LISBON - Portuguese researchers have identified alterations in the body that are indicative of complications after cardiovascular surgery a discovery that opens the way to dietary and medicinal responses that avoid or minimize these effects especially if they are carried out using extracorporeal circulation which ensures the functions of the heart and lungs while the heart is stopped for the surgical procedure Various organs can be affected during these procedures with the kidney suffering the most and with a greater likelihood of failing “We tried to understand what impacts these procedures had at a molecular level and potentially how we could intervene to minimize the consequences of surgery,” Moita told Lusa The team of researchers discovered that cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation induces a greater disturbance in metabolism than other types of surgery characterized by an increase in protein metabolism which is the set of biochemical processes involved in the synthesis degradation and use of proteins in the body “In patients who have undergone aortic valve replacement we have studied the metabolic changes during this procedure which now open up the possibility of modifying these factors at a molecular level or even with nutritional interventions before surgery which could improve the survival rate and even reduce the negative consequences of this type of surgery,” he said With the impact of the intervention on various organs long known it remained to be seen how it could be minimized given the fundamental role of these surgeries in improving and saving patients’ lives “What we have realized is that molecular signatures even before the extracorporeal circulation begins that allow us to predict with great specificity which patients will develop" complications these findings make it possible to identify the patients who are most likely to suffer organ dysfunction and thus “take measures to try to reduce not only the severity but the number of patients who have kidney problems as a result of these surgeries,” said Moita The researcher explained that the metabolites they have identified are small molecules that mediate metabolism a type of molecule that does almost everything in the body it will be possible to find out what the metabolites are and understand whether they are helping whether they are trying to improve the consequences of these interventions they are the cause of these organ dysfunctions we can either favor some of these metabolites counteract those that may be causing problems,” he added This is done after cataloguing the alterations and understanding which ones are beneficial and which ones cause problems in the overwhelming majority of cases patients can change their diets in a certain direction in the weeks before the intervention “Patients can have a different diet that can nevertheless have an important impact on the recovery of these patients in response to this type of operation,” he pointed out which involved the Cardiovascular Centre of the University of Lisbon and the Research Centre for Disease Mechanisms of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon in partnership with the Hospital de Santa Maria were recently published in the prestigious scientific journal Intensive Care Medicine after cataloguing the alterations identified the research will continue in animal models and pre-clinical models in which alterations will be caused to see if they are beneficial or not “Some of them we already know are beneficial but there are a number of them that are still unclear “The other thing is precisely to start testing various types of interventions in pre-clinical models of major heart surgery whether there is greater or lesser organ dysfunction.” “Once we know for sure what the impact of these measures is we can move on to clinical trials in these patients and increase their quality of life and even their long-term survival,” he concluded Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of 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movement resumption as a cue of safety group responses were primarily guided by the safety cues resulting in a net social buffering effect a graded decrease in freezing behavior with increasing group sizes Whether and how different threat levels affect the use of social cues to guide defense responses remains elusive we investigated this issue by exposing flies individually and in groups to two threat imminences using looms of different speeds We showed that freezing responses are stronger to the faster looms regardless of social condition social buffering was stronger for groups exposed to the fast looms such that the increase in freezing caused by the higher threat was less prominent in flies tested in groups than those tested individually we created groups composed of moving and freezing flies and by varying group composition we titrated the motion cues that surrounding flies produce which were held constant across threat levels We found that the same level of safety motion cues had a bigger weight on the flies’ decisions when these were exposed to the higher threat thus overriding differences in perceived threat levels These findings shed light on the “safety in numbers” effect revealing the modulation of the saliency of social safety cues across threat intensities a possible mechanism to regulate costly defensive responses many of which rely at least partially on vision little is known regarding how different threat levels affect group defensive responses and reliance on social cues looming stimuli with lower approach rates evoke slower escapes while higher approach rates evoke faster responses We had previously shown that flies exposed to looming stimuli in groups use social motion cues as both a cue of threat and safety (Ferreira and Moita, 2020). On the one hand, freezing in others leads to freezing in a focal fly. On the other hand, in line with buffering effects in other animals (Kiyokawa et al., 2004, 2014; Faustino et al., 2017) movement of others leads to movement resumption after freezing we addressed how different threat levels affect group freezing behavior and usage of social motion cues We used two loom speeds as different degrees of threat and analyzed freezing responses in individual and group tested flies to uncover the effect of threat imminence on group-mediated freezing responses We then manipulated the social environment controlling the numbers of moving and freezing flies surrounding a focal fly to clearly disentangle the effect of looming speed on the usage of social motion cues in regulating freezing responses Flies were kept at 25°C and 70% humidity in a 12:12 h dark:light cycle flies were transferred for 48 h before the experiments to food with 0.4 mmol/L retinal a required co-factor for the function of the opsin CsChrimson focal flies were marked on the thorax using a white marker pen Wild-type flies used were Canton-S. LC6-splitGAL4 line w[1118]; P{y[ + t7.7] w[ + mC] = R92B02-p65.AD}attP40; P{y[ + t7.7] w[ + mC] = R41C07-GAL4.DBD}attP2 (Wu et al., 2016) and w[*] norpA[36] (blind flies) were obtained from the Bloomington stock center. The UAS-CsChrimson line used was w1118; P{20XUAS-IVS-CsChrimson.mVenus}attP2 (Klapoetke et al., 2014) LC6-splitGal4 driver-line flies were crossed with UAS-CsChrimson effector flies to create LC6 > CsChrimson flies used for optogenetic induction of freezing (freezing flies) We tested wild-type flies alone and in groups of five as well as one focal wild type (marked with white paint) surrounded by different proportions of blind Group freezing responses scale with threat imminence (A) Experimental setup and conditions: we tested individuals and groups of five flies in backlit arenas imaged from above; after a 5-min baseline flies were exposed to twenty 500 ms looming presentations every 10–20 s; we provided either slow (25 cm/s (B,C) Data for flies tested individually (lighter shades) and in groups (darker shades) (B) Fraction of flies freezing throughout the experiment; dashed lines represent looming stimuli presentations; n represents the numbers of flies tested for each condition (C,D) Violin plots representing the probability density distribution of individual fly data bound to the range of possible values with boxplots elements: [central white dot upper (75) and lower (25) quartiles; whiskers (C) Proportion of time spent freezing in the stimulation period P-values result from Kruskal–Wallis statistical analysis followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (D) Difference in the proportion of time spent freezing between individually tested flies and flies tested in groups for slow and fast looms (refer to the section “Materials and Methods”) P-value results from the two-tailed Mann–Whitney test Optogenetic stimulation followed two protocols and all LC6 > CsChrimson flies within the same protocol received the same stimulation: (1) stimulation without concurrent loom presentations–after a 5-min baseline period 7.5 mw/cm2 normalized intensity were delivered over the course of another 5 min and (2) optogenetic manipulations with simultaneous looming stimuli–again after a 5-min baseline period coinciding with the initiation of the presentation of the looms stimulation occurred over 2 min Data were analyzed using custom scripts in spyder (python 3.8) Statistical testing was done in GraphPad Prism 7.03 Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test or two-tailed Mann–Whitney test were chosen as data were not normally distributed (Shapiro–Wilk test) we were able to classify different behaviors taking into account pixel change and speed Freezing bouts were classified as zero-pixel change detected around the fly for at least 500 ms (30 frames) Noise in the images can create pixel changes even when the fly is still visibly immobile to decrease the incidence of false freezing breaks (where the fly is still freezing but noise in the image creates pixel changes) pixel changes occurring for less than 50 ms (3 frames) were allowed that is only pixel changes detected for more than this period were considered true breaks in freezing Freezing in response to looms was determined using a time window starting 30 frames before each loom until 150 frames after the loom. The probability of freezing entries (or freezing onset) was calculated by determining the likelihood a fly that was not freezing 30 frames before a loom, started freezing during, or until 150 frames after it. Latency to freeze corresponds to the time from loom onset to the initiation of freezing (depicted in Supplementary Figures 1A,B) The probability of freezing exits (or freezing offset) between looms was calculated by determining the fraction of instances that flies were freezing within the 2 s after the loom and were not freezing in the last 0.5 s before the next loom (meaning they broke freezing in between looms) The proportion of time spent freezing was quantified by taking the sum of the frames in which freezing occurred during the stimulation period (5 min corresponding × frames) and dividing that by the total number of frames of this period initiating freezing around the end of the looming stimulus and remaining immobile for different lengths of time The length of each freezing bout varies across looming stimuli and across flies such that the same proportion of time freezing may result from different freezing patterns we also analyzed the distribution of freezing bout lengths by measuring the time elapsed from freezing onset to offset or until the experiment ended (when flies once freezing remain immobile for the rest of the test session) To determine when a jump occurred, we identified when a fly’s speed exceeded 75 mm/s for at least one frame, and applied a time constraint of 3 frames between two consecutive jumps (Zacarias et al., 2018; Ferreira and Moita, 2020) To compare the effect size of a manipulation across conditions to compare the effect of manipulating social environment (individually vs group tested flies) across threat level (slow vs as the use of common effect size statistics in non-parametric data is controversial: first we took the median value of the proportion of time spent freezing by flies tested individually (from a sample of 20 flies exposed to slow looms) and subtracted the median value of time spent freezing by flies tested in groups (again a sample of 20 flies exposed to slow looms was used) We repeated this procedure 1,000 times (each time a random sample creating a distribution of difference values in the proportion of time spent freezing between flies tested individually and in groups we simulated 1,000 replicates of this experiment allowing for an estimation of the effect size of manipulating the social environment of flies exposed to one threat level we performed the same for flies exposed to fast looms and a distribution of the difference between social conditions in the proportion of time spent freezing by flies tested under a higher threat level was generated we compared the distributions thus generated allowing for a comparison of the effect size of manipulating social condition across loom speeds A similar procedure was performed to compare the effect size of manipulating threat level across social conditions The same approach was used when analyzing freezing exits As previously described (Ferreira and Moita, 2020) we