating a Motor Vehicle While Under the Influence of Alcohol She was later released with a Springfield Municipal Court appearance date 11/23/2012     9:51 pm      Location: Jade Meadow Drive Nicholas Pearl age 18 of Springfield NJ was arrested by Officer Melissa Esteves after the officer had investigated a complaint of persons making noise on Jade Meadow Drive Pearl was arrested for the Possession of Less Than 50 grams of Marijuana He was later released with a court appearance date in the Springfield Municipal Court 11/25/2012     2:01 pm      Location: Springfield Avenue Jeffrey Laranjeiro age 34 of West Orange NJ was operating a motor vehicle that was stopped by Officer Brandon Lorenz Laranjeiro was subsequently arrested for the Possession of Heroin Possession of less than 50 grams of Marijuana and the Possession of Drug Paraphernalia He was also charged with the Possession of a Handgun that was found hidden inside of the truck He was later released after $10,000.00 bail was posted and has an initial court date in the NJ Superior Court of Union County in Elizabeth NJ on 12/05/2012 11/25/2012     8:07 pm      Location: Restaurant on Morris Avenue Officer Anthony Reimer had stopped to pick-up dinner at a Chinese restaurant located in the business center of town on Morris Avenue As he approached the counter he detected a strong odor of suspected Marijuana on the person of a customer who was picking up food Theodore Sharkey age 25 of Summit NJ was arrested for the Possession of less than 50 grams of Marijuana and Possession of Drug Paraphernalia He was later released with a Springfield Municipal Court date 11/27/2012     11:51 pm     Location: Wabeno Avenue William Sneary age 38 of South River NJ was stopped by Officer John Laurencelle after it was found that he was wanted by the Middlesex County Sheriff's Office on a superior court issued bench warrant for non-support He was turned over to the Middlesex County Sheriff's Office 11/29/2012     3:38 pm      Location: Municipal Parking Lot on Center Street Officer Joseph Leniart was checking on parking violations within the municipal parking lot on Center Street by the NJ Motor Vehicle Commission Agency and found that a car with Maryland license plates had been reported as stolen by the Takoma MD Police When the two male occupants were observed entering the agency Officer Leniart and other officers entered the agency and arrested the two subjects Timothy Brown age 43 of Newark NJ and Andre Jones age 20 of Newark NJ were both charged with the Possession of a Stolen Motor Vehicle They have an initial court appearance set in the NJ Superior Court of Union County in Elizabeth NJ on 12/07/2012 Get more local news delivered straight to your inbox. Sign up for free Patch newsletters and alerts. It’s a day and a trip that Canadian soccer supporter André Laranjeiro will likely remember for the rest of his life The Canadian superfan flew more than 5,500 kilometres to see his favourite team FC Porto and he came home with the shirt off Stephen Eustáquio’s back Armed with a homemade sign and a Canadian flag Laranjeiro found himself in the right place at the right moment when Eustáquio spotted Laranjeiro’s message during the post-match celebrations at the Estádio do Dragão From ?? with love ?#FCPGVFC @CanadaSoccerEN pic.twitter.com/gHd8v2SB6C Laranjeiro was born and raised in Hamilton, Ontario where he played his youth soccer with Mount Hamilton SC. His parents were born just south of Porto before they immigrated to Canada, so it should come as no surprise that one of Europe’s biggest clubs easily became Laranjeiro’s favourite club. Growing up, he even wore the number 99 on the local Hamilton soccer fields in honour of his favourite player, goalkeeper Vítor Baía. Fast forward to 2023 and his favourite Portuguese club now features a Canadian at midfield for the first time in club history. Eustáquio joined the club in 2022 and he helped them win the 2021-22 Primeira Liga. They finished second in the league in 2022-23 and reached the last 16 in UEFA Champions League while Eustáquio also had the honour of representing Canada at the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. Laranjeiro had seen FC Porto in action before, but on this September trip it was the first time he got the chance to watch his favourite club while sitting next to his grandfather. They went together to both an away match against CF Estrela Amadora SAD and then a home match against Gil Vicente. It was in that home match that Eustáquio scored the 91st minute match winner and gave Laranjeiro the memento of a lifetime. “I watched that first match with my grandfather and I brought my Canada flag to that match,” said Laranjeiro. “It’s a smaller stadium and I waved my flag, but I couldn’t get his attention. I thought I would try again the following week at their home match, but I figured my chances were going to be less likely.” After the home win, Laranjeiro took his chances and moved down to the first row, but he may never have got the chance to draw Eustáquio’s attention had the Canadian not scored his first goal of the 2023-24 season. By winning Player of the Match honours, Eustáquio was positioned close to Laranjeiro to conduct the post-match interviews. When Eustáquio noticed the Canada flag and special poster, he made sure to toss Laranjeiro the jersey of his dreams. It turned out to be quite the day for Laranjeiro, who also got to meet his hero Vítor Baía (who now works for the club). FC Porto scored first inside 10 minutes, Gil Vicente equalised less than half an hour later, and then Eustáquio came out the hero when he headed the match winner from a corner kick. Laranjeiro has been collecting football jerseys for quite some time. He started with an FC Porto 2004-05 home kit and has since amassed more than 100 different jerseys in his collection. He has 31 different FC Porto jerseys, one of which he was wearing when he was amongst the 37,616 fans at the Estádio do Dragão in September. Laranjeiro now has 19 match-worn shirts including the Eustáquio number 6. “I try to get something that hits home,” said Laranjeiro. “I’m happy to get a shirt when I can, especially if there is a connection.” On that memorable day in September, everything just fell into place for Laranjeiro. It was the right place, the right moment, and the perfect result, but ultimately it was that connection to Canada that got Laranjeiro his prized shirt off the back of FC Porto’s international star Eustáquio. View this post on Instagram A post shared by FC Porto (@fcporto) Environmental PollutionCitation Excerpt :Meanwhile Pb concentrations have been positively correlated with a higher exposure to urbanised environments (Bauerová et al. Blood is useful for assessing short-term exposure to contaminants when seabirds are accessible for sampling; Jouanneau et al. and may be a good proxy of contamination in other internal tissues (see Albert et al. the use of stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) as proxies of foraging habitat and trophic position has proven valuable in unravelling sources of contamination in seabirds highlighting geographical and species-specific variations in the bioaccumulation of contaminants (Anderson et al. Environmental PollutionCitation Excerpt :A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed considering a group of 11 elements (i.e in which most values were above the LoQ: As and Zn) using the stats package under R 3.5.0 (R Core Team The PCA was used to establish overall gradients of contamination based on all chemical element concentrations (PC1 and PC2) and assess their relationships with trophic ecology spatial use and oxidative stress (Laranjeiro et al. To assess the effect of fish species on: a) the presence/absence of microplastics a Binomial GLM was used and b) the total and mean size of microplastics a Kruskal-Wallis test iScienceCitation Excerpt :The main furin inhibitor was found significantly down-regulated in patients with LCS (Figure 1D) The M2-like cells displayed a tolerogenic phenotype illustrated by the expression of the immune suppressor CCL1824 and the angiogenesis-promoting factor ANGPT4 the M2-like cells expressed several proteins promoting lipolysis (PLA2G4A) altered lipid metabolism (PLIN2 and FABP4) and lipid peroxidation (HMOX1) (Figure 4C) Trends in Pharmacological SciencesCitation Excerpt :This effect was attributed to the small-molecule binding to CCL18 preventing CCL18 from interacting with its cognate receptors to elicit downstream signaling [26] membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol transfer protein 3 (PITPNM3 or ACKR6) and G protein-coupled receptor for estrogen (GPR30) [27] A second strategy to impair chemokine-induced oncogenic signaling is to interfere with chemokine–GAG interactions Science of the Total EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :Levels of essential elements are therefore regulated by physiological processes (Braune and Simon but their accumulation or deficiency may promote alternative pathways that might produce metabolic disorders or even pathologies Understanding their levels and the factor contributing to their variation is a matter of importance in wild animals such as seabirds (dos Santos et al. and Zn in different species and sites) to fit explaining models which is probably linked to physiological regulation and lower dependence on external factors (Tables 2 and 3) Environmental PollutionCitation Excerpt :Marine ecosystems constantly face contaminants input deriving mostly from the world's industries (Wilhelmsson et al. with waters closer to more urbanized and industrialized areas (i.e. each country's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)) being more susceptible to presenting higher levels of contamination when compared with more oceanic areas and mercury (Hg) are notorious for their negative health impacts (Boening but other less studied chemical elements have been receiving increased attention by researchers studying teleosts (da Silva et al. 2022) and elasmobranchs (Hauser-Davis et al. The class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) also represents a substantial threat to marine ecosystems (Wenning and Martello particularly contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDD/Fs) ChemosphereCitation Excerpt :In the environment and plastic fragments gradually degrade into NPs making NPs with a diameter of about 100 nm the most widely distributed NPs in the environment (Jambeck et al. NPs are easily ingested by living organisms enter the human body through the food chain and have some health effects on biological functions Previous studies have shown that polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) can accumulate in the gonads and cause reproductive and nerve damage via promoting excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Jung et al. Applied Catalysis B: EnvironmentalCitation Excerpt :Within the past decades the world has witnessed an unprecedented progress in industry concomitantly brings human being egregious dilemma energy scarcity and environment contamination [1,2] capable of exploiting solar light to generate renewable energy and remedy environment is considered an efficacious approach to address the crisis [3–7] Metrics details Whole-organism phenotypic assays are central to the assessment of neuromuscular function and health in model organisms such as the nematode C we report a new assay format for engaging C elegans in burrowing that enables rapid assessment of nematode neuromuscular health In contrast to agar environments that pose specific drawbacks for characterization of C here we use the optically transparent and biocompatible Pluronic F-127 gel that transitions from liquid to gel at room temperature enabling convenient and safe handling of animals The burrowing assay methodology involves loading animals at the bottom of well plates casting a liquid-phase of Pluronic on top that solidifies via a modest temperature upshift enticing animals to reach the surface via chemotaxis to food and