calculated motion cues for a focal as the summed product of speed and angle on the retina of a focal fly that each of the surrounding flies produces ∑speed = angleontheretina(θ) where θ=2arctan(size2×distance) We modeled the decision to stay frozen or resume movement using the scikit-learn logistic regression model, as previously described (Ferreira and Moita, 2020) we modeled the probability of exiting freezing in between looming stimuli as a function of the looming speed and the average of the sum of the motion cue generated by neighboring flies during that freezing bout We used 100,000 times bootstrapped data with replacement To determine the explanatory power of each predictor we determined the associated fraction of variance Having established that increasing looming speed increases freezing responses in flies tested individually we will henceforth use looming speed to study how different levels of threat affect defensive behaviors in groups was slightly but reliably bigger for flies exposed to fast looms (two-tailed Mann-Whitney the time flies spend freezing scales with perceived threat imminence but the social environment seems to have a higher weight in guiding freezing responses when flies are exposed to faster looms Probability of freezing exit in groups scales with threat imminence (A,C,D) Violin plots representing the probability density distribution of individual fly data bound to the range of possible values (A) Probability of freezing exit before the following looming stimulus (B) Logistic regression model of the decision to stop or continue freezing as a function of social motion cues and looming speed (10,000 bootstrapping events) Mean and standard deviation of model performance (AUROC–area under the receiver operating characteristic curve black) and explanatory power of the social environment (dark gray) and looming speed (light gray) (C) Difference in the probability of freezing exit between individually tested flies and flies tested in groups for slow and fast looms (refer to the section “Materials and Methods”) (D) Probability of freezing entry upon looming stimulus This finding could result from a shift in balance of the weights given to social danger and safety cues as a function of threat level looming speed affects both freezing entries and exits with the impact of the social environment on freezing behavior Manipulating the social environment produces similar motion cues across threat imminences (A–C) We manipulated four out of the five flies in a group to surround focal flies with groups with different proportions of flies that always move (blind flies NorpA) and flies that are optogenetically made to freeze (LC6 > CsChrimson) The color code for the groups is presented in (A,B) Motion cues (refer to the section “Materials and Methods”) produced by the manipulated surrounding flies throughout the experiment when exposed to slow (A) or fast looming stimuli (B); dashed lines represent looming stimuli presentations; n represents the numbers of groups tested for each condition (C) Violin plot representing the probability density distribution of individual fly data bound to the range of possible values Average motion cues produced by the manipulated surrounding flies during the stimulation period P-values result from the two-tailed Mann–Whitney test; significance is determined via Bonferroni correction flies surrounded by all freezing flies froze less than flies alone; we believe this is due to the induction of jumps which affects freezing entries as mentioned above levels out differences in freezing responses across looming speeds Kernel density estimate plots of the distribution of freezing bout lengths for flies exposed to slow (E) and fast (F) looms an appropriate analysis of this effect warrants a different experimental design in which jumps do not confound the analysis social cues of safety lead to similar probabilities of exiting freezing across looming speeds and hence override differences in threat level we have addressed how threat imminence impacts defensive behaviors in groups and reliance on social cues We showed that flies respond with different freezing levels to looming stimuli approaching at different speeds with faster looms triggering faster and more sustained freezing responses we identified a non-linear scaling effect of looming speed the increase in freezing caused by exposure to a higher threat is not similar across social conditions This increase in freezing was more pronounced for flies tested individually than flies tested in groups indicating that the groups of flies exposed to faster looms showed a stronger social buffering effect than the groups exposed to slower looms controlling the social cues surrounding a fly through the manipulation of group composition under both looming conditions revealed that social cues of safety override differences in freezing responses to the two threat levels which may allow them to remain undetected in case the predator looms again in a second chase attempt non-linear scaling effect of defense responses in groups with threat imminence The enhanced social buffering effect upon fast looms seems to result from the perception of the approach speed of the threat in interaction with the perception of surrounding social cues raising the question of whether this effect is generalizable across different features of threat that convey different degrees of danger such as contrast of the threatening stimulus relative to the background it will be interesting to analyze freezing responses tampering with various features of predation threat social cues of danger produced by surrounding freezing flies seem to exacerbate freezing responses to the faster loom compared with the slower loom as the former are a lot less likely to exit freezing our experiments do not allow addressing the social effect on freezing onset appropriately as the optogenetic manipulations used also produce strong jumping responses Future experiments inducing freezing without jumps will allow studying the interplay between threat levels and social cues of danger We believe that this study opens up a path to understand the dynamics of the usage of individually percieved data about threat and danger cues in different predation settings which will provide valuable insight into how crucial threat response decisions are made The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article are available at doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.19609782 CF and MM conceived the project and designed the experiments with input from MH CF and MH performed all experiments except for optogenetic activation in the absence of looming RG made fly crosses and prepared flies for the experiments MF updated behavioral setups and video acquisition codes MF and MH wrote tracking and behavior classification codes This study was supported by Fundação Champalimaud by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) project UIDB/04443/2020 and ERCCoG819630-A-Fro as well as by the research infrastructure CONGENTO LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022170 MH and MF were supported by fellowships from FCT SFRH/BD/143423/2019 and SFRH/BD/130320/2017 The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher We thank the Fly Platform at the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown for providing fly work related infrastructure and support; the Moita lab for helpful discussions and Anna Hobbiss in particular for pilot experiments with looms of different speeds; João Frazão for expertise and support developing acquisition and tracking codes in Bonsai The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.885795/full#supplementary-material Supplementary Figure 1 | Effect of looming speed on latency to freezing onset and freezing bout length Distribution of the time points of freezing onset after looming for flies tested individually (A) and in groups (B) Dashed gray lines represent looming onset and offset Cumulative distributions of freezing bout lengths for flies tested individually (C) and in groups (D) Orange denotes flies exposed to slow looms and green denotes flies exposed to fast looms Supplementary Figure 2 | Motion cues in groups scale with threat intensity Violin plots representing the probability density distribution of individual fly data bound to the range of possible values Average motion cues a focal fly is exposed to the stimulation period Supplementary Figure 3 | Freezing and jumping responses of optogenetically activated LC6 > CsChrimson (A) Fraction of flies freezing throughout the experiment while providing pulsed red light at the timestamps normally used to provide looming stimuli (dashed lines); LC6 > CsChrimson flies supplemented with retinal (blue) and control without (gray) (B–D) We manipulated four out of the five flies in group The color code for the groups is presented in (B–D) flies freezing throughout the experiment when exposed to slow (B) or fast looming stimuli (C); dashed lines represent looming stimuli presentations (D,E) Data from flies exposed to slow looms (D) Number of jumps throughout the experiment by the surrounding manipulated flies (E) Number of jumps at the first loom presentation for LC6 > CsChrimson flies in groups of four surrounding optogenetically manipulated flies Social modulation of oogenesis and egg-laying in Drosophila melanogaster Google Scholar Infant responses to impending collision: optical and real PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Threat induces cardiac and metabolic changes that negatively impact survival in flies Spread of 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Clara H. Ferreira, Y2xhcmEuZmVycmVpcmFAbmV1cm8uZmNoYW1wYWxpbWF1ZC5vcmc=, Y2xhcmEuZmVycmVpcmFAbmV1cm8uZmNoYW1wYWxpbWF1ZC5vcmc= †These authors share first authorship Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Metrics details Living in a group allows individuals to decrease their defenses enabling other beneficial behaviors such as foraging The detection of a threat through social cues is widely reported the safety cues that guide animals to break away from a defensive behavior and resume alternate activities remain elusive Here we show that fruit flies display a graded decrease in freezing behavior flies use the cessation of movement of other flies as a cue of threat and its resumption as a cue of safety mediate the propensity for freezing flies to resume moving in response to the movement of others and the neurons involved in their processing as the basis of a social safety cue this study brings new insights into the neuronal basis of safety in numbers This form of social detection of threat may be advantageous as it does not require the active production of a signal that may render the emitter more conspicuous and thus vulnerable Although few studies demonstrated this phenomenon it is described in distant vertebrate species we show that Drosophila melanogaster regulate their freezing behavior in response to threat as a function of group size We identify the motion of others as a key regulator of freezing with its cessation acting as a signal of danger and its presence constituting a safety signal We further identify lobula columnar neurons 11 as major mediators of the usage of the movement of others as a safety cue The identification of the sensory neurons responsible for social regulation of freezing opens up the possibility to gain mechanistic insight into the safety in numbers effect a Distribution of freezing entries after looming onset for flies tested individually and in groups of five b Probability of freezing entry at time t as a function of the number of other flies freezing at t−1 (see methods) P-value results from χ2 contingency test (G-test) c–f Simulating groups of five using movable magnets (stopped magnets – immobile magnets throughout the experiment; magnets freezing – magnets move during baseline becoming immobile magnets from the onset of the stimulation period) c Proportion of flies freezing throughout the experiment d–f Violin plots representing the probability density of individual fly data bound to the range of possible values d Proportion of time spent freezing throughout the experiment e Probability of freezing entry after looming presentation f Probability of freezing exit before the following looming stimulus P-values result from Kruskal–Wallis statistical analysis followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test a Probability of freezing exit at time t as a function of the number of flies freezing at time t−1 (see methods) b The motion cue is formalized as the other fly’s speed multiplied by the angle (θ) it produces on the retina of the focal fly (schematic) Representative examples of the motion cue starting in the 500 ms bin after looming offset for a focal fly until freezing exit or the end of the inter-looming interval (without freezing exit): heatmaps show the individual motion cues for each of the four surrounding flies and the line graphs show the summed motion cue of these four flies c Cumulative distributions of the summed motion cues (x axis cut at motion cue = 25) P-value results from Kolmogorov–Smirnov test e Logistic regression model of the decision to stop or continue freezing as a function of individual and social decision processes (10,000 bootstrapping events) d Mean and standard deviation of model performance (AUROC – area under the receiver operating characteristic curve black) and explanatory power of the individual (light gray) and social processes (dark gray) e Binary freezing data and average logistic predictive probabilities using individual and social coefficients alone or combined as a function of the average motion cue a The summed motion cue of surrounding flies for groups of five wild-type flies and groups with one wild-type and four blind flies b Proportion of flies freezing throughout the experiment c–e Violin plots representing the probability density of individual fly data bound to the range of possible values upper (75) and lower (25) quartiles; and whiskers c Proportion of time spent freezing throughout the experiment d Probability of freezing entry after looming presentation e Probability of freezing exit before the following looming stimulus these results show that flies use motion cues generated by their neighbors to decide whether to stay or exit freezing raising the possibility that motion cues produced by others could constitute a safety signal leading flies to resume activity 100 μm) and proportion of flies freezing throughout the experiment in groups of five for LC11-GAL4 > Kir2.1 and LC11-GAL4 > (+)TNT depicted in purple and controls (gray) b–d Violin plots representing the probability density distribution of individual fly data bound to the range of possible values b Proportion of time spent freezing throughout the experiment c Probability of freezing entry after looming presentation d Probability of freezing exit before the following looming stimulus P-values result from two-tailed Mann–Whitney test we show that flies in groups display a reduction in freezing responses that scales with group size Detailed behavioral analysis and quantitative modeling together with behavioral and genetic manipulations allowed us to identify freezing as a sign of danger and activity as a safety cue These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that safety in numbers may partially be explained by the use of information provided by the behavior of others we show that visual projection LC11 neurons are involved in processing motion cues of others to downregulate freezing we extend to invertebrates the notion of defensive behaviors freezing may constitute a public cue that can be used by any surrounding animal regardless of species we show that freezing by dummy flies enhances freezing in response to looming stimuli Although in line with the present findings we did not explicitly test whether this motion cue constituted a safety cue despite the lack of any common ancestor with an image forming visual system suggest that shared mechanisms underlying visuomotor transformations represent general solutions to common problems that all organisms face individually or as a group We believe that the current study opens a new path to study how animals in groups integrate motion cues generated by predators and that of others to select the appropriate defensive responses Flies were kept at 25 °C and 70% humidity in a 12 h:12 h dark:light cycle The olfactory mutant IR8a1; IR25a2; GR63a1 backlit by a custom-built infrared (850 nm) LED array Videos were obtained using two USB3 cameras (PointGrey Flea3) with an 850-nm-long pass filter For the experiments with the magnets (Fig. 2) we used an electromechanical device developed by the Scientific Hardware Platform at the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown It consists of an adapted setup in which a rotating transparent disc with five incorporated neodymium magnets moves under the arena A circular movement is induced by an electric DC gearhead motor transmitted via a belt to the disc This allows magnetic material placed on the arena to move around in synchronized motion The motor is controlled by a custom-made electronic device through a dedicated Champalimaud Hardware Platform-developed software For the experiments of freezing magnets during stimulation the magnets rotated at 12 mm per s with a change in direction every 50 s during the baseline; as soon as the stimulation period started in synchrony with the first looming stimulus The video and the IdTracker trajectories file were then fed to the ‘Fly motion quantifier’ developed by the Scientific Software Platform at the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown in order to obtain the final csv file containing not only position and speed for each fly but also pixel change in a region of interest (ROI) around each fly defined by a circle with a 30 pixel radius around the center of mass of the fly Data were analyzed using custom scripts in spyder (python 3.5) Kruskal–Wallis followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test or two-tailed Mann–Whitney tests were chosen as data were not normally distributed (Shapiro–Wilk test) Probabilities were compared using the χ2 contingency test in python (G-test) Freezing was classified as 500 ms periods with a median pixel change over that time period <30 pixels within the ROI The proportion of time spent freezing was quantified as the proportion of 500 ms bins during which the fly was freezing when the fly froze upon looming but exited from freezing and was still moving by the time the next looming occurred the first 500-ms bin after looming the fly was freezing and in the last 500-ms bin before the next looming the fly was not freezing To determine the time of freezing onset or offset (Figs. 2a, b and 3a) we used a rolling window of pixel change (500-ms bins sliding frame by frame) and the same criterion for a freezing bin as above) Time stamps of freezing onset and offset were used to calculate the probability of entering and exiting freezing as a function of the number of flies freezing For freezing entries after looming as well as probabilities of entering and exiting freezing we considered only instances in which the preceding 500-ms bin was either fully non-freezing or freezing To determine the numbers of others freezing at freezing entry or exit we used a 10 frame bin preceding the freezing onset or offset timestamp Distances between the center of mass of each fly were calculated using the formula \(\sqrt {\left( {x2 - x1} \right)^2 + \left( {y2 - y1} \right)^2}\) and we considered a collision had taken place when the flies reached a distance of 25 pixels The motion cue was determined as \({\sum} {{\mathrm{speed}} \times {\mathrm{angle}}\,{\mathrm{on}}\,{\mathrm{the}}\,{\mathrm{retina}}\left( \theta \right)}\) where \(\theta = 2\,{\mathrm{arctan}}\left( {\frac{{{\mathrm{size}}}}{{2 \times {\mathrm{distance}}}}} \right)\) To analyze the motion cue  for freezing bouts with and without exit (Fig. 3b, c) we defined freezing bouts with exit as bouts where flies were freezing in the 500 ms following the looming stimulus offset and resumed moving before the next looming stimulus (up until the last 500 ms before the looming stimulus onset) and freezing bouts without exit as those where freezing persisted until the next looming Cumulative proportions of motion cues for freezing with and without exit were compared using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test To model the decision to stay frozen or resume movement we used the scikit-learn logistic regression model we analyzed freezing behavior in between looming stimuli categorizing freezing bouts into two types: freezing bouts that ended with an exit before the next looming (to which we assigned a value of 1) without an exit until the next looming (value of 0) We used freezing bout type as the dependent variable The independent variables were the probability of an individual fly exiting from freezing within the same inter-looming interval (calculated from the data of flies tested individually) (Vi); and the sum of the motion cue generated by neighboring flies We performed a K-fold cross-validation with four splits and used 10,000 times boostrapped data with replacement we determined the associated fraction of variance using the following formula (shown for variable Vi): \(\frac{{{\sum} {V_{\mathrm{i}}\beta_{\mathrm{i}}} }}{{{\sum} {V_{\mathrm{i}}\beta_{\mathrm{i}}} + {\sum} {V_{\mathrm{s}}\beta_{\mathrm{s}}} }}\) the β-coefficients of social cues and individual behavior brain were dissected in ice-cold 4% PFA and post-fixed in 4% PFA for 40–50 min After 3 × 20 min washes with PBST (0.01 M PBS with 0.5% TritonX) and 2 × 20 min washes in PBS (0.01 M) brains were embedded in Vectashield and imaged with a ×16 oil immersion lens on a Zeiss LSM 800 confocal microscope Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article All raw data files are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12554663 Evidence for the dilution effect in the selfish herd from fish predation on a marine insect On the meaning of alarm calls: a review of functional reference in avian alarm calling Heat production by bailing in the Japanese honeybee Apis ceranajaponica as a defensive behavior against the hornet Vespa simillima xanthoptera (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Vigilance behaviour in grazing african antelopes Shoaling behaviour of the Amazonian red-bellied piranha The dynamics of coordinated group hunting and collective information transfer among schooling prey Neural circuits of threat detection in vertebrates Foot-thumping as an alarm signal in macropodoid marsupials: Prevalence and hypotheses of function Classifying elephant behaviour through seismic vibrations Mechanosensory interactions drive collective behaviour in Drosophila Social communication of predator-induced changes in Drosophila behavior and germ line physiology Linking biomechanics and ecology through predator-prey interactions: flight performance of dragonflies and their prey Collision detection as a model for sensory-motor integration Decision making and behavioral choice during predator avoidance Flies evade looming targets by executing rapid visually directed banked turns Altered electrical properties in Drosophila neurons developing without synaptic transmission Targeted expression of tetanus toxin light chain in Drosophila specifically eliminates synaptic transmission and causes behavioral defects The functional organization of descending sensory-motor pathways in drosophila Courtship initiation is stimulated by acoustic signals in Drosophila melanogaster Visual projection neurons mediating directed courtship in Drosophila Design principles of insect and vertebrate visual systems A Conserved developmental mechanism builds complex visual systems in insects and vertebrates Sound localization strategies in three predators Auditory localization of ground-borne vibrations in snakes Zona incerta GABAergic neurons integrate prey-related sensory signals and induce an appetitive drive to promote hunting Flights of fear: a mechanical wing whistle sounds the alarm in a flocking bird Development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies: sequential generation of three distinct types of neurons from a neuroblast A pair of inhibitory neurons are required to sustain labile memory in the Drosophila mushroom body Download references We would like to thank: the Scientific Software Platform at the Champalimaud Centre for Unknown for developing the Fly motion quantifier; the Scientific Hardware platform for developing the magnet setup; Wolf Huetteroth (University of Leipzig) for help with imaging fly lines; Ricardo Vieira for help streamlining the video analysis pipeline; Gil Costa for the illustrations in Figs particularly Anna Hobbiss and Ricardo Neto as well as Eugenia Chiappe and Gonzalo de Polavieja for fruitful discussions and comments on the manuscript; Alfonso Renart and João Afonso for help with the logistic regression model; and Rui Gonçalves for invaluable fly pushing technical assistance during the revision process This work was supported by Fundação Champalimaud performed all experiments and analyzed the data The authors declare no competing interests Peer review information Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17856-4 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. At the beginning of the 14th century, salt farming in Ribatejo was a privilege of the Monastery of Santos. In the following centuries, the construction of salt pans developed into a real salt landscape in the marshes and beaches of Alhos Vedros, Moita, Sarilhos Pequenos, Rosário and Baixa da Banheira. The salt pans, which were a key source of local prosperity, were operated for over six centuries before being abandoned in the second part of the twentieth century. Text description provided by the architects. This House stems from our experiences and research on contemporary architecture and construction in Brazil and the Amazon. The functional program presented the challenge of creating a welcoming environment for a vacation home for a young family on a tight budget. © Maíra AcayabaThe main strategy of the project was to significantly reduce the impacts of construction on the environment, starting from the architectural design, then to the choice of construction methods, techniques, and the organization of the construction site. The gentle sloping piece of land with sandy soil and many trees led us to organize the program in three levels: one for leisure, leveled with the sidewalk, an upper level for the private areas, and a lower level for guests. © Maíra