quantifying the relative success animals have in reaching the chemoattractant We study the influence of Pluronic concentration gel height and chemoattractant choice to optimize assay performance To demonstrate the simplicity of the assay workflow and versatility we show its novel application in multiple areas including (i) evaluating muscle mutants with defects in dense bodies and/or M-lines (pfn-3 (ii) tuning assay conditions to reveal changes in the mutant gei-8 (iii) sorting of fast burrowers in a genetically-uniform wild-type population for later quantitation of their distinct muscle gene expression and (iv) testing proteotoxic animal models of Huntington and Parkinson’s disease Results from our studies show that stimulating animals to navigate in a dense environment that offers mechanical resistance to three-dimensional locomotion challenges the neuromuscular system in a manner distinct from standard crawling and thrashing assays Our simple and high throughput burrowing assay can provide insight into molecular mechanisms for maintenance of neuromuscular health and facilitate screening for therapeutic targets engaging animals in burrowing environments and scoring their locomotory prowess might provide the sensitive dynamic range of outcomes to reveal previously indiscernible phenotypes A limitation of this burrowing assay is that the methodology requires time-consuming steps including drilling holes in the pipette (later used for loading animals and food source) followed by filling the pipettes uniformly with hot agar and waiting for them to cool Additional challenges include injection of tens of animals into a localized spot (which may result in animal loss or damage) and visualization difficulty due to the translucency of agar and refraction at cylindrical surfaces the basic approach and the burrowing assay are highly valuable—stimulating animals to burrow in a dense 3D environment offers a way to challenge the neuromuscular system that is distinct from swimming or 2D crawling that may well approximate a more natural environment than either swimming or crawling Here we report on a novel design for burrowing evaluation that addresses the limitations of the currently described agar-based burrowing assay and enables parallel evaluation of burrowing performance of wild-type and mutant C The method utilizes well plates and Pluronic F-127—an optically transparent biocompatible hydrogel that undergoes a sol-gel transition in a temperature range that is safe for handling C We tested the influence of system parameters including gel concentration and chemoattractant type to optimize the assay performance we evaluate animal distribution and behavior during burrowing To demonstrate the flexibility and power of the assay we show its suitability for diverse applications including (i) evaluation of muscle-defective mutants (ii) tuning assay conditions to increase phenotypic distinction of a mitochondrial mutant (iii) separation and recovery of fast/slow burrowers for differential gene expression analysis and (iv) testing disease models of protein aggregation for locomotory impairment We anticipate that this new and simple assay should provide insights into molecular mechanisms regulating maintenance of neuromuscular health facilitate screening for pharmacological interventions and create a path to novel discovery of therapeutic targets animals are not easy to visualize due to the translucency of agar and refraction at the cylindrical surfaces of glass pipettes that are used Basic principle of Pluronic (PF-127) gel-based burrowing assay (a) The burrowing assay is conducted in a 12-well plate; in each well animals are stimulated to move through a gel towards a food source placed at the top The inset shows the nematodes that have successfully burrowed and reached the food source (E coli) at the top of the gel (See also supplementary video S1) (b) Burrowing performance of day 1 wild-type adults in the presence and absence of E N = 39 and 35 animals in the presence and absence of bacteria (c) Calcium imaging shows the muscle contractions as the nematode is burrowing in the PF-127 gel Strain is HBR4: goeIs3 HBR4: goeIs3[Pmyo-3::GCaMP3.35::unc-54-3′utr unc-119] expressing the calcium indicator GCaMP3 in body wall muscles Arrow heads point to the tail that appears faded in i and ii due to the 3D locomotion (d) Dynamic quantification of calcium signaling activity from an animal during a 10 second burrowing episode Each pixel is 1 second apart on the x-axis the overall direction of burrowing with respect to gravity does not influence burrowing performance and chemotactic stimulus is essential for animals to burrow efficiently towards the surface and engage in 3D locomotion the tail (arrows) appeared faded due to the animal’s 3D posture (i the entire body emerged in the focal plane of the microscope (iii) the animals undergo 3D locomotion in the PF-127 gel environment To determine optimal performance for the burrowing assay Animal performance during burrowing is expected to depend on the mechanical resistance offered by the gel This resistance can be controlled by the gel’s mechanical properties which in turn is governed by PF-127 concentration the gel height dictates how far animals need to burrow the chemotactic response can be sensitive to the type of chemoattractant used to stimulate the animals to burrow we therefore studied the influence of gel concentration gel height and chemoattractant choice on the burrowing performance of wild-type animals Our initial trials showed that the second layer gels in less than 5 minutes under these conditions Effect of Pluronic gel concentration and height on burrowing performance of wild-type animals Burrowing performance in (a) four different concentrations of PF-127 28 and 30% w/w gels respectively; H = 0.7 cm (b) 26% w/w PF-127 at four different gel heights (c) 30% w/w PF-127 at four different gel heights Our observation that fewer animals reach the surface as the Pluronic concentration increases suggests that the mechanical resistance offered by the gel is an important factor determining burrowing performance. Indeed, the measured elastic modulus and yield stress of the gel increase when the PF-127 concentration increases (Fig. S4) The mechanical resistance can come from the nematode trying to overcome the yield stress to carve a hole in the gel in order to move the viscous friction along the nematode body could contribute to resistance to motion in 3D our results show that the mechanical resistance to burrowing can be easily tuned by modulating the PF-127 concentration we chose PF-127 concentration of 26% w/w as the standard condition since the challenge for animal burrowing is intermediate and the solution gels more quickly than the 24% w/w With respect to gel height H, we anticipated that burrowing performance should decrease with an increase in gel height. In Fig. 2b we indeed observed this trend when we tested gel heights of H = 0.66 and 1.1 cm at 26% w/w PF-127 concentration The final 2-hour burrowing percentage decreased from 85% to 60% when using gel heights of H = 0.66 and 1.1 cm the burrowing percentage reached close to 100% within the first hour and subsequently declined as some of the animals burrowed back into the gel The burrowing performance was the worst in the highest gel thickness we tested (1.1 cm) as less than 10% of the animals could reach the surface we conducted burrowing assays with PF-127 concentration of 26% w/w and gel height of approximately 0.7 cm unless otherwise noted we found that the burrowing percentage at the end of two hours was 70%-80% for wild-type animals To achieve a reliable burrowing performance a chemical stimulus with a maintained level of animal attraction over the assay time should be utilized We therefore evaluated the burrowing performance of wild-type animals stimulated with E coli in salt solution or odorant chemical compounds Chemoattractant choice influences the burrowing performance in wild-type animals Assay conditions are 26% w/w PF-127 and H = 0.7 cm (b) Effect of different chemoattractants on burrowing performance Assay conditions are 26% w/w PF-127 and H = 0.75 cm Characterization of wild-type animal locomotion in a thin Pluronic gel layer (a) Individual animal velocity obtained by tracking the body centroid every 15 seconds The average burrowing velocity is 1.14 mm/min (b) Undulatory frequency of individuals obtained from the time required to complete one sinusoid body movement The average undulatory frequency is 0.07 Hz In (a,b) no food source was used and the assay conditions were 26% w/w PF-127 and H ≈ 1 mm The error bars represent standard error of mean calculated from 8 time intervals per individual animal Since our intent is to demonstrate the power of the assay platform we designed we consider our results in each of these applications as laying the foundation for future in-depth investigations The corresponding genetic mutation and human ortholog are shown in the table Burrowing performance and chemotactic scoring of mutants with defects in (b) both dense body and M-line We tested the effect of four mutations that specifically affect the dense bodies (pfn-3, atn-1, uig-1, dyc-1) and three that affect both the dense bodies and the M-lines (zyx-1, unc-95, tln-1). Despite these proteins localizing to the same multi-protein complexes, previously reported phenotypes were often distinct (Table S1) perhaps indicating specific functions of individual proteins or differences in the extent of the effect of the specific mutation studied As chemotaxis is an important element of our burrowing assay we conducted standard 2D chemotaxis assays on agar plates in parallel to ascertain if the phenotypic score of some mutants is more obvious in the burrowing assay as compared to the standard chemotaxis assay This concordance in outcomes from 2D and 3D chemotaxis reveal that these mutants have locomotory defects which are documented equally using either assay pfn-3 showed a higher chemotaxis index compared with wild-type but failed to burrow effectively while chemotaxis is an essential component of the burrowing assay our results show that the mechanical resistance offered during burrowing can reveal differences in muscle mutants that are difficult to discern from standard 2D chemotaxis assays on agar plates gei-8(gk693) animals have a 1 kb deletion in the gei-8 promoter region and the potential for a modified gei-8 expression level Tuning the burrowing assay conditions can reveal phenotypic differences Testing the burrowing performance of wild type and gei-8(gk693) mutant in two different assay conditions of (a) a taller gel height N = 31 and 32 for wild-type and gei-8(gk693) One of the interesting features of the burrowing assay is that not all the animals reach the attractant at the same time some individuals burrow quickly compared with others in the population Since nearly all animals remain at the top once they reach the food source the Pluronic-based burrowing assay provides a simple way of sorting and recovering sub-populations of animals for downstream molecular analysis we harness this feature of the assay and show that gene expression analysis can be conducted to compare the fast burrowers with the slower ones Muscle-specific gene expression in fast burrowers compared to slow burrowers Normalized gene expression scores are shown as ratios for the successful burrowing class (among the top 10–15% that reached the top faster) to the levels for slower animals that remained in the gel by the end of the two-hour time period and mup-2 were expressed significantly more for fast burrower animals in comparison to slower ones Experiments were conducted with Day 1 adults These findings indicate potential natural expression variation within a genetically identical population and holds potential to indicate the molecular components that might improve burrowing efficiency and locomotory prowess elegans models of neurodegenerative diseases (a) Burrowing performance of day 1 adults polyQ strains with glutamine expansions in muscles α-synuclein-expressing strain and wild-type animals 0.0302 and 0.0016 for strains expressing Q35 (b) Images show visible protein aggregates in the Q40-expressing strain and not in the Q35-expressing strain (c) Day 1 adult Q67-expressing and Q86-experssing animals with protein aggregation in neurons are deficient in burrowing For the transgenic lines that expressed polyQ in neurons, Q67- and Q86-expressing animals were both distinctly impaired in their burrowing abilities compared with wild type (Fig. 9c) the difference between wild type and Q86 was modest and the primary differentiating factor between wild type and Q67 was the delayed rate at which Q67-expressing animals reached the surface elegans expressing proteotoxic aggregates in neurons therefore does not appear to be as strong as those expressed in body wall muscle the burrowing assay has the capacity to detect neuromuscular deficits in neurodegenerative disease models and in some cases prior to major locomotory impairment underscoring the importance of the burrowing assay for deciphering factors that influence the earliest events in degenerative processes These recent investigations employed agar as a medium for burrowing we have shown that the biocompatible and optically transparent Pluronic gel offers an alternative for burrowing studies with several advantages including ease of manipulation of animals flexibility in changing assay conditions to modulate burrowing performance parallel evaluation of assay conditions or different strains in multi-well plates and easy recovery of animals for follow-up analysis Even though systematic studies comparing locomotory prowess in these different media have not been conducted available findings indicate that the Pluronic medium is likely to be a more demanding burrowing environment for C The simplicity of our burrowing assay workflow lends itself to considerable throughput and versatility using 12-well plates we perform 4 strains ×3 replicates in about 4 hours which includes loading of 30 animals and the gel layer in each well and scoring every 15 minutes for a total duration of 2 hours Other assay formats could also be designed the fraction of animals on the gel surface is recorded only at the final time point Such end-point assays could be performed with significantly higher throughput and in a miniaturized format involving 96-well plates we have developed an improved burrowing method based on a thermoreversible Pluronic gel and expanded its application to diverse areas with novel findings Our results show that mutants can be uniquely distinguished based on burrowing capacity, which is sometimes difficult to discern from 2D crawling locomotion and thrashing assays. As shown in Table S1 II.D-i could not be differentiated based on just one phenotypic assay suggesting that subtle genetic defects might be difficult to detect by existing locomotory assays The fact that burrowing distinguishes all the muscle mutants studied indicates its capacity to detect subtle defects in neuromuscular function elegans burrowing assay in Pluronic gel medium offers the convenience of a simple workflow with high throughput We systematically studied the influence of assay conditions on burrowing ability and modulated the physical challenge experienced by animals based on the needs of a particular application The demonstrative applications we have chosen highlight the richness of the burrowing assay in diverse areas where the neuromuscular system is implicated We anticipate that the Pluronic burrowing assay can be easily adopted in other laboratories enabling comprehensive investigations of the molecular cellular and tissue-level mechanisms required for the maintenance of neuromuscular health in C elegans that might be translatable to human neuromuscular diseases Caenorhabditis elegans wild type N2 was cultured at 20 °C on standard nematode growth medium (NGM) on 60 cm petri plates and never allowed to starve The NGM plates were allowed to dry 24 hours prior to seeding with 450–550 μL of Escherichia coli OP50 bacteria overnight Age synchronization was done by transferring 20–25 gravid animals to seeded plates and letting them lay eggs for 3–4 hours After the desired number of eggs were laid and the eggs were allowed to hatch and develop in a 20 °C incubator The animals used for all experiments were day 1 adults The day that the age synchronized animals started to lay eggs is counted as day 0 of adulthood The following mutants were obtained from Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC): dyc-1(cx32) For calcium imaging the following strain was used: HBR4: goeIs3 HBR4: goeIs3[Pmyo-3::GCaMP3.35::unc-54-3′utr unc-119] from CGC which expresses the calcium indicator GCaMP3 in body wall muscles Strains used as protein aggregation disease models were obtained from CGC and have the following genotypes: pkIs2386[Punc-54::alphasynuclein::YFP + unc-119(+)] To develop and optimize the burrowing assay various Pluronic concentrations and gel heights were tested Pluronic F127 (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in deionized water to reach the desired concentration reported as solute weight per solution weight (% w/w) The suspension was kept at 4 °C until all the Pluronic pellets dissolved The solutions were stored at 4 °C prior to the experiment to prevent gelation The Pluronic concentration in all assays was the optimized concentration of 26% w/w except for when other concentrations were tested The Pluronic solutions were kept at 14 °C in a Waverly digital thermal bath for at least 30 minutes before conducting the experiment. 20–30 μL of solution was added to the bottom of a Corning™ Falcon™ Polystyrene 12-well plate (Fig. 1a) A minimum number of 30 animals (day 1 adults) were hand-picked from NGM plates and released into the drop a layer of Pluronic was cast on top of the initial droplet to the desired thickness ranging from 0.44 cm to 1.1 cm depending on the experiment The top layer needed around 5 minutes to gel at a room temperature of 20 °C Gelation was confirmed by no fluid movement and inserting the tip of the worm pick somewhere close to the edge of the well If no healing of the indentation was observed after piercing and 20 μL of the chemoattractant was added directly to the top (t = 0 min) The animals that had burrowed to the surface were scored by monitoring the top layer under the microscope and counting the ones that had reached the top every 15 minutes for a total duration of 2 hours The percentage of animals on the top surface was defined as the number of animals on the top surface divided by the total sample size in that well All the burrowing assays were conducted by hand picking animals, except Fig. 9a on neurodegenerative disease models as those animals were rinsed off the plates with DI water and collected in Falcon tubes The rinsing process is the same as preparing animals for chemotaxis assays (See Methods on Chemotaxis assays) After rinsing off the animals from bacteria 10 µL of worm solution was placed on the bottom of well plate 500 µL of PF-127 was added to make a base gel layer the Pluronic layer was cast on top to the desired thickness of 0.7 cm The undulatory frequency (Hz) was defined as the number of full-wavelength sinusoidal movements the worm could make within one second the required time for a full sinusoidal movement was measured for eight distinct sinusoidal movements the inverse was taken to result in the frequency (Hz) 5-minute uninterrupted videos with the frame rate of 3 fps were captured using a Nikon Ti-E microscope at 4x the videos were analyzed by assessing the time the animals spent moving forward To investigate animal distribution across gel heights, the total gel height was divided into three equal layers (Fig. 5a) and the number of animals in each segment at each time point was counted by scanning the z-axis through the gel height from bottom to the top surface using a Nikon Ti-E microscope with a 4x objective lens To test the effectiveness of animal chemosensation standard 2D chemotaxis assays were conducted coli was concentrated in liquid NGM (as above without agar) Isoamyl alcohol and diacetyl were diluted in ethanol to 1% the chemoattractant solutions were freshly mixed with an equal volume of 0.5 M sodium azide as an anesthetic Volatile compound chemotaxis assays on agar plates were conducted according to Margie et al.55 with a few modifications chemotaxis agar (2% agar (Fisher Scientific) 5 mM potassium phosphate (Fisher Scientific) 1 mM magnesium sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich)) was prepared a day prior to the experiment and poured into 6 cm petri plates The animals were collected in Falcon tubes by washing them from culture plates with deionized water and allowing them to pellet by gravity and the tube was inverted a few times to wash the worms so the supernatant on top looked clear and bacteria-free the animal pellet was resuspended in water to obtain around 60 animals per 5 μL 5 μL of worm solution was pipetted onto the center of the chemotaxis plate 2 μL of test solution (chemoattractant) and 2 μL of control solution (diluent) were added to their designated quadrants chemotaxis indices were calculated as the difference in the number of worms in the test and control quadrants (excluding the animals that did not migrate farther than 1 cm) 5 μL of the solution containing animals was added onto the center the animals were gently dispersed using a worm pick so they were not trapped within the liquid droplet and the chemotaxis index was calculated as mentioned before RNA extraction and quantitative PCR were carried out as previously described58 elegans after burrowing (~30 animals per sample) into TRIzol Reagent (Ambion) and immediately froze animals in liquid nitrogen The quick burrowers were among the top 10–15% in burrowing performance while the slow burrowers were recovered from the Pluronic at the conclusion of the two-hour time period After freeze-thaw cycles with liquid nitrogen/37 °C heat block we extracted total RNA following the manufacturer’s instructions (Ambion) and synthesized cDNA using the SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis System (Invitrogen) To compare mutants and disease models burrowing performance two-way ANOVA was used in GraphPad Prism software The statistical analysis on chemotaxis indices was done using two-sample student’s t-test in MATLAB paired-sample t-test was done using MATLAB Burrowing assay error bars represent standard error of the mean All the assays were done in three replicates unless otherwise noted N represents average of the number of animals used in the replicates A role for Caenorhabditis elegans in understanding the function and interactions of 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The C. elegans Research Community, https://doi.org/10.1895/wormbook.1.87.1 (July 3 Methods to assess subcellular compartments of muscle in C NemaFlex: a microfluidics-based technology for standardized measurement of muscular strength of C elegans muscular forces and locomotion patterns in microstructured environments elegans: a piecewise-harmonic curvature representation of nematode behavior Dimensionality and dynamics in the behavior of C CeleST: computer vision software for quantitative analysis of C elegans swim behavior reveals novel features of locomotion The burrowing behavior of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: a new assay for the study of neuromuscular disorders elegans behavioral genetics in 3-D environments Method for the assessment of neuromuscular integrity and burrowing choice in vermiform animals Physical exertion exacerbates decline in the musculature of an animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences NGT-3D: a simple nematode cultivation system to study Caenorhabditis elegans biology in 3D Roll maneuvers are essential for active reorientation of Caenorhabditis elegans in 3D media Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics affects behaviour and lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans Reversible and long-term immobilization in a hydrogel-microbead matrix for high-resolution imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans and other small organisms Hydrogel-droplet microfluidic platform for high-resolution imaging and sorting of early larval Caenorhabditis elegans On-demand optical immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans for high-resolution imaging and microinjection reversible and addressable immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans in Pluronic F-127 using an optoelectric device CLIP–continuous live imaging platform for direct observation of C Heat-Induced Calcium Leakage Causes Mitochondrial Damage in Caenorhabditis elegans Body-Wall Muscles The ESCRT-II proteins are involved in shaping the sarcoplasmic reticulum Sustained release of VEGF from PLGA nanoparticles embedded thermo-sensitive hydrogel in full-thickness porcine bladder acellular matrix From odors to behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans Odorant-selective genes and neurons mediate olfaction in C Biomechanical analysis of gait adaptation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 The integrin-adhesome is required to maintain muscle structure and movement forces in Caenorhabditis elegans NCoR1 is a conserved physiological modulator of muscle mass and oxidative function UNC-120/SRF independently controls muscle aging and lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans Selection and validation of a set of reliable reference genes for quantitative sod gene expression analysis in C Muscle strength deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction in a muscular dystrophy model of Caenorhabditis elegans and its functional response to drugs Aggregation of alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies of sporadic Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies The threshold for polyglutamine-expansion protein aggregation and cellular toxicity is dynamic and influenced by aging in Caenorhabditis elegans Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 Polyglutamine proteins at the pathogenic threshold display neuron-specific aggregation in a pan-neuronal Caenorhabditis elegans model elegans model identifies genetic modifiers of α-synuclein inclusion formation during aging Anti-ageing and anti-Parkinsonian effects of natural flavonol tambulin from Zanthoxyllum aramatum promotes longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) movement in sand as affected by particle size moisture and the presence of bacteria (Escherichia coli) A mathematical analysis of a minimal model of nematode migration in soil Magnetosensitive neurons mediate geomagnetic orientation in Caenorhabditis elegans Microfluidic devices for analysis of spatial orientation behaviors in semi-restrained Caenorhabditis elegans Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE (2013) Chemotaxis by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: identification of attractants and analysis of the response by use of mutants Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 70 Mutations that prevent associative learning in C elegans induce key features of mammalian exercise Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT method Download references which is funded by NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (P40 OD010440) We would like to thank Anam Mahmood for assistance with experiments and Guy M This work is partially supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health (RO1 AG051995-04 to M.D Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP160806 to S.V.) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX15AL16G to S.V & J.B.) and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/N015894/1 to N.J.S.) acknowledges funding support from the Fulbright U.S Student Program and the Germanistic Society of America has been funded by postdoctoral fellowships from Life Sciences Research Foundation (sponsored by Simons Foundation) (award # Laranjeiro-2015) and American Heart Association (award # 18POST33960502) Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department of Molecular Genetics of Ageing Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) MRC/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research United Kingdom & National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre conceived the Pluronic gel-based burrowing assay All authors analyzed and interpreted the data All authors read and commented on the manuscript The authors declare no competing interests Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51608-9 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science Metrics details An Author Correction to this article was published on 21 March 2022 This article has been updated In order to improve the efficacy of conventional radiotherapy which not only modulate cancer cell response to therapy but are also highly recruited to tumours after irradiation the effect of ionizing radiation on macrophages To evaluate how radiotherapy affects macrophage behaviour and macrophage-mediated cancer cell activity human monocyte derived-macrophages were subjected as used during cancer treatment (2 Gy/fraction/day) Irradiated macrophages remained viable and metabolically active NF-kappaB transcription activation and increased Bcl-xL expression evidenced the promotion of pro-survival activity A significant increase of pro-inflammatory macrophage markers CD80 TNF and IL1B was observed after 10 Gy cumulative doses suggesting the modulation towards a more pro-inflammatory phenotype ionizing radiation induced macrophage morphological alterations and increased their phagocytic rate without affecting matrix metalloproteases (MMP)2 and MMP9 activity irradiated macrophages promoted cancer cell-invasion and cancer cell-induced angiogenesis Our work highlights macrophage ability to sustain cancer cell activities as a major concern that needs to be addressed to improve radiotherapy efficacy thus not relevant in a human clinical context The present work aims to reveal the effect of fractionated ionizing radiation on human macrophages mimicking a week of cancer patients’ treatment human monocyte-derived macrophages were differentiated in the presence of M-CSF a factor involved in the recruitment of monocytes to the tissues and exposed to cumulative ionizing radiation doses of 2 Gy each A plethora of functions in macrophages was then characterized We demonstrate that irradiated macrophages are viable and metabolically active exhibit a reduced anti-inflammatory profile increased phagocytosis and unaltered MMP-2 and 9-mediated proteolysis We also evidenced that irradiated macrophages are still able to promote tumour cell invasion and angiogenesis our work adds novelty to the current literature and reinforces the idea of targeting macrophage differentiation and/or their molecular targets as a complementary strategy to improve radiotherapy efficacy Irradiated human monocyte-derived macrophages are viable and metabolically active (A) Radiation-induced macrophage DNA damage is demonstrated by immunocytochemistry for Ser139-phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) (red) while nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue) Graph indicates the percentage of macrophages (n = 3 and 400 cells/donor counted) exhibiting γH2AX foci (B) Western blot analysis of total and phosphorylated Chk2 (Thr68) expression on non-irradiated (−) or irradiated (2 (C) Western blot analysis of caspase-7 expression on non-irradiated (−) or irradiated (2 In all Western blots β-actin was used as loading control (D) Brightfield microscopic images of non-irradiated (0 Gy) and irradiated macrophages (10 Gy) (E) Quantification of the metabolic activity of irradiated macrophages (2 normalized to the activity of non-irradiated ones and expressed as percentage The antibody which detects the full length caspase-3 (35 kDa) also recognizes the large fragment of cleaved caspase-3 (17 kDa) Positive controls for caspase-3 and -7 activation as well as for PARP cleavage are presented in this western blot panel no cleavage of caspase-3/–7 nor even of PARP were observed in irradiated macrophages suggesting that apoptosis was not occurring To complement previous observations, macrophage mitochondrial function was evaluated 20 h after exposure to 2, 6 and 10 Gy cumulative doses, using the resazurin reduction assay (Fig. 1E) ionizing radiation did not affect macrophage metabolic activity we concluded that irradiated macrophages are viable and metabolically active and do not activate apoptosis Ionizing radiation induces macrophage NF-κB activation and increases Bcl-xL expression (A) Evaluation of RelA phosphorylation (Ser536) and RelB (B) RelB nuclear translocation 6 h after macrophage irradiation (10 Gy) Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and β-actin were used as loading controls for nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions (C) Evaluation of Bcl2 and Bcl-xL expression after macrophage irradiation Western blot images are representative of protein expression/phosphorylation status in distinct donors (at least n = 4) Irradiated macrophages present a reduced anti-inflammatory phenotype Graphs represent mRNA expression of irradiated macrophages compared to non-irradiated ones (dotted line) (at least n = 7 per marker) Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the median of each dataset against a hypothetical median value of 1 (B) Expression of a monocyte/macrophage lineage (CD14) pro-(HLA-DR and CD86) and anti-inflammatory (CD163) macrophage markers was determined 20 h after irradiation (at least n = 6 per marker) Paired t-test was used for statistical analysis IL-12/IL-23(p40)) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β1 and IL-10) cytokines were determined in macrophage CM (n = 9) by ELISA Data was normalized to protein concentration Wilcoxon matched pair test was used for statistical analysis Median is represented by the horizontal line inside the box plots In IL-6 and IL-10 graphics outliers are also indicated irradiated macrophages polarize towards a pro- or an anti-inflammatory phenotype Non-irradiated and 10 Gy irradiated macrophages (n = 6) were stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) and IFN-γ (20 ng/ml) towards a pro-inflammatory or with M-CSF (10 ng/ml) and IL-10 (20 ng/ml) towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype (A) Expression of monocyte/macrophage lineage (CD14) pro-(HLA-DR and CD86) and anti-inflammatory (CD163) macrophage markers was determined by flow cytometry IL-12/IL-23(p40)) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β1 and IL-10) cytokines were determined by ELISA Paired t-test and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis irradiated macrophages are still able to polarize towards a pro- or an anti-inflammatory phenotype ionizing radiation by itself tends to promote the pro-inflammatory phenotype Ionizing radiation increases macrophage area but does not alter MMP-2 and -9 activities (A) Actin (green) and tubulin (red) stainings of non-irradiated and 10 Gy irradiated macrophages (n = 4) Quantification of cell area and aspect ratio was performed using Fiji software (B) Phagocytic ability of non-irradiated and 10 Gy-irradiated macrophages (n = 5) was determined after 1 h incubation with FITC-labelled (green) Staphylococcus aureus particles F-actin was stained with rhodamine phalloidin (red) The percentage of macrophages able to phagocyte S.aureus particles was quantified using Fiji software (C) MMP-2 and -9 activity was evaluated by gelatin zymography using 1 and 15 μg of protein from CM of non-irradiated and 10 Gy-irradiated macrophages (n = 10) White bands of proteolytic activity were revealed on a Coomassie Blue-stained gelatin gel The same conclusion was extended to MMP-9 and pro-MMP-2 proteolytic bands when 15 μg of macrophage CM protein were loaded Our results evidence that ionizing radiation induces macrophage morphologic alterations and increases their