AcayabaThe construction technique combines steel, wood, and concrete. Two large steel trusses support the elevated prism containing the bedrooms, which spans 14 meters, allowing great spatial continuity between interior and exterior spaces and providing flexible floor plans. © Maíra AcayabaWe were particularly fascinated by this poetic idea of bringing together traditional and industrial technologies, establishing a tectonic, constructive, and tactile connection between them to create a patchwork that reflects the spirit of Manaus a city that is a major industrial center but also located in the middle of the world's largest rainforest You'll now receive updates based on what you follow Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors If you have done all of this and still can't find the email In a natural setting in Moita Santa, characterised by the presence of oak trees and occasional piles of stones on the land, the Bruno Dias Arquitectura architecture studio has designed Casa Moita Santa The plot is located in the natural environment surrounding the Portuguese village of Ansião The project responds both to the context in which it is located and to the clients' need for privacy from the nearby public road the house opens towards the interior of the plot and hides the basement from the street making the ground floor seem to float on a single slab that does not touch the ground The program of the house designed by Bruno Dias Arquitectura is arranged on two floors Thanks to interior patios and a set of large openings to the northeast on the ground floor all the rooms of the house enjoy different sources of natural light while in the basement there are other secondary spaces and storage in the house The ground floor benefits from the basement which functions as an element capable of transmitting the sensation of being a unique and singular piece that does not touch the ground The house is characterized by the elegance of the white color present throughout the interior and exterior accompanied by details with wood and stone taking as a reference the elements that we find in the surrounding terrain Moita Santa House by Bruno Dias Arquitectura Project description by Bruno Dias Arquitectura Casa Moita Santa is built in a setting characterized by the presence of oak trees and the occasional presence of piles of stones on the site The concept of the house was born not only in response to the location but also to the needs of the clients: to offer privacy from the public highway and the need to include a basement the main objective was to try to hide the basement from the street the first floor benefits from the -1 floor which functions as an element based on only four structural elements capable of conveying the feeling of being a unique and singular piece that doesn't touch the ground the slabs are conceptually slightly curved integrated by the alignment of the public road it was important to develop the house in such a way as to provide the necessary privacy for living inside Casa Moita Santa opens up with generous openings to the interior of the property while maintaining essential openings to the southwest the project has been developed on two levels: the ground floor and the first floor The first floor serves as the living core of the house housing the social and private spaces such as the kitchen the rooms enjoy natural light from large openings to the northeast and interior courtyards was designed to accommodate the technical areas Casa Moita Santa is characterized by the elegance of the white color throughout the interior and exterior the striking use of wood and the occasional stone detail Bruno Dias Arquitectura Lda.Floors.- Paumarc.Aluminium.- Jolusilva Hugo Santos Silva Archive HOUSING RIO DE JANEIRO –Petrobras has proven another extension of a gas and oil discovery in the deepwater Moita Bonita area of the Sergipe-Alagoas basin offshore Brazil Well 3-SES-192 (3-BRSA-1367-SES) was drilled in the BM-SEAL-4 concession in a water depth of 2,629 m (8,625 ft) It confirmed the extension of the gas accumulation discovered in a reservoir located at a depth of 5,227 m (17,149 ft) This well also showed an oil discovery in a deeper reservoir This is the fifthextension well in the Moita Bonita area whose discovery was reported in August 2012 Petrobras is the consortium operator (75%) and will continue the operational activities to evaluate the well Restoration makes forest grow where there used to be pasture and soy telegram Join our Telegram channel! telegram what's difficult is making the forest grow again” The biologist defines herself as predestined - due to the plant name she led the Instituto Socioambiental (ISA) team and partners around the world of forest restoration at Fazenda Santa Cândida Moita has already restored hundreds of hectares of forests on farms throughout Mato Grosso dominated by soy and other monocultures Planting forests will be one of the essential tasks for Brazil to meet its goals of reducing 50% of emissions by 2030 and zeroing them in by 2050 according to the commitment established at the UN Climate Conference in 2021 (COP-26) the Minister of the Environment and Climate Change highlighted forest restoration as a sustainable and powerful economic alternative “Brazil has the goal of recovering 12 million hectares of degraded areas with the potential to generate 260 thousand jobs” Making a forest grow where there used to be pasture or monoculture contrary to what common sense might suggest There are several possible techniques and each of them requires meticulous improvement Moita has been working with this for 23 years and execute and for which it provides technical assistance for plantations in the Xingu region and Araguaia We are in one of the barns at Fazenda Santa Cândida and Moita climbs onto a ride attached to the back of a tractor The cargo: more than two thousand kilos of forest seeds and green manure from 87 different species Three farm workers assigned to the mission are with her guided by herEveryone starts opening the bags and pouring the contents onto the floor of the truck bed “I recommend that everyone take off their boots and keep their socks on otherwise seeds will get everywhere,” she recalls.  should only be dumped shortly before planting so they don't fly out along the way After throwing all the contents of the bags Moita takes a shovel and starts to mix the seeds The various species must all be well mixed there are the seeds of the green manure: the jack bean making room for pioneer species - such as castor bean the pioneers will give way to the first native species the amount of seeds of each species involves an accurate calculation “The mixture is good when the beans appear The tractor where the ride is attached begins to move towards the planting area Moita works in the sustainability sector of the Agropecuária Fazenda Brasil (AFB) group because of legislation or because they are not productive it solves the environmental problem it has in it” One of the most common cases is the recovery of springs this source starts to mine water again and fulfill its ecological function The Instituto Socioambiental (ISA) provides assistance for over 30 plantations in Mato Grosso 4 hectares have already been converted into forest Each rural owner takes his time to understand ecological restoration and its benefits which go beyond compliance with environmental legislation It is difficult to say the exact time that we can consider it mature It is important for it to establish itself and start fulfilling its ecological role” alligator and anteater have already started to appear It's when the forest starts to come back that the animals come back together.  The tractor dragging the seed cart arrives at the planting area There are 32 hectares that used to serve as a pasture area The soil was prepared with several harrowings to inhibit pasture growth for one month It is time for green manure to emerge and prevent grasses from invading again The group split into two: one part of the expedition will do the planting on foot they distribute a handful of different seeds Moita's group goes to the other side on the hitchhiker they go out throwing handfuls of seeds on the ground while the tractor walks from one side to the other The idea is to distribute this entire load of seeds over 32 hectares taking care that no area has much more seeds than the other.  let nature act: planting is always done during the rainy season (October-December) to guarantee the establishment of the future forest thicket will follow the growth and development of that area but I've done a lot of planting with seedlings But today I completely abandoned seedlings and only work with direct sowing Four (left) and twelve (right) year old forests at Fazenda Santa Cândida in Barra das Garças (MT) 📷Manuela Meyer/ISA Moita shows us areas in different stages of development the green manure is already well established it is already possible to see pioneer species and even small native seedlings that stayed hundreds of years in the place but the growth of the pioneers will soon shade enough to get rid of it Moita releases some oxen in the area - at this stage it can be a technique to get rid of the grass.  the soil already consolidates like that of a forest: without grass the secondary and climax natives are already growing Moita then leads us to a consolidated forest: the pioneers are dying with the growth of the native ones and the climax species are already in equilibrium rescuing the natural landscapes of this transition region between the Cerrado and the Amazon The natural flow of seed dispersal and forest enrichment already takes place as well as environmental services linked to the forest soil enrichment and habitat for native species Plantations like Moita's and so many others that take place in Mato Grosso are only possible thanks to Xingu Seed Network Association The Network provided more than 2 tons of seeds used in planting at Fazenda Santa Cândida and does the same for all other plantings supported by ISA the work of more than 600 seed collectors throughout Mato Grosso is indispensable have already collected 325 tons of seeds.  in addition to being the basis for thousands of hectares of forests is an alternative source of income for dozens of urban and rural families This is the case of Vera Alves da Silva Oliveira with the earnings obtained at work collecting and selling seeds she decided to study biology at the undergraduate and master's level Watch here the video about the celebration of the 15th anniversary of the Xingu Seed Network: places a tarp on the ground and shakes the branches prefer to process the seeds by removing them from the casing with a manual brushcutter a group of indigenous collectors of the Ikpeng people prefer to process them one by one with scissors.  Another interesting point is the meaning that each one gives to the Network understand that the work of collecting seeds is a bridge to restoring the surrounding forests and demand that their seeds be used only for forest restoration The seeds collected by ARSX have already recovered 8 thousand hectares in plantations with partners - 27 million trees.   The headquarters of ARSX is located in the center of Nova Xavantina in addition to the administrative part and the rooms where the fixed team works there are 10 other Seed Houses spread across the state About 30 tons of seeds pass through them per year the demand for seed is contracted in advance that is: the collectors only collect species and quantity of seeds that have a certain purpose This allows for greater sustainability of the Network The most relevant news for you to form your opinion on the socio-environmental agenda LAST ISSUE Metrics details The most fundamental choice an animal has to make when it detects a threat is whether to freeze Here we show that Drosophila melanogaster exposed to looming stimuli in a confined arena either freeze or flee The probability of freezing versus fleeing is modulated by the fly’s walking speed at the time of threat demonstrating that freeze/flee decisions depend on behavioral state We describe a pair of descending neurons crucially implicated in freezing Genetic silencing of DNp09 descending neurons disrupts freezing yet does not prevent fleeing Optogenetic activation of both DNp09 neurons induces running and freezing in a state-dependent manner Our findings establish walking speed as a key factor in defensive response choices and reveal a pair of descending neurons as a critical component in the circuitry mediating selection and execution of freezing or fleeing behaviors How each specific defensive response is selected and executed remains unclear Flies were exposed to multiple looming stimuli in an enclosed arena to increase the likelihood of seeing both escape and freezing responses sustained freezing is the predominant defensive response Flies that do not freeze display escape responses directed away from the looming stimulus which allows for the presentation of visual stimuli dependent on the behavior of flies we found that the decision to freeze or flee is modulated by movement speed at the time of threat Through genetic manipulation of neuronal activity we identified a pair of descending neurons whose activity is required for freezing depends on the movement speed of flies at the time of stimulation These results reveal that innate responses to threats can be modulated by behavioral state and identifies an element of the freezing circuit that is susceptible to this modulation - Flies jump in response to repeated looming c Number of jumps detected per fly during the 5 min stimulation period d Jump timing within a 1 s window around looming stimuli Dashed lines indicate looming onset and offset e Proportion of flies jumping throughout the 10 min session Dashed lines indicate stimulus presentations suggesting that with multiple presentations flies may have habituated to looming flies could be adopting other defensive strategies a Speed raster for a random subset of 50 flies ordered by average speed during stimulation (ascending) Each row corresponds to one fly and each vertical line to 500 ms bins Bar on top indicates the 5 min stimulation period b Proportion of freezing flies (n = 300 for each condition) Dashed lines represent stimulus presentations Average (±s.e.m.) number of pixels changing around the fly in a 1 sec window around looming stimuli including only trials where flies were freezing before and after the stimulus (n = 1434) d Distribution of individual flies by time spent freezing during the stimulation period e Proportion of freezing flies to a shorter stimulation (5 looming presentations Dashed lines represent looming presentations f Distribution of individual flies by time spent freezing during the stimulation period for the shorter stimulation experiment a Average (±s.e.m.) fly speed including only time periods classified as walking Dashed lines indicate stimulus presentations (in a b Change in walking speed caused by stimulation (baseline period subtracted from stimulation period) Black section corresponds to looming window and blue sections 500 ms before and after looming e Distribution of path orientations before (d) and after (e) looming Stimulus source (screen) was located at 90° only looming events where flies were walking before and after the stimulus were included (looming n = 1574 trials Average (±s.e.m.) speed in a 1 s window around looming for all walking trials Blue numbers represent four stages of the response to looming: 1- pre-looming g Looming-triggered speed profile of walking trials from the looming condition separated into responses that included a pause (dark blue n = 806) and responses that did not (light blue h Change in walking speed caused by stimulus presentation (pre-looming period subtracted from post-looming period) i Fraction of flies performing the described behaviors for each of the 20 looming presentations These results argue once more against a habituation process occurring during the repeated looming stimulation whereas panels c–e show data from closed-loop experiments dark green corresponds to high speed (n = 56) group and light green to low speed group (n = 60) speed during baseline period for high and low speed groups Dashed line indicates onset of stimulation e Percent time spent freezing during stimulation period Silencing DNp09 neurons disrupts freezing but not running DNp09 split-GAL4 driving membrane-bound GFP (green) combined with anti-synaptotagmin-HA staining (purple) red corresponds to DNp09 > Kir2.1 flies dark gray to DNp09/ + flies and light gray to Kir2.1/ + flies c Percent time spent freezing during stimulation period d Average (±s.e.m.) fly speed including only time periods classified as walking e Looming-triggered speed profile (average ± s.e.m.) of walking trials that include a pause (DNp09 > Kir2.1 n = 234 f Average ( + s.e.m.) speed during baseline period (n = 60 for all conditions) g Proportion of freezing flies for low speed closed-loop looming stimulation Dashed line indicates onset of stimulus presentations h Percent time spent freezing during stimulation period for closed-loop experiment Although looming-triggered pausing and freezing seem to be mediated by different mechanisms, these might be partially overlapping such that activity of DNp09 might contribute to both. DNp09-silenced flies that ran in response to looming still exhibited a pause upon looming onset (Fig. 5e) albeit less frequently (DNp09 silenced paused in 28.5% (234/822) of the trials compared to 46.5% (259/816) and 44.0% (253/573) in parental controls) This effect on pausing frequency was less robust than the effect on freezing when testing wild-type Dickinson Lab (DL) flies as parental controls the effect of silencing DNp09 on pausing frequency was not reliable as it did not differ from one of the parental controls (DNp09-silenced flies paused 33.7% (451/1338) compared to 34% (287/832) in DNp09/+ and 40% (223/545) in Kir2.1/ + ) suggesting that in part the effect on pausing frequency may be due to the genetic background Together these findings indicate that silencing DNp09 neurons directly disrupts freezing rather than indirectly affecting freezing behavior by increasing the speed of locomotion Activation of DNp09 descending neurons leads to freezing a Schematic of experimental set-up for CsChrimson stimulation and stimulation protocol Test flies supplemented with retinal (n = 80) and control flies raised in normal food (n = 72) c Fraction of flies freezing aligned on light activation (retinal n = 800 d Stimulus-triggered speed profile (average ± s.e.m.) aligned on light presentation for stimulations that induced freezing (dark blue e Probability ( + 95% CI) of jumping at light offset for control and test flies (black and red bars) Probability of jumping at light offset for stimulation events of test flies that induced freezing and events that did not (dark and light blue bars) f Probability of freezing to red light stimulation as a function of pre-stimulation speed (r2 = 0.87 for speed sampled within each interval and Y-error bars show 95% CI g Probability of freezing for DNp09 > CsChrimson flies (n = 50 for each condition) tested at different speeds (number of stimulation events for very high we extend this to invertebrate animals by demonstrating the plastic nature of freezing in flies Flies either ran or froze in response to inescapable looming It is possible that flies walking slower would have reduced visual responses to looming stimuli leading to longer reaction time to looming which in turn could influence the selection of defensive behaviors when examining the walking speed of flies transitioning either into freezing or fleeing upon looming onset we find similar reaction times despite the evident difference in baseline movement speed the finding that DNp09-induced freezing was modulated by movement speed of flies at the time of stimulation argues against an effect of behavioral state on sensory processing of looming Future experiments are required to disambiguate between these scenarios and multiple regions within the leg neuropil and tectulum allowing the interaction with other motor outputs at different levels The finding that looming-triggered freezing and pausing could be dissociated supports the idea that freezing is an active defense module pointing to the conserved nature of the distinction between freezing and stopping freezing may require active inhibition of alternate behaviors An indication that active inhibition of alternate behavior happens in flies comes from our observation that DNp09-silenced flies jump more and that flies jump at the offset of DNp09 neuron activation consistent with rebound excitation after inhibition of jump-mediating neurons the observation that jumping steeply decreased as the number of flies freezing over the course of the repeated looming increased is consistent with an inhibitory effect of freezing on jumping Further experiments are required to definitively establish a potential active inhibition of freezing on other defensive responses The identification of DNp09 descending neurons as central to freezing opens the path to further explore how the active state of freezing is implemented Activation of DNp09 neurons drove both running and freezing silencing DNp09 neurons left looming triggered escape responses intact suggesting that DNp09 triggered running may correspond to a different behavior it will be very interesting to unravel how a single pair of neurons drives distinct behaviors since the flies’ speed modulates their response to looming stimuli we examined whether the ability of DNp09 neurons to drive freezing was also modulated by the flies’ speed We found that the probability of freezing upon DNp09 stimulation was negatively correlated with the flies’ movement speed This finding demonstrated that DNp09 neurons are a key element in the circuit mediating speed dependent defensive decisions Unraveling how speed impinges on DNp09 neurons and possibly other elements of defense circuits will be instrumental for the understanding of the organization of defensive behaviors crucial for survival All animals used in experiments were 4–6 days old mated female Drosophila melanogaster Flies were raised at 25 °C and 70% humidity in a 12 h:12 h dark:light cycle All behavioral experiments were performed in the 4-hour period preceding lights off and under the same conditions as rearing We recorded behavior of unrestrained flies while presenting visual stimulation (Fig. 1a) A monitor tilted at 45 degrees over the stage delivered visual stimulation a custom-built infrared (850 nm) LED array was placed under the stage to serve as backlight A 2 mm white opaque acrylic sheet was placed on top of the LED array to produce homogeneous illumination Fly behavior was recorded using a USB3 camera (PointGrey Flea3) with a 850 nm long pass filter Behavioral arenas were custom built from opaque white and transparent acrylic sheets Chambers were 30 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height Single flies were aspirated into a chamber and placed on the stage Flies were observed for 20 s to ensure that no gross motor defects were present before video acquisition was initiated Visual stimuli were presented on a 24-inch monitor (ASUS VG248QE) running at 144 Hz. All stimuli were generated in custom python scripts using PsychoPy58 a black circle increased in size over a white background The visual angle of the expanding circle was determined by the equation: θ(t) = 2tan−1 (l / vt) (Eq where l is half of the length of the object and v the speed of the object towards the fly Virtual object length was 1 cm and speed 25 cm s−1 (l / v value of 40 ms) Each looming presentation lasted for 500 ms Object expanded during 450 ms until it reached maximum size of 78° where it remained for 50 ms before disappearing looming stimuli produced a considerable decrease in luminance within the behavioral apparatus We measured luminance using a digital lux meter (DX-100 When no stimulus was being presented (white screen) the luminance at the stage was 260 lux we created a stimulus where an array of approximately 5° dots was added each frame in random positions as to not create an expanding pattern The size and number of dots was determined empirically to generate a similar decrease in luminance as the looming stimulus (35 lux Videos were acquired using Bonsai59at 60 Hz and width 1104 x height 1040 resolution Image segmentation was performed by custom software in python using OpenCV We extracted two main features from the videos: fly position and motion activity around the fly Positions were calculated from the centroid of an ellipse fitted to the fly by background subtraction and motion was quantified by the number of pixels active in an 100 × 100 pixel region of interest surrounding the fly A pixel was considered to be active if it recorded a change higher than 10 intensity levels Fly positions were tracked in real time and used to trigger looming stimuli using Bonsai59. Thresholds for looming stimuli were defined based on the displacement of the fly in 500 ms windows (Supplementary Fig. 4) Low speed loomings were triggered when displacement was smaller 1 mm while high speed loomings were triggered when displacement was larger than 7.5 mm A refractory period of 15 s was imposed after each triggered stimulation and subsequent looming were shown only after the threshold was crossed again Even though displacement was used in this experiment to trigger stimulation speed was calculated from path length in all subsequent analysis Behavioral arenas were built as described above except chambers were 60 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height Single flies were aspirated into the chamber and were allowed to explore for 2 min then closed loop tracking was initiated and lasted for 5 min of ~200 ms) but not long enough to habituate neuronal activity A stimulation event was considered successful (led to freezing) if the fly froze for more than 25% of the stimulation period (>0.5 of 2 s) Real-time tracking and closed-loop conditions were the same as described above for the looming stimulation except thresholds were used to trigger the red LED switch Stimulations were triggered at three different displacement thresholds: smaller than 1 mm off-target expression was removed from the image using Photoshop we fit the function: f(x) = a(bx – c) + d (Eq 2) to the average speed trace of each trial type (running and freezing) and compared the estimates for parameter c which determines the point of deceleration We next performed a randomization test (with 5000 shuffles) to determine whether the estimates obtained for each condition were significantly different The probability density distributions (PDF) were used to specify the probability of the random variable falling within a particular range of values This probability is given by the integral of this variable’s PDF over that range The values shown in each graph correspond to the PDF at the bin normalized such that the integral over the range is 1 Note that the sum of the histogram values will not be equal to 1 unless bins of unity width are chosen The data that support the findings of this study and the code used for analysis are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request I’ll take the low road: the evolutionary underpinnings of visually triggered fear Freezing suppression by oxytocin in central amygdala allows alternate defensive behaviours and mother-pup interactions Risks and rewards of nest defence by parent birds Progestogens and estrogen influence impulsive burying and avoidant freezing behavior of naturally cycling and ovariectomized rats Brief flight to a familiar enclosure in response to a conditional stimulus in rats Rapid spatial learning controls instinctive defensive behavior in mice Defensive behavior of laboratory and wild Rattus norvegicus Hunger suppresses the onset and the freezing component of the antipredator response to conspecific skin extract in pintado catfish Hunger promotes fear extinction by activation of an amygdala microcircuit Ventromedial hypothalamic neurons control a defensive emotion state Dorsal periaqueductal gray-amygdala pathway conveys both innate and learned fear responses in rats and periaqueductal gray lesions on short- and long-term contextual fear Different lateral amygdala outputs mediate reactions and actions elicited by a fear-arousing stimulus Independent hypothalamic circuits for social and predator fear A competitive inhibitory circuit for selection of active and passive fear responses The Mauthner cell half a century later: a neurobiological model for decision-making Behavioral responses to a repetitive visual threat stimulus express a persistent state of defensive arousal in drosophila The wind-evoked escape behavior of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus: integration of behavioral elements Loom-sensitive neurons link computation to action in the Drosophila visual system Performance trade-offs in the flight initiation of Drosophila A simple chemosensory response in Drosophila and the isolation of acj mutants in which it is affected A novel neuronal pathway for visually guided escape in Drosophila melanogaster Initiation of flight in the unrestrained fly A simple strategy for detecting moving objects during locomotion revealed by animal-robot interactions Two different forms of arousal in Drosophila are oppositely regulated by the dopamine D1 receptor ortholog DopR via distinct neural circuits Modeling novelty habituation during exploratory activity in Drosophila Die hard: a blend of freezing and fleeing as a dynamic defense--implications for the control of defensive behavior Alarm substance induced behavioral responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) The functional organization of descending sensory-motor pathways in Drosophila Optogenetic dissection of descending behavioral control in Drosophila Walking modulates speed sensitivity in Drosophila motion vision Active flight increases the gain of visual motion processing in Drosophila Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear Two types of social buffering differentially mitigate conditioned fear responses Main olfactory system mediates social buffering of conditioned fear responses in male rats Zebrafish (Danio rerio) responds differentially to stimulus fish: The effects of sympatric and allopatric predators and harmless fish The habenula is crucial for experience-dependent modification of fear responses in zebrafish Arousal and locomotion make distinct contributions to cortical activity patterns and visual encoding Subthreshold mechanisms underlying state-dependent modulation of visual responses Organization of descending neurons in Drosophila melanogaster A neural switch for active and passive fear Neural correlates of fear in the periaqueductal gray Neural substrates underlying fear-evoked freezing: the periaqueductal grey-cerebellar link Descending command neurons in the brainstem that halt locomotion PsychoPy--Psychophysics software in Python Download references This work was funded by the Champalimaud Foundation the visiting scientist program of Janelia Research Campus and the ERC Starting Grant CoCO 337747 Ricardo Zacarias was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia SFRH/BD/51897/2012 These authors contributed equally: Maria Luisa Vasconcelos created the split-gal4 lines of descending neurons and provided the image of DNp09 neuron labeling supervised the unbiased DN-silencing screen performed at Janelia Research Campus; G.C Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05875-1 Volume 9 - 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01263 This article is part of the Research TopicThe State of the Art in Creative Arts TherapiesView all 37 articles The search was conducted between June and September of 2012 in the main electronic databases (e.g. PsychINFO) and using the following keywords: “psychodrama,” “group psychotherapy,” “experiential psychotherapy,” “Moreno,” “intervention,” and “techniques.” Fifty-six techniques were extracted from the 21 papers selected for review a preliminary list of 30 techniques was selected which was reduced to a total of 11 core techniques: soliloquy The credibility of this final core list was first checked with an expert in Morenian psychodrama and later discussed with a network of 22 European psychodramatists to ensure full consensus this review provides a contemporary framework for psychodramatists that reconciles the current approaches to psychodrama with the core techniques proposed by Moreno and updates the definitions of these techniques by merging the interpretations of different experts in the field To have a list of core techniques which is consensually accepted from an international point of view is paramount not only for future research The implications of this review for clinical practice are also discussed create ethical standards and promote scientific knowledge sharing across trainers and schools it is unclear which psychodrama techniques are currently being used and taught and whether this proliferation of schools has fragmented the original theory proposed by Moreno to which the present review will contribute The majority of the techniques found in the literature are used to assist the protagonist in the dramatization of the conflict that needs to be solved can be used both as a warm-up for the action phase and emergence of the protagonist as well as to work out a common topic for the whole group and to constitute the stage of the drama itself This is the case of dramatic games and sociometry The dissemination of psychodrama across the different countries of Europe and America and the absence of clear definitions has resulted in a diversity of applications of the techniques and concepts introduced by Moreno within psychodrama itself the practice of psychodrama has evolved in an isolated and distinct way across various countries and schools and there are no common definitions of some of its components when it comes to the operationalization of the model the techniques seem to be its component that meets less consensus answering the question “what does define Moreno's psychodrama” has become a challenge in a time when it is considered important to study psychodrama and to stimulate research a fundamental and key step is to operationalize the model which techniques are being used and which techniques constitute the basis of the theory The present review aims to contribute to the understanding of how MP has evolved and the way it has been practiced since the launching of its theoretical roots We will achieve this through the systematization of core techniques used at an international level To identify MP techniques existing in the international literature; and To identify and describe the techniques that gather consensus across the community of researchers and practitioners of MP The keywords used in the search were “psychodrama,” “group psychotherapy,” “experiential psychotherapy,” “Moreno,” “intervention,” and “techniques.” In the pdbib database only the terms “intervention” and “techniques” were used as keywords since this bibliographic source was specific for psychodrama internet search engines were also searched (such as Google) national and international psychodrama experts (psychologists and psychiatrists) were contacted to identify relevant studies/texts/books for review This contact was made in person and via e-mail Figure 1. Selected texts. Adapted from Moher et al. (2009) MP techniques were identified and extracted from the texts selected for review. The following techniques were excluded from the preliminary list: techniques mentioned only once in the literature; specific techniques for certain pathologies; and techniques that were directly related to therapeutic modalities2 This list was then discussed with a psychodrama expert which were consensual and could be traced back to the model proposed by Moreno The final step involved the validation of the final list of MP techniques by international experts in psychodrama. For this, the relevance of the techniques and their definition were discussed by experts in a bi-annual meeting of the FEPTO Research Committee in October 2012. In this meeting, all techniques were discussed by 22 members of FEPTO, representing a total of 11 countries3 until a consensus was reached on the completeness of the list and the operational definition of each technique The quality of the papers selected for review was evaluated according to two criteria: the reliability of the source considering peer recognition in the scientific and clinical community; and the clarity of the definition of the techniques provided in each paper To evaluate the reliability of the source, a point-based evaluation system (see criteria in Table 1) was used to value peer-reviewed periodicals (1 point) in contrast to publication not reviewed by peers/status unknown (0 points) theses) received 1 point if written by recognized specialists in the field (i.e. or affiliation to training schools or training centers) or certified psychodramatists; and received 0 points if the author was not a recognized specialist (unknown) or whose training was not accredited Checklist for assessing sources quality and techniques definition All sources were classified according to these parameters a second independent judge (clinical psychologist with accredited training in psychodrama) classified a random sub-sample of 50% of the sources A total of 925 texts were found in the systematic search 21 texts were initially selected for review which comprised of 15 books and six articles only one was not a peer-reviewed publication receiving 0 points and thus being excluded whilst the remaining five received a score of 1 point This resulted in a final list of 20 texts to be used for the extraction of MP techniques Fifty-six techniques were initially extracted from the 20 texts. Of these, 30 were considered eligible for selection, among which 12 MP core techniques were identified. Figure 2 and Table 2 provide further details about the selection process and Annex 1 presents a list of the total 56 techniques that were identified in this search List of core techniques validated by FEPTO-RC some changes were made to the initial proposal of MP core techniques following the feedback of FEPTO-RC experts were due to the consensual meeting of the differences between the different schools Resistance Interpolation was presented as one of the main techniques of psychodrama Many of the schools represented in the meeting were not aware of this technique and Role-play raised the theoretical issues mentioned below and was later designated as role training; was rarely used by many of the schools and agreement was not reached about its theoretical definition Even though used to represent difficult situations on stage this was considered by some experts as a psychodramatic principle and not as a technique This discussion led to the creation of a new category “other techniques,” where this was included; symbolic representation and empty chair were added to the category “other techniques.” The main objective of this study was to identify contemporary MP core techniques as used in real clinical practice and to propose an updated definition to those MP techniques which were consensually agreed by a group of international experts and certified trainers in this field Soliloquy is a technique brought by Moreno directly from classical theater where it had artistic aims (Moreno, 1946/1993; Santos, 1998) It was described approximately in half of the revised texts (10 out of 20) and was one of the most consensual techniques in terms of its operability When the protagonist holds his/her action or becomes ambivalent, the director asks him/her to “think out loud” (Rojas-Bermúdez, 1997), outside the dramatization dialogue, expressing what s/he thinks and feels in the here-and-now (Pio de Abreu, 1992; Rojas-Bermúdez, 1997; Santos, 1998). Soliloquy can also be performed as the protagonist walks the stage (Santos, 1998) As Moreno conceived its aim is to transform the protagonist into a spectator of him/herself This technique can be potentially uncomfortable and provocative for the protagonist. As such, it is recommended that a professional auxiliary ego is used to avoid the risk of the protagonist feeling ridiculed (Pio de Abreu, 1992; Rojas-Bermúdez, 1997) Role reversal is one of the foundations of Moreno's theory (Rojas-Bermúdez, 1997) and was the most common technique in the literature In a dramatization, the protagonist is invited by the director to reverse with the other with whom s/he interacts, namely, the complementary role (hereby referred to as auxiliary ego). This auxiliary ego can be an element of the therapeutic team or an element of the audience. With role reversal, the protagonist places him/herself psychologically in the place of this other person (Pio de Abreu, 1992) and little known among the elements of the FEPTO-RC this technique has also been seen as a concept Some psychodramatists following a systemic perspective have been incorporating this technique into their work considering sculptures as an expression of the binding structure of a system Usually, sculptures tend to be realistic and constructed with elements of the group, but they can also be symbolic and accomplished with both people and objects (Pio de Abreu, 1992; Rojas-Bermúdez, 1997) The social atom provides an overview of the protagonist's interpersonal structure revealing conflicts with significant people and providing themes for dramatization Described in six of the 20 texts, in all of them the concept is recognized as being of Rojas-Bermúdez (Pio de Abreu, 1992; Blatner, 1997; Hug, 1997; Rojas-Bermúdez, 1997; López, 2005; Rojas-Bermúdez et al., 2012) Rojas-Bermúdez owes the concept and theoretical framework It is important to mention that although this was not a concept of Moreno the use of different objects was suggested and is part of all Psychodrama schools and hence this was consensually considered as one of the MP most important techniques Objects such as props, fabrics, puppets, cloth dolls and masks have been recognized as catalysts of important non-verbal reactions and at the same time allow a greater distance from the emotionally charged situation (Blatner, 1997). In its simplest form, it is an articulated doll that, through the voice of the director, “talks” with the protagonist (Pio de Abreu, 1992) According to Rojas-Bermúdez (1997) it allows the reestablishment of interrupted communication with the patient replacing the direct therapist-patient relationship with object-patient in order to facilitate the focus of attention and decrease alarm states When the patient does not respond to verbal communication, the professional auxiliary ego addresses the patient through the object (puppet, mask, hood, tunic); and based on the patient's reaction, the auxiliary ego can continue to use the object, or choose another object, or give the patient a similar object to interact with. When face-to-face communication is achieved, the object is eliminated (Rojas-Bermúdez, 1997) Dramatic games were referred to in about a quarter of the revised references. The game must go through the same stages of the psychodrama session: warm-up, action and sharing (Monteiro, 1998) one of the challenges presented by sociometry concerns its conceptual diversity which probably comes from the importance and comprehensiveness that it has assumed over time Here it is important to note that all the definitions (12 out of 20) were reviewed so that better theoretical support could be made Role training aims to create situations for the development and training of a certain role in conditions very close to the real situation yet in a protected way (Blatner and Blatner, 1988; Soeiro, 1995). It can be used as well as a diagnostic method (Moreno, cited in Cukier, 2002) verbally-based psychotherapies acknowledge the basic principles of MP techniques prevent a potential disconnection between MP techniques and their theoretical roots allowing them to evolve and become fully integrated with other therapeutic models This was also expected considering that definitions of techniques are usually published for didactic and training purposes and less frequently in empirical articles AC was responsible for conducting the review analyzing the data and writing the manuscript CS and GM supervised the review and contributed for the manuscript PA collaborated with the review and contributed for the manuscript All authors approved the final version of this manuscript This review was conducted as part of the AC research project toward a Ph.D CS is currently receiving funding from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT UID/PSI/00050/2013 and EU FEDER and COMPETE programmes (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007294) 1. ^Compiled and updated by James M 2. ^An example of this is the “Improvisation Theater,” a theater modality founded by Moreno in 1921 3. ^Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Portugal, United Kingdom, Serbia and Switzerland. This discussion was also promoted to validate Helpful Aspects of Morenian Psychodrama Content Analysis System manual (Cruz, 2014; Cruz et al., 2016) 4. ^Despite being considered statistically low this value of k = 0.40 was considered acceptable for this study since it results from the agreement between 3 ratings only a case in which the judges only had to evaluate the quality of only 3 definitions the discrepancy between only one value (as has been seen in practice) was sufficient to lower the value from 1 to 0.4 Acting-In: Practical Applications of Psychodramatic Methods Google Scholar Google Scholar Morenean approaches: recognizing psychodrama's many facets CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Uma Visão Global Do Psicodrama: Fundamentos Históricos Google Scholar Role playing as a behavior change technique: review of the empirical literature Google Scholar Google Scholar “Interpolação de Resistências,” in Técnicas Fundamentais do Psicodrama Monteiro (São Paulo: Ágora) Google Scholar Quando o Corpo Toma a Palavra: A Expressão Corporal em Contexto Psicodramático Tese de Mestrado em Toxicodependência e Patologias Psicossociais Follow up of alcohol and other drug dependents treated with psychodrama PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Cruz, A. (2014). Perspectivas integradoras sobre o Psicodrama Moreniano: Os Teóricos, os Terapeutas e os Clientes, Doctoral dissertation. Available online at: https://bdigital.ufp.pt/bitstream/10284/4939/3/TeseAnaCruz.pdf Towards the development of helpful aspects of Morenian psychodrama content analysis system (HAMPCAS) CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Google Scholar O Essencial de Moreno: Textos Sobre Psicodrama Google Scholar Gonçalves “Técnicas básicas: duplo espelho e inversão de papéis,” in Técnicas Fundamentais Do Psicodrama Gonçalves Lições de Psicodrama: Introdução Ao Pensamento de J “Psicodrama Clássico: uma revisão” in Psicodrama: Inspiração e Técnica Google Scholar Current trends in psychodrama: ecletic and analytic dimensions Google Scholar “Role-playing,” in Técnicas Fundamentais do Psicodrama Google Scholar “Role reversal in psychodrama,” in Psychodrama Since Moreno Classical and contemporary psychodrama: a multifaceted Google Scholar Behavior simulation: a model for the study of the simulation aspect of psychodrama The effectiveness of psychodramatic techniques: a meta-analysis CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Nobody nowhere to somebody somewhere: researching the effectiveness of psychodrama with young people with Asperger's syndrome “Técnicas Psicodramáticas,” in Más Allá Del Monigote Fábregas (Las Palmas de Gran Canarias: Hamalgama Editorial) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar “O jogo no psicodrama,” in Técnicas Fundamentais do Psicodrama Google Scholar Google Scholar Malvern: The North-West Psychodrama Association “Utilización de la imagen en sicoterapias,” in Actualizaciones en Sicodrama: Imagen y Acción en la Teoría y La Práctica (Coruna: Spiralia Ensayo) The effect of short-term psychodrama on chronic schizophrenic patients Contributos Para a Compreensão do Toxicodependente: o Psicodrama Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicossomática Lisboa: Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada Coimbra: Edições de Psiquiatria Clínica Rojas-Bermúdez Teoria e Técnica Psicodramáticas Rojas-Bermúdez “Y las cosas se hacieron instrumentos objeto intermediario e intraintermediario en sicodrama,” in Actualizaciones en Sicodrama: Imagen y Acción en la Teoría y La Práctica Rojas-Bermúdez Actualizaciones en Sicodrama: Imagen y Acción en la Teoría y La Práctica Rojas-Bermúdez “Teoría y técnica de las imágines sicodramáticas,” in Actualizaciones en Sicodrama: Imagen y Acción en la Teoría y La Práctica “Auto-apresentação apresentação do átomo social concretização e confronto,” in Técnicas Fundamentais do Psicodrama Google Scholar Google Scholar Auto-Estigma na Doença Mental Grave: Desenvolvimento de um Programa de Intervenção com Recurso ao Sociodrama e ao e-Learning Porto: Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação da Universidade do Porto Psicodrama no hospital júlio de matos-uma tentativa de avaliação de resultados Role Reversal; Soliloquy; Mirror; Double; Resistance Interpolation; Sculpture; Social atom; Intermediate and Intraintermediate Objects; Dramatic Games; Sociometry; Role training; symbolic representation; amplification; concretization; empty chair; surplus reality; self presentation; behind back; puppets and masks; psychodance; body techniques; psychomusic; hypnodrama; magic shop; onirodrama; spontaneous improvisation; videopsychodrama; future projection; spontaneity test Alves P and Moita G (2018) The Core Techniques of Morenian Psychodrama: A Systematic Review of Literature Received: 01 May 2018; Accepted: 29 June 2018; Published: 24 July 2018 Copyright © 2018 Cruz, Sales, Alves and Moita. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Ana Cruz, YW5hLnMuZGFjcnV6QGdtYWlsLmNvbQ== Fifty-meter-thick (164-ft-thick) reservoirs featuring good permeability and porosity were discovered The well is 83 km (51 mi) off the Aracaju coast 7 km (5 mi) from the discovery well Moita Bonita 1-BRSA-1088-SES (1-SES-168) The Moita Bonita accumulation is part of the Sergipe-Alagoas basin deepwater development program The consortium will proceed with the discovery evaluation plan approved by the National Agency of Petroleum which covers concessions BM-SEAL-10 and BM-SEAL-4 holding 100% interest in BM-SEAL-10 and in partnership with ONGC (25%) in BM-SEAL-4 The lawsuit was filed Monday on behalf of Amar McLean on what would have been McLean’s 24th birthday identified in the lawsuit as Norberto Moita approached McLean around noon on Springfield Avenue and S with information a drug dealer was in the area The confrontation led to a struggle and Moita shot McLean in the side The scuffle continued briefly before several officers handcuffed McLean who was found to have a substantial amount of heroin on him He died shortly afterward at University Hospital said she is still trying to understand why the officers couldn’t have found another way to subdue her 5-foot-5 "Why did you kill my son?" she asked from her home near the shooting • Essex County sheriff's officer fatally shoots suspect during Newark drug bust • Authorities say Newark man fatally shot in drug bust struggled with officer an 18-year veteran with the narcotics bureau was assisted that day by the Prosecutor’s Office drugs and gang unit the Prosecutor’s Office and seven officers from both agencies It seeks compensatory and punitive damages contending Moita acted "unlawfully and without legal justification" when he fired his weapon said they have waited nearly a year without any word on the investigation "We’ve gotten nothing from the Prosecutor’s Office about why an unarmed man was shot and killed," said Macri The case has not been presented to a grand jury as is mandated under state Attorney General guidelines though that is expected to happen this fall Macri had requested the Attorney General’s Office take over the investigation said today it had not been served with the lawsuit and the Prosecutor’s Office said it does not discuss pending litigation the Prosecutor’s Office is still investigating the fatal shooting in July of an unarmed man by another Essex County Sheriff’s officer in Branch Brook Park another incident precipitated by a struggle the families of the deceased dispute the police account though there is agreement both men were unarmed the family contends he was shot in the back and that he was shot after being handcuffed It also disputes that officers recovered $4,000 worth of heroin from him Lorraine McLean acknowledged her son had previous arrests for drugs was father to a young son and was pursuing a career as a rapper but that’s no reason to take his life," she said Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement, (updated 8/1/2024) and acknowledgement of our Privacy Policy, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (updated 1/1/2025) © 2025 Advance Local Media LLC. All rights reserved (About Us) The material on this site may not be reproduced except with the prior written permission of Advance Local Community Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site YouTube's privacy policy is available here and YouTube's terms of service is available here Ad Choices ‘Smoke on the Water’ arrived in 1972 as the fourth and final single of Deep Purple’s masterpiece album, Machine Head Thanks to its catchy riff and intriguing backstory it remains the most famous song by the Hertford hard rockers the band was initially set to record Machine Head at Montreux Casino in Switzerland but the venue’s famous fire of 1971 scuppered the plans “We all came out to Montreux/ On the Lake Geneva shoreline/ To make records with a mobile yeah/ We didn’t have much time now/ Frank Zappa and the Mothers/ Were at the best place around/ But some stupid with a flare gun/ Burned the place to the ground,” the lyrics read Ian Gillan’s lyrics rather succinctly chronicle the events of the disastrous fire The night before Deep Purple was set to begin recording in The Rolling Stones’ famous Mobile Studio Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention performed a concert in the casino’s theatre a member of the audience fired a flare gun at the rattan-covered ceiling Although there were fortunately no major injuries lyrical genius was a little more from Ritchie Blackmore The simple four-note progression was certainly new to the realm of blues rock but according to a quote from Blackmore in Dave Thompson’s 2004 book Smoke on the Water: The Deep Purple Story the riff was based on an inversion of Ludwig van Beethoven’s ‘Symphony No “I owe him a lot of money,” Blackmore said of the late German composer The riff contains some of the same notes as the reversed classical composition but the rhythm and order still need significant modification to sound even remotely similar I would say Beethoven can continue resting peacefully without riches a song released in 1964 by the Brazillian musician Carlos Lyra Perhaps it was a coincidence or a subconscious reproduction but it’s’ hard to argue the compositions don’t’ bear an uncanny resemblance Read today's Portuguese stories delivered to your email The 20th edition of “Romaria a Cavalo” will be held from 20 April to 24 April resuming a century-old tradition of the Alentejo the four-day journey is made by horse or carriage is a kind of holy pilgrimage that takes place every year to transport the image of “Nossa Senhora da Boa Viagem” to the sanctuary of “Nossa Senhora dos Aires” this tradition was not always celebrated by the locals it was only in 2001 that they decided to look back to their roots and take up this tradition According to their website this is one of the biggest national horse events the farmers of Moita made that same journey several years ago with their animals along dirt roads to be blessed and to ask for good harvests To explain the meaning of this term "Romaria a Cavalo" let's break it down: "Cavalo" means horse in English In an interview with Lusa News Agency about the upcoming event said that currently there is more than a religious meaning behind it as the event is an opportunity to strengthen ties between friends and neighbours The pilgrimage "is also known for the companionship between the pilgrims and between the inhabitants of the villages they pass through," he said adding that it is also key for boosting the economy as the event helps to increase the profits of local restaurants which all see their income increase thanks to the Romaria a Cavalo Despite the small number of inhabitants in these villages there are still those who want to preserve these kind of traditions the event which usually gathers hundreds of participants from all over the country and even from abroad is expecting even greater participation this year "I thought that people would still be afraid to go out but I realised that there are even more people who say they are going to take part," said the mayor "the need and the will of people to go out in the street" can therefore lead to "an even greater participation" in an event which "has already reached 500 participants" in a single edition If you would like to know further details about the event, please follow Romaria a Cavalo on social media at https://www.facebook.com/RomariaACavaloMoitaVianaDoAlentejo/ and https://www.youtube.com/user/vianaconcelho Paula Martins is a fully qualified journalist who finds writing a means of self-expression She studied Journalism and Communication at University of Coimbra and recently Law in the Algarve We appreciate that not everyone can afford to pay for our services but if you are able to we ask you to support The Portugal News by making a contribution – no matter how small You can change how much you give or cancel your contributions at any time Send us your comments or opinion on this article Reaching over 400,000 people a week with news about Portugal Although the vast majority of us are no longer living in a place that puts us at risk of being hunted or considered “prey” by other species we still carry many of the characteristics of a wild animal our brains will often trigger the “fight or flight” response when we feel in danger “Just like any other animal in nature, our reaction to a threat is invariably one of the following three: escape, fight, or freeze in place with the hope of remaining unnoticed,” says Marta Moita, a co-author of a recent study on this behavior in fruit flies, published in Nature Communications Moita, along with Maria Luisa Vasconcelos, conducted the study at the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown in Lisbon, Portugal. Their goal was to determine how the brain decides which of the three strategies to implement and how it makes sure that the body carries out these actions “When we started working on these issues most people believed that flies only escape but we wondered if that was really true,” say Moita the fruit fly is an incredibly powerful model organism that has helped shed light on many difficult problems in biology So when we decided to delve into the neural basis of defensive behavior what will happen if we expose flies to a threat in a situation where they couldn’t just fly away?” The researchers placed fruit flies in a covered dish and exposed them to an expanding dark circle – an experimental representation of how a fly perceives a threat they witness something surprising: many flies froze in place flies remained perfectly still for minutes on end – often in awkward positions such as half crouching The flies that didn’t freeze were ones that flew away from the threat “This was very exciting,” says Vasconcelos “because it meant that similarly to humans the flies were choosing between alternative strategies.” Further research determined that the flies’ response was related to their walking speed at the time the threat appeared it would take off and get away from the threat “This result is very important: it is the first report showing how the behavioral state of the animal can influence its choice of defensive strategy,” Vasconcelos explains the researchers found that a single pair of neurons is imperative for the flies’ defensive behaviors There are hundreds of thousands of neurons in the brain of the fly we found that freezing was controlled by two identical neurons one on each side of the brain,” says Vasconcelos If the researchers turned these neurons off the flies no longer froze when they felt a threat – instead the flies would freeze in place dependent on their walking speed… without the presence of a threat “If we turned the neurons on when the fly was walking slowly This result places these neurons directly at the gateway of the circuit of choice!” says Ricardo Zacarias “This is exactly what we were looking for: how the brain decides between competing strategies,” explains Moita these neurons are of the type that sends motor commands from the brain to the ‘spinal cord’ of the fly This means that they may be involved not only in the choice The study’s authors believe their findings will lead to an entirely new field of research in flies “We can now study directly how the brain makes choices between very different defensive behaviors,” says Moita “And because defensive behaviors are common to all animals our discoveries provide a good starting point towards identifying the ‘rules of the game’ that define how all animals choose to defend themselves.” By Connor Ertz, Earth.com Staff Writer Costa da Caparica and the beaches on the linha de Cascais in Portugal are usually the easiest choice for those who live in Lisbon to go to the beach over the weekend, without having to drive too many kilometres. The chaotic traffic jams you face to arrive there, however, often make one desperate. Therefore, here are some alternatives: river beaches easily accessible from Lisbon that will spare you from huge traffic lines and thus guarantee you a “stress-free” holiday. A 44 km or 45 minutes’ drive from Lisbon will take you to this river beach on the Tejo, in the municipality of Moita. Here you can expect beach support facilities such as showers, a picnic park, a playground and even a summer library. Praia do Rosário has about 1 km of sand on the riverside. You can also see a restaurant there called Baía Tejo, which offers a fantastic view and a menu of mouth-watering appetisers. Ver esta publicação no Instagram Uma publicação partilhada por Município da Moita (@municipiomoita) A very pleasant beach, mainly appreciated by the youngest ones; and since you can see the riverbed while staying on dry sand, it becomes a paradise for parents with small children. The name of this beach takes us to the source of the Alviela river, which can be seen some metres ahead of it. The river’s crystal clear water and coolness are ideal for a summer day. The beach offers a picnic area, a playground and even a camping site, all included in a leisure area that also has very different attractions in the surroundings. One of them is Gruta do Canadá (Canada cave), inhabited by thousands of bats, and Centro de Ciência Viva (Science Center) of Alviela. To arrive there, however, you will have to drive 118 km and it will take you roughly an hour and a half. Ver esta publicação no Instagram Uma publicação partilhada por @passe_atas The view is absolutely scenic, which makes it worth driving the winding road that leads to this beach in Gavião. The vegetation surrounding it is beautiful, connecting the countryside and the beach, and the Belver Castle that can be seen on the other bank of the Tejo, perched on top of the hill, invites you to go along the walkway to better appreciate the wonderful view. The wide sandy beach combined with the grass areas make it quite large, and the infrastructures such as the café with padded sofas resembling bin bags invite us to stay there comfortably observing the nature while we refresh ourselves with a drink. If you depart from Lisbon, it will take you 177 km to arrive, which is about 2 hours. Ver esta publicação no Instagram Uma publicação partilhada por O mundo nos pés (@o_mundo_nos_pes) This is a very beautiful beach. It owes its name to the windmills (moinhos de vento) that are seen there, which, even if not active anymore, make the scenery blissful. The Tejo and a relatively generous sand shore make this beach one of the most sought after locations in Alcochete during the summer. It has become famous among kitesurfers, and a magnificent resort with a huge pool can be found in the vicinity. Count on driving 40 km (some 42 minutes) to arrive here. Ver esta publicação no Instagram Uma publicação partilhada por Praia do Sal Resort (@praiadosal) On the magnificent reservoir of Castelo do Bode, where the landscape is unmatched, there is a leisure Nautic Park with floating pools, located in the municipality of Abrantes. Here you can find water sports equipment and a bar where you can share your leisure time with your friends together with some snacks. It is also possible to sleep by the dam in one of the wooden bungalows that can be found there. Should you prefer a camping site, you can find one about 6 kilometres away in the village of Martinchel. To arrive at Aldeia do Mato, however, you will need to drive 150 km, which are done in circa 1 hour and 42 minutes. Ver esta publicação no Instagram Uma publicação partilhada por Rio Zêzere (@zezereinsta) 70 kilometers away from Lisboa, situated between the village of Salvaterra de Magos and the fishing village of Escaroupim, Praia Doce is a place where peace reigns. Surrounded by the characteristic nature on the banks of the Tejo, it has a picnic area with great tables, toilets and an interesting sand shore. It was renovated in 2015, and is also known among the locals as “Praia dos Tesos”. You will have to drive 68 km to find it, which should take you about one hour. Ver esta publicação no Instagram Uma publicação partilhada por @lisbon_nita77 In the waters of the Raia River, there is a river beach called Açude do Gameiro, where apart from all the beach activities, you can walk along the magnificent wooden walkway, visit the Centro de Interpretação Ambiental (Environmental Interpretation Center), do picnics and still discover the circuit of the adventure park. Close by, you also have Fluviário de Mora (Mora River Aquarium) which is really worth visiting, especially for those travelling with children. There is still a camping site for anyone wishing to stay overnight in this area. It