phagocytic rate without affecting macrophage MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteolytic activities Ionizing radiation does not affect macrophage ability to promote cancer cell invasion and cancer cell-mediated angiogenesis (A) Matrigel invasion assays were established confronting RKO cells (upper compartment) and macrophages (lower compartment) after being separately exposed or not to 10 Gy cumulative ionizing radiation dose The six possible combinations are represented in the scheme Invasive cells were counterstained with DAPI and counted on the microscope with CM from non-irradiated or 10 Gy irradiated macrophages The comparison of RKO+ CM Mac 0 Gy versus RKO+CM Mac 10 Gy was evaluated in two rings within the same fertilized egg (n = 18) while the condition RKO+RPMI was performed in a single distinct egg (n = 16) Analysis of RKO-induced angiogenesis was performed through quantification of the number of new vessels in control and experimental conditions ANOVA analysis demonstrated a significant difference between groups The median is represented by the horizontal line inside the box plots proteolysis and the ability to promote cancer cell activities were evaluated in irradiated human macrophages Schematic representation of the effect of ionizing radiation on human blood monocyte-derived macrophages Two main macrophage functional polarization status are recognized: a pro-inflammatory responsible for killing intracellular pathogens and antitumour activity and an anti-inflammatory one Pro-inflammatory macrophages produce high levels of TNF-α while anti-inflammatory ones express CD163 MRC1 and produce high levels of TGF-β1 and IL-10 cytokines we demonstrated that irradiated macrophages exhibit a decrease of anti-inflammatory (CD163 MRC1 and IL-10) and an increase of other pro-inflammatory (CD80 Although irradiated macrophages are more effective than non-irradiated ones at phagocytosis a typical feature of pro-inflammatory macrophages they fail to reach a classical pro-inflammatory phenotype as they do not produce high levels of TNF-α On the other hand and similarly to their counterparts irradiated macrophages are able to promote cancer cell invasion and cancer cell-induced angiogenesis Our data suggests that M-CSF differentiated macrophages exposed to cumulative ionizing radiation doses up to 10 Gy exhibit a reduced anti-inflammatory-like phenotype probably moving towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype although irradiated macrophages exhibit characteristics from both pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes they do not perfectly match to any of these typical profiles appearing to acquire intermediate characteristics These considerations should be taken into account when extrapolating data from one species to another the sustained promotion of cancer cell invasion by irradiated macrophages may be associated with the fact that MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity is not being affected by radiation exposure we also showed that irradiated macrophages are still able to promote cancer cell-induced angiogenesis Our data also demonstrates that irradiation maintains macrophage ability to promote cancer cell invasion and cancer cell-induced angiogenesis although radiotherapy mainly induces cancer cell death are also irradiated and could persist still sustaining the activity of residual radioresistant cancer cells this knowledge opens new perspectives for macrophage clinical targeting after or concomitantly to ionizing radiation as a strategy to improve radiotherapy efficacy in agreement with the Helsinki declaration Informed consent was obtained from all subjects before each blood donation were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) in RPMI1640 (L-Glutamine) (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% FBS (Lonza 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Invitrogen) Photon beam was produced by a PRIMUS (Siemens operated at 18 MV at the Radiotherapy Service of CHSJ To avoid differences between non-irradiated and irradiated cells caused by medium agitation during transport to/from the Radiotherapy Service macrophages were incubated with resazurin redox dye (0.01 mg/mL) (Sigma-Aldrich) for 3 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2 Fluorescence intensity was measured (530 nm Ex/590 nm Em) using the multi-mode microplate reader Synergy MX (BioTek) and values were normalized to protein concentration in the CM measured with detergent-compatible (DC) protein assay (BioRad) Data from irradiated macrophages was then compared with the respective controls and expressed as percentage from non-irradiated or 10 Gy irradiated macrophages was extracted using TriPure Isolation Reagent (Roche) RNA was converted to cDNA using 150 U of SuperScript™ II Reverse Transcriptase 8U of rRNasin (Promega) and RNase/DNase free water (Gibco) To evaluate mRNA expression levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory gene markers quantitative PCR using Brilliant II Sybr green kit (Stratagene/Agilent Technologies) and specific MX3005P 96-well semi-skirted plates Samples were analysed on the MX3005P qPCR platform (Stratagene/Agilent) R: 5′-CCGACCACCACTACAGCAA-3′; TNF F: 5′- GGCTGGAGCTGAGAGATA-3′ Primer sets for ACTB (used as a normalizing gene) MRC1 and VCAN were from Applied Biosystems For cell surface receptor expression analysis non-irradiated and 10 Gy irradiated macrophages subjected or not to further cytokine-induced polarization gently detached by scraping and resuspended in FACs buffer [PBS Stainings with anti-human CD14-APC (clone MEM-18) CD86-FITC (clone BU63) (Immunotools) and CD163-PE (clone GHI/61) (R&D Systems) antibodies were performed in the dark for 30 min macrophages were fixed for 15 min in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) Isotype-matched antibodies were used as negative controls Cells were acquired on a FACS Calibur™ Flow Cytometer (BD Biosciences) using Cell Quest Software (collecting 1 × 104 cells) Analysis was performed with FlowJo software (v7.6.5) Mean fluorescent intensity was calculated by subtracting the respective isotype control intensity TGF-β1 free active and IL-10 cytokine levels were determined according to manufacturer’s instructions (BioLegend) in CM from non-irradiated and 10 Gy irradiated macrophages subjected or not to further cytokine-induced polarization as above detailed 50 μL of cell culture supernatant were added to a 96-well plate pre-coated with the capture antibody of interest The soluble proteins bound to the capture antibody were detected using a biotinylated antibody followed by an avidin-HRP conjugated solution which intensity was proportional to the amount of antigen captured Absorbance was then read at 450 and 570 nm Cytokine levels were determined by plotting values on a standard curve and normalizing them to CM protein concentration Macrophages were incubated with monoclonal antibodies for phosphorylated histone-H2AX (Ser139) (γH2AX) (clone JBW301) (Millipore) or α-tubulin (Sigma-Aldrich) followed by goat-anti mouse AlexaFluor-594-conjugated-secondary antibody (Invitrogen) incubation F-actin was stained for 15 min with 0.5 μM Phalloidin-FITC (Sigma-Aldrich) 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) solution Multiwell plate-based screening was performed with a Leica DMI6000 B inverted motorized fluorescence microscope (Leica Microsystems) Microscopic images are represented at 300× magnification The chick embryo CAM model was used to evaluate RKO-induced angiogenic response in the presence of macrophage CM commercially available fertilized chick (Gallus gallus) eggs were horizontally incubated at 37.5 °C a square window was opened in the shell after removal of 1.5–2 mL of albumen The window was sealed with a transparent adhesive tape and eggs re-incubated RKO cells (1 × 106) resuspended in CM from non-irradiated or 10 Gy irradiated macrophages were placed on top of the same CAM RKO cells resuspended in RPMI medium were inoculated in a different egg Eggs were re-sealed and returned to the incubator for additional 72 h the CAM was excised from embryos and photographed ex-ovo under a stereoscope The number of new vessels (<20 μm diameter) growing radially towards the inoculation area was counted in a blind fashion All graphs and statistical analysis were performed using GraphPad Prism Software v5 (GraphPad-trial version) Data was analysed for Gaussian distribution using the D’Agostino and Pearson normality test To test the hypothesis that irradiated macrophages are different from non-irradiated ones Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used for non-parametric samples while t-test (either paired t-test or one sample t-test) was used for parametric data or when n < 8 Statistical significance was achieved when P < 0.05 A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08498-1 The role of radiotherapy in cancer treatment: estimating optimal utilization from a review of evidence-based clinical guidelines The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU) systematic overview of radiotherapy for cancer including a prospective survey of radiotherapy practice in Sweden 2001–summary and conclusions Radiation oncology: a century of achievements Technological advances and the rising problems in cancer management Strategies to improve radiotherapy with targeted drugs Does ionizing radiation stimulate cancer invasion and metastasis Anti-cancer therapies targeting the tumor stroma Immune cells: plastic players along colorectal cancer progression Normalizing tumor microenvironment to treat cancer: bench to bedside to biomarkers Dying cell clearance and its impact on the outcome of tumor radiotherapy Macrophages: obligate partners for tumor cell migration Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis Trial Watch: Anticancer radioimmunotherapy Radiotherapy and the Tumor Stroma: The Importance of Dose and Fractionation Biological mechanisms of radiation actions at low doses A white paper to guide the Scientific Committee’s future programme of work Reduced secretion of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta by stimulated peritoneal macrophages of radiosensitive Balb/c mice after exposure to 0.5 or 0.7 Gy of ionizing radiation 0.5 Gy gamma radiation suppresses production of TNF-alpha through up-regulation of MKP-1 in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells Low and moderate doses of ionizing radiation up to 2 Gy modulate transmigration and chemotaxis of activated macrophages provoke an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu but do not impact upon viability and phagocytic function gammaH2AX: a sensitive molecular marker of DNA damage and repair Crosstalk between chromatin state and DNA damage response in cellular senescence and cancer Radiation response of mouse lymphoid and myeloid cell lines Apoptotic death is shown by all lines examined Hematopoietic stem cell: self-renewal versus differentiation The biology of myeloid-derived suppressor cells: the blessing and the curse of morphological and functional heterogeneity Recruitment of myeloid but not endothelial precursor cells facilitates tumor regrowth after local irradiation CSF1R signaling blockade stanches tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and improves the efficacy of radiotherapy in prostate cancer Myeloid-derived cells in tumors: effects of radiation The tumour microenvironment after radiotherapy: mechanisms of resistance and recurrence Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death PARP-1 cleavage fragments: signatures of cell-death proteases in neurodegeneration Parallel induction of ATM-dependent pro- and antiapoptotic signals in response to ionizing radiation in murine lymphoid tissue Tumor necrosis factor induces Bcl-2 and Bcl-x expression through NFkappaB activation in primary hippocampal neurons Polarization profiles of human M-CSF-generated macrophages and comparison of M1-markers in classically activated macrophages from GM-CSF and M-CSF origin Transcriptional profiling of the human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization: new molecules and patterns of gene expression The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization LPS induces rapid IL-10 release by M-CSF-conditioned tolerogenic dendritic cell precursors Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor metastasis Cell cycle progression and apoptosis after irradiation in an acidic environment Overview of radiosensitivity of human tumor cells to low-dose-rate irradiation The tumor-immune microenvironment and response to radiation therapy Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines Colony-stimulating factor 1 promotes progression of mammary tumors to malignancy Radiation sensitivity of human and murine peripheral blood lymphocytes The role of oxygen-derived free radicals in radiation-induced damage and death of nondividing eucaryotic cells Radioresistance of the engulfing and degradative capacities of peritoneal phagocytes to kiloroentgen x-ray doses Threonine 68 of Chk2 is phosphorylated at sites of DNA strand breaks Ionizing radiation induces expression and binding activity of the nuclear factor kappa B RelB regulates Bcl-xl expression and the irradiation-induced apoptosis of murine prostate cancer cells Regulation of macrophage function in tumors: the multifaceted role of NF-kappaB A distinct and unique transcriptional program expressed by tumor-associated macrophages (defective NF-kappaB and enhanced IRF-3/STAT1 activation) Transcriptional regulation of macrophage polarization: enabling diversity with identity Differential effects of irradiation with carbon ions and x-rays on macrophage function TNF Induction of NF-kappaB RelB Enhances RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis by Promoting Inflammatory Macrophage Differentiation but also Limits It through Suppression of NFATc1 Expression Macrophages and therapeutic resistance in cancer Immunomodulatory properties and molecular effects in inflammatory diseases of low-dose x-irradiation Contribution of the immune system to bystander and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation Of mice and not men: differences between mouse and human immunology Nitric oxide synthase is not a constituent of the antimicrobial armature of human mononuclear phagocytes “Of mice and men”: arginine metabolism in macrophages Macrophages stimulate gastric and colorectal cancer invasion through EGFR Y(1086) Erk1/2 and Akt phosphorylation and smallGTPase activity Resazurin assay of radiation response in cultured cells Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis Download references This work was financially supported by the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation FCT/MEC (PTDC-SAU-ONC/112511/2009 and UID/BIM/04293/2013) co-financed by the FEDER via the PT2020 Partnership Agreement under the 4293 Unit I&D We also acknowledge the Program COMPETE FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-010915 and the Prize L’Óreal for Women in Science (Foundation L’Óreal/FCT/UNESCO) Authors also thank the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) FCT (PhD fellowships: SFRH/BD/74144/2010 and SFRH/BD/81103/2011; FCT-Program Ciência2008 and FCT2012-Investigator Program) North Region Operational Program (ON.2) (NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000005-QREN) Cancer Research UK (C99667/A12918) and Wellcome Trust (097945/B/11/Z) for their grant support we would like to perform a special acknowledgement to all members of Radiotherapy Service (CHSJ) availability and support provided to this project I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Mário Adolfo Barbosa & Maria José Oliveira Ana Teresa Pinto & Ana Patrícia Cardoso ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar Susana Gomes dos Santos & Mário Adolfo Barbosa IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research performed the experiments and drafted the manuscript protocol optimization and in vitro experiments helped with macrophage polarization experiments provided technical support on image acquisition and analysis managed the irradiation schedule and provided clinical input helped in the acquisition and interpretation of macrophage polarization data provided scientific input and reviewed the manuscript supervised the study data and drafted the manuscript All authors read and approved the final manuscript The authors declare no competing financial interests Download citation Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Cancer newsletter — what matters in cancer research This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page In the context of the internationalism that was the backbone of liberation struggles worldwide women used images – mostly photography and film – as a weapon this political engaged praxis was a sort of response to the use of images by political which very much sustained the colonial order and ideology among the women who photographed or made films for political purposes Sarah Maldoror and Suzanne Lipinska stand out The filmed materials – and not just the ones women authored – were given meaning by film editors Jacqueline Meppiel Cristiana Tullio-Altan or Josefina Crato (the only woman among the four young Guineans sent Isabel Noronha through their cinematographic fictions; Kamy Lara through their documentary films; Eurídice Kala Jota Mombaça and Grada Kilomba through their projects make decisive contributions that reflect on (post-)colonial memories and experiences ways of decolonizing the archive and re-imagine Portuguese colonialism and the struggle against it No history of decolonization or of decolonizing praxes is ever completed without attention to gender How did women view the liberation struggles in the former Portuguese colonies How were their ways of seeing integrated or not in the imagination of colonialism Was there a specific gaze to women over the liberation struggles What knowledge and awareness do we have of/about these ways of seeing And how do these ways of seeing intersect with those of contemporary filmmakers curators and academics who are now questioning public and private archives are visually recreating their memories or re-imagining colonialism programming and curatorship have in questioning or prolonging (official) “politics of memory” GATHERING(S) Gendering Decolonizations: Ways of Seeing and Knowing intends to contribute to the debate photo ©Augusta Conchiglia (Angola, 1968) 10h – Reading of the manifesto “Gathering(s)” 10h10/11h15 – First Circle: Decolonial Image and Movement I “From Submissive to Political: The Place of the Black Body in Visual Culture – conference-performance” (video “Female Gaze and Subjectivity in The Murmuring Coast” “Margarida Cardoso and the Casa Grande women: white fragility and (post)colonial memory” 12h15/13h15 – Catarina Laranjeiro and Tânia Dinis “ Women-nation: representations in postcolonial cinema in Guinea-Bissau”  Cabral and the support network to Guinea-Bissau’s Revolution” (online) “The production of knowledge about colonized and non-colonized women: methodological implications” 17h00/19h15 – Second Circle: Images and Liberation Chants – Augusta Conchiglia on the East Front tracks (Angola)* Screening of excerpt of A proposito dell’Angola (Stefano di Stefani and Maria do Carmo Piçarra on Guerre du Peuple en Angola and the migration of images to Monangambé (Sarah Maldoror 16’) and Festival panafricain d’Alger (William Klein  May 28th – Hangar (morning) / Museum of Aljube (afternoon) 10h-13h – Third Circle: Decolonizing the Archives 10h/10h20 – Screening of Terceiro Andar (versão monocanal, 17’) 11h/11h40 – Screening Fordlandia malaise (Susana de Sousa Dias 12h20/13h - Talk with Susana de Sousa Dias Luciana Fina and Maria do Carmo Piçarra  14h30/15h10 – Forth Circle: Decolonial Image and Movement II Screening of Essencial é a Fome (Raquel Lima Talk on the creative processes and methods of Raquel Lima and Ana Cristina Pereira  15h10/15h50 – Screening of excerpts from Nôs Terra (2013 16h/18h30h – Fifth Circle: Unlearning Colonialism: ways of seeing and knowing 16h20/17h05 – Screening of excerpts from ANTICORPO: a Parody on the Colonial Ambition (Patrícia Lino 44’); Teko Haxy - ser imperfeita (Patrícia Ferreira and Sophia Pinheiro 10h/10h30 – Ana Balona de Oliveira “Women Artist Decolonizing the Archive” 10h30/13h – Sixth Circle: Public and Private Archives Screening of Rorschach for a blindness (Vanessa Fernandes 5’) and Tradição e Imaginação (Vanessa Fernandes 9’) and Adventures in Mozambique and the Portuguese Tendency to Forget (Ângela Ferreira “Rhizomes: from memory to imagination” “On Adventures in Mozambique and the Portuguese Tendency to Forget” Talk with Vanessa Fernandes and Ângela Ferreira moderated by Ana Balona de Oliveira  “The function of archives’ reuse and sensory reenactment in the elaboration of a counter-history of Portuguese late colonialism” Screening and talk with the film director.  16h/18h30 – Seventh Circle: Maldoror’s decolonial gaze (Angola “Political awareness and anti-colonialism through the poetic gaze of Sarah Maldoror” 16h40 – Screening of Cap-Vert: Un Carnaval Dans Le Sahel (1979 Talk with Annouchka de Andrade and Maria do Carmo Piçarra development and coordination by Maria do Carmo Piçarra Integrated in the research program at Hangar / Xerem and supported by DGArtes.  Visual archaeologist. She finished her Ph.D Culture and Communication Studies at New York University Her research interests are located at the intersection of visual culture memory studies and decolonial theory-praxis and their articulation within the history of the Portuguese empire in particular its contemporary modes of existence She also holds a special interest in indigenous cosmogonies in Contemporary Art History from FCSH-Universidade Nova de Lisboa and a B.A branch Art History from Faculdade de Letras-Universidade de Lisboa She also studied at the New School for Social Research (anthropology) and at Sorbonne-Paris IV In addition she works in film and is currently developing the visual project Colonial Specters: a visual hauntology Inês is the author of Sob o Olhar de Deuses sem Vergonha: Cultura Visual e Paisagens Contemporâneas (Lisboa: IHA-EAC/Colibri Postdoctoral Researcher at the Centre of the Communication and Society Research of the University of Minho and the Centre for Comparative Studies of the University of Lisbon Co-editor of Aniki – Portuguese Journal of the Moving Image Propaganda colonial e censura no cinema do Estado Novo (Overseas blues Colonial propaganda and censorship in the cinema of Estado Novo (2015) Published under a Creative Commons License Practical insights from and foracademics and university staff Everything you need for each stepof your study abroad journey More than 1,500 people have signed an open letter calling for the reinstatement of a chapter of a book on sexual misconduct in universities after it was withdrawn by its publisher following legal threats Chapter 12 of Sexual Misconduct in Academia: Informing an Ethics of Care in the University details what its three female authors describe as their experiences of sexual harassment at an unnamed institution where they were formerly PhD students or postdocs Boaventura de Sousa Santos, emeritus professor of sociology and director emeritus of the Centre for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra was reported as being “taken aback” by the “very offensive paper” Campus resource: What does ‘taking sexual violence seriously’ look like at universities? The future of the title as a whole is now mired in uncertainty Now an open letter calling on Routledge to reinstate chapter 12 and the book as a whole has been signed by more than 1,500 people who call on the publisher to stand up to legal threats Anna Bull, lecturer in education and social justice at the University of York who wrote the book’s afterword and co-founded the 1752 Group a research group addressing sexual harassment in higher education said that the withdrawal of the chapter was “very concerning” She warned that the move risked silencing victims of sexual harassment “Routledge admit that they have bowed to legal threats in withdrawing the chapter This move has serious implications for academic freedom in scholarly publications,” Dr Bull said we are hoping to persuade them to stand up to legal threats and reinstate the book While they are also in a difficult position they have chosen to take the least risky option if Routledge was not willing to reinstate the book she hoped that another publisher would be willing to take it on Routledge said the academic institution involved and others had made statements leading to the identification of some of those involved in news articles and on social media “Routledge then received a series of legal threats from various parties including from a leading UK law firm acting for one of the accused and was put in the difficult position of defending specific allegations against named “After discussions failed to find a way forward Routledge made the difficult decision to withdraw the chapter from publication and return the rights in the chapter to the authors.” The publisher said it intends to reconvene with the editors at an appropriate time to explore options for the rest of the book but that the title will remain unavailable pending the conclusion of this process and the full resolution of legal claims Professor Santos has not responded to THE’s requests for comment He has said in a YouTube interview that he had committed “errors making comments that “would be considered male chauvinistic things” today such as complimenting women on their appearance patrick.jack@timeshighereducation.com Already registered or a current subscriber Editors claim voices of victims are being silenced as future of Routledge book on harassment in academia left in doubt As several UK universities outlaw sex between academics and students two writers offer differing views on the Office for Students’ proposed ban higher education’s attitude towards student-faculty relationships is very different The #MeToo movement has cast historical behaviour and curricula in a new New restrictions following pro-Palestinian encampments appear to contravene Australian universities’ commitments on free speech English universities pushing to show they are serious about tackling sexual misconduct ahead of new regulatory requirements but experts say efforts still ‘patchy’ An internationally supported online institution could give hope to the country’s young women Bill proposing screening of all scholars working on ‘sensitive areas’ will create ‘huge administrative burden’ Subscribe today to receive unlimited news and analyses commentary from the sharpest minds in international academia our influential university rankings analysis and the latest insights from our World Summit series A Portuguese university has issued a public apology to “people who consider themselves victims of harassment or abuse” at the institution after allegations of sexual misconduct were raised in a book that became the centre of a publishing controversy publicly claimed that that the work identified him in relation to the harassment allegations In a statement, Routledge said it had made the “difficult decision” to withdraw the chapter after receiving “a series of legal threats”. More than 1,500 people subsequently signed an open letter calling for the chapter to be reinstated A spokesperson for the publisher told Times Higher Education: “Routledge has not yet reached a decision with the editors of the book about its future The Centre for Social Studies appointed an independent commission in response to the allegations after the book’s initial publication in March 2023, and an investigation commenced the following August. In its final report the commission concludes that while it could not “clarify beyond doubt the existence or otherwise of all the situations reported” there was evidence to suggest “patterns of conduct involving abuse of power and harassment on the part of some people who held senior positions in the CES hierarchy” which does not name any alleged perpetrators found that the centre’s “hierarchical structure” had resulted in “profound power imbalances and distrust among students towards the people who have held management positions in its bodies over the years” the commission says CES management had demonstrated a “frivolous” response to allegations of misconduct “Confusion” between the professional and private spheres may have led to abuse of power while “situations of favouritism and bias” are noted the CES board of directors said: “While it is true that the situations reported were the result of individual actions they are also the result of institutional failures which in the absence of adequate mechanisms to prevent harassment allowed the conditions for forms of abuse of power “We are determined to take every initiative to ensure that there are consequences to these complaints and that the bad practices that have been identified are not repeated at CES,” the letter continued THE has approached Professor Santos for comment He told Portuguese media that the report “focused on issues of abuse of power responsible for the decentralisation of power” and he suggested that these issues related to “people who held higher positions in the CES hierarchy” “I believe that the more than 600 pages of evidence that I added to the process have contributed to the fact that nothing objective against me has been concluded,” Professor Santos told Observador emily.dixon@timeshighereducation.com Chapter withdrawn by Routledge after legal threats with professor claiming that he had been identified Article on MeToo movement in Iran named researcher responses that point out its flaws should not be hidden from readers behind a paywall As UK universities desperately seek savings open science advocates must press both their moral and selfish cases say Marcus Munafò and Neil Jacobs Academics are being urged to boycott a publisher after it “unpublished” a book on sexual misconduct in universities which had triggered legal threats A chapter of Sexual Misconduct in Academia: Informing an Ethics of Care in the University – which details allegations of sexual harassment at an unnamed institution – was previously withdrawn after an academic claimed he was identified as an alleged perpetrator In doing so, Anna Bull, lecturer in education and social justice at the University of York told Times Higher Education that Routledge and Taylor & Francis were “choosing to stand with the powerful and silence survivors of sexual misconduct” “Their mishandling of the publication of Sexual Misconduct in Academia shows they are unable to cope with this issue,” said Dr Bull we urge academics to boycott reviewing for or publishing with them wherever possible.” Despite international outcry the chapter in question was permanently withdrawn in September Catarina Laranjeiro and Miye Nadya Tom – describe their experiences of sexual harassment at an unnamed institution where they were formerly PhD students or postdocs However, Boaventura de Sousa Santos, director emeritus of the University of Coimbra’s Centre for Social Studies (CES) publicly claimed that the work identified him in relation to the harassment allegations Earlier this year, Coimbra issued a public apology to “people who consider themselves victims of harassment or abuse” after an independent report concluded that while it could not “clarify beyond doubt the existence or otherwise of all the situations reported” chief executive of the End Rape on Campus project said it was “deeply disappointing” to see the “vital” publication removed from shelves “This action only highlights the very silencing the book seeks to address,” she added in a post on Twitter/X “I’m in solidarity with you [the editors] and hope that this gets resolved ensuring that your next collection remains unscathed.” Routledge said it wrote to the editors with a “proposal to work collaboratively together to make the remainder of Sexual Misconduct in Academia available again as a Routledge title” in September we could not reach agreement with the editors on this proposal,” they added to revert all the rights in the book to the editors and the contributors giving them full freedom to explore options for publication elsewhere including placing the book with another publisher.” Investigation follows publishing controversy that saw chapter detailing allegations withdrawn by Routledge Read today's Portuguese stories delivered to your email  Aldi opens its first store of the year in Portugal today The new establishment is located in Monte de Caparica the company explains that it "kicks off the new year with the opening of its first store in 2025 in Monte de Caparica" "This investment consolidates the presence of the discount retailer in Almada which now has four stores in this municipality "the brand now has 21 stores in the district of Setúbal this being the fourth in the municipality of Almada We appreciate that not everyone can afford to pay for our services but if you are able to we ask you to support The Portugal News by making a contribution – no matter how small You can change how much you give or cancel your contributions at any time Send us your comments or opinion on this article Reaching over 400,000 people a week with news about Portugal Two academics say a publisher has permanently withdrawn a chapter of a book they edited on sexual misconduct in universities with doubts about the future of the entire collection after a prominent Portuguese sociologist alleged it identified him in relation to claims of harassment Sexual Misconduct in Academia: Informing an Ethics of Care in the University was published in March this year by Routledge Chapter 12 details what its three female authors describe as their experiences of sexual harassment at an unnamed institution where they were formerly PhD students or postdocs In an interview posted on YouTube, Boaventura de Sousa Santos, emeritus professor of sociology and director emeritus of the Centre for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra said he was “taken aback by this paper that was published by Routledge – a very offensive paper” also said then that “the book is already suspended because it’s so serious – it’s a criminal accusation under the guise of a scientific paper” a Brazilian politician was reported by Brazilian media to have alleged that she was a victim of sexual harassment by Professor Santos during her time as a PhD student at Coimbra It does not name the institution in question or individuals – instead detailing allegations about a “star professor and his apprentice” It also refers to anonymous graffiti repeatedly appearing on walls at the institution alleging sexual misconduct by the “star professor” The pair told Times Higher Education in a statement that Routledge told them it had been contacted by a Portuguese lawyer and then received a “cease-and-desist letter” from an individual who claimed to be identified in the chapter Routledge decided to permanently withdraw chapter 12 from the book and handed back the rights of the chapter to the authors through an email,” Dr Pritchard and Dr Edwards said “This final decision was not communicated with or agreed to by us as editors We are very disappointed that Routledge has taken the decision to permanently withdraw the chapter and possibly the book “This is effectively siding with those attempting to silence this book and making minimal attempts to push back against these legal threats without defending academic freedom or the rights of sexual harassment survivors to speak about their experiences.” who did not respond to THE’s requests for comment said in the YouTube interview that his centre had organised an independent commission to look into the issue A Taylor & Francis spokesperson said that “the title Sexual Misconduct in Academia is currently under review” and it was “unable to comment while the review is ongoing” said the authors “took reasonable steps not to name anyone” in relation to the experiences described in the chapter added: “It is really important for survivors of sexual violence and harassment to be able to talk about their experience and to do so with their own names…People have the right to speak about their experiences.” john.morgan@timeshighereducation.com Already registered or a current subscriber? As several UK universities outlaw sex between academics and students, two writers offer differing views on the Office for Students’ proposed ban Five years on, higher education’s attitude towards student-faculty relationships is very different, says a UK-based academic First results of landmark survey of 42,186 employees and students released The #MeToo movement has cast historical behaviour and curricula in a new, shadowy light. Four writers give us their perspectives An internationally supported online institution could give hope to the country’s young women, now confined to their homes, says an Afghan scholar If a paper is published open access, responses that point out its flaws should not be hidden from readers behind a paywall, says Andrew Barnas As UK universities desperately seek savings, open science advocates must press both their moral and selfish cases, say Marcus Munafò and Neil Jacobs As the voice of global higher education, THE is an invaluable daily resource. Subscribe today to receive unlimited news and analyses, commentary from the sharpest minds in international academia, our influential university rankings analysis and the latest insights from our World Summit series. 2001 THE WINDSOR STAR C7 Deaths MACPHERSON Pherson was a retired executive of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation after 33 years of dedicated service in Toronto Former Commanding Officer of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders (Winnipeg) and a former Commander of the Windsor Militia District Andrew's Presbyterian Church( Windsor) John Ambulance and King Edward Lodge AF AM Visitation at the Windsor Chapel Funeral Home A memorial service will be held on Thursday Andrew's Presbyterian Church (405 Victoria) donations may be made to the Windsor Regional Cancer Centre Walter James (Wally) Matthews in his 73rd year Beloved husband and friend of Noelle Matthews Dear father to Jim (Loretta) Matthews of Tilbury Also loved and missed by many grandchildren Survived by sisters Doreen (Jack) Lawrie of Sarnia Predeceased by his parents Lorraine and Walter Matthews and brother Robert (Shirley) Matthews A Memorial Service will be held at the Memorial Funeral Home donations to the charity of your choice would be appreciated Loving father of Michelle Petrosenko and husband Bob Gregg Martin Mazak and James Quentin Mazak Dear brother of Emilia Rafaidus and husband George and brother-in-law of Bob Lovecky and wife Mary Mazak was a GRADUATE 1961 from McGill University Faculty of Dentistry FELLOWSHIP RECIPIENT American Endodontic Society FELLOWSHIP RECIPIENT Academy of Dentistry International FELLOWSHIP RECIPIENT International College of Dentists FORMER GOVERNOR Ontario Dental Association FORMER PRESIDENT Essex County Dental Society FORMER EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBER American Association of Dental Consultants FOUNDING PRESIDENT Canadian Association of Dental Consultants FORMER DENTAL CONSULTANT REPRESENTATIVE Ontario Dental Association CERTIFIED DENTAL CONSULTANT American Association of Dental Consultants and EDITOR The Adjudicator (Canadian Association of Dental Consultants Newsletter) East Sunday from 7-9pm and Monday from 2-5pm and 7-9pm Family and friends are requested to meet on Tuesday July 17 from 10:30 am until time of Funeral Mass at 11:00 am As donations may be made to the Deaths MOORE Elsie Hilda (Bilusack) (nee Bluschke) At Hotel Dieu Grace Hospital Beloved mother of Linda Bilusack of Windsor Richard and wife Estelle Bilusack of Regina Rudy Bilusack of Surrey B.C. 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Linda Cebry of Regina and the late Richard Also survived by several nieces and nephews donations to the Canadian Diabetes Association or the Canadian Kidney Foundation would be appreciated by the family For further information please call Families First Funeral Home Chapel (969-5841) You may send your online condolences at www.familiesfirst.net MUTTERBACK Kathleen (Kay) (nee Knight) At Leamington Hospital Funeral service from the funeral home on Tuesday donations to the Ontario Heart and Stroke Foundation or Leamington Hospital would be appreciated Dearest son of Verna and the late Elmer Pickering Funeral Service from the funeral home Tuesday 2 p.m 2 grandsons and 2 greatgrandchildren in Yugoslavia a member of the Serbian National Federation Lodge 4 45 and the Royal Yugoslav Army War Combats "Draza He retired from Chrysler's Friends may call at the Anderson Funeral Home Please note: Family and friends are requested to meet at St Dimitrije Serbian Orthodox Church (2690 Seminole) Interment Windsor Memorial Gardens Prayers Monday 7:00 p.m Predeceased by her husband Frank (1996) and husband Pat Fitzpatrick (1972) Loving father of Dan and Sheila Fitzpatrick of Windsor Loving sister to Eileen Somerville and husband Reg of St Betty and Mike Macyshyn of Windsor (deceased) and brother Pat Baker and wife Agnes of St Peggy was a lifetime member of the Essex Kent Naval Veterans and endless volunteer for the ladies auxillary Funeral Services will be held on Wednesday Memorial Tributes to the Liver Foundation would be sincerely appreciated by the family IN MEMORIAM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SERVICES OF TRIBUTE THANK-YOU CARDS SOCIETIES LODGES For Announcement Notices Call 255-5544 Vera May At Hotel Dieu Grace Hospital on July 12 Predeceased by her parents John Mary (nee Timbers) Vincent Loving mother of Bertha Scott and her late husband Wayman (1987) Maidstone; John Franklin Sims and his wife Sara Chatham; Darlene Highgate and her husband Ralph Dresden; the late Donelda Curry (1998); Amos Fletcher Sims Windsor; and Glen Murray Sims and his wife Carmel grandchildren Also and survived yes great-grandchildren Sims was a devoted member of the First Baptist Church Windsor and volunteer of the church's former Emergency Club Visiting at the Sutton Funeral Home Chapel Beloved husband of the late Winnifred (nee: Greenlund) James and wife Roberta and Joseph Loving grandfather to fourteen grandchildren of W.W.II and a member of the Royal Canadian Legion Branch If you so desire donations to the Ontario Heart Stroke Foundation would be appreciated by the family Funeral Tuesday 1pm at Families First Funeral Home Chapel (969-5841) You may send your online condolences at www.familiesfirst.net WARNER Dear stepfather of Derek Schroeder and Kimberley Schroeder Windsor; and the late Dorothy Warner (1989) Garry was a senior Conservation Officer proudly serving Ontario for 25 years dedicated to the protection and enjoyment of Ontario's Natural Resources Funeral service at the funeral home Wednesday Donations to Canadian Cancer Society gratefully acknowledged Gertrude Edith (nee Jennings) With much love and great sorrow in our hearts announce the passing of Gertrude Weir on July 13th now to be reunited with her "ever loving" husband Robert (1977) Gert dedicated her life to raising and protecting her family and will be remembered with love in the hearts of her grandchildren Dearest sister of Violet Phillips and the late George and Victor Jennings and favorite aunt to Audrey and Ed Soper Gertie dedicated her life to helping others She was a 54 year member of the Knox Presbyterian Church; a long time volunteer at Grace Hospital a former member of the Jubilee Club Fun Band and the Free on Friday Club donations to a Charity of Your Choice would be appreciated by the family Now in peace in the arms of the Lord and watching over her family she will be laid to rest by those who loved her the most on Monday 2001 at at Families First Funeral Home (969-5841) 2670 Dougall Avenue Paterson of Paulin Memorial Presbyterian Church officiating You may send your online condolences at www.familiesfirst.net In Memoriams Memoriams" are a prepaid classification) For your convenience accept VISA and MASTERCARD You see Chris The most loving and caring human being that ever graced this earth you will always be the "Wind beneath my HAPPY BIRTHDAY 1978 Today we thank God for giving you to us 23 years ago We still hear your voice and see your gentle face you're in our hearts every minute of the day especially on this day for this is the day that all of our lives were blessed with you THE FAMILY FACT FILE A HEAVENLY Our new estate organizer Never any obligation call today for your free copy Planning Remembering HEAVENLY REST CEMETERY 5005 Howard Ave Today we celebrate Rosa's 30th Birthday It was a glorious day for God had given us a precious gift our baby sister Far from sin and Where Jesus said "Believe in Me And thou shalt see her again." I wish I could give you a big "30th" Birthday hug Rosa can still hear your laugh We can still see your smile We will always feel your presence --Missing you today and always Dan In loving memory of my dear Cousin who passed away 4 years ago today a Special face And in my heart a Special place 1996 Five years have passed and gone Since the one we loved so well Was taken from our home earth With Jesus Christ to dwell lion The flowers we place upon her grave May wither and decay But the love for her who sleeps beneath Shall never fade away Sadly missed and always remembered by John and Derek PITRE Memories are our greatest treasure We will remember him forever and ever With Mary Pitre families POISON 1994 In loving memory of a wonderful Husband And finds the time long since you went There is someone who thinks of you always And tries to be brave and content Gone is the face we loved so dear Silent the voice we loved to hear; 'Tis sad but true we wonder why William In loving memory of our dearest father and grandfather Remember him with a smile today He was not one for tears Reflect instead on memories Of all the happy years Recall to mind the way he spoke Of all the things he said 1999 Ode to Nikolas You never had the chance to see the blue skies We never had the chance to hear your cries You never had the chance to crawl or walk We never had the chance to hear you talk You never had the chance to run and play We never had the chance to tell you "Everything's You never had the chance to climb a tree Mom never had the chance to kiss your scraped knee You never had the chance to ride in Dad's truck Dad never had the chance to show you a puck You never had the chance to tease your big sister She never had the chance to let you kiss her You never had the chance to get dirty and soiled Your Grandparents never had the chance to see that you got spoiled They never had the chance to show you their loving But we are thankful to heave held you even though a brief time You now have the chance to watch over us from above We still have the chance to show you our love you won't have the chance to know suffering and pain And we pray for the day when we will meet you again Nikolas Two years have gone by Since we last held you baby boy Now you are flying free little one Where your star is brighter than the sun When the Lord looked upon the earth that day Our sweet little boy he took away Only the best I shall take For he has made no mistakes Happy 2nd Birthday Our Sweet Bundle of Joy Love Nana Papa Vincent URBAN see To see you To tell you everything's okay Even though you're far away It's always easy forever to and We love you always We wish to express our sincere thanks to the many friends and family who gave a kind word of sympathy beautiful floral arrangements and spiritual offerings during the long illness and death of our beloved husband and father and staff at Families First Funeral Home and Heavenly Rest Cemetery Eva Rabideau Family To place your memoriam in Star Classified please call 255-5544 Please allow 2 business days for us to process your photo (Photo is optional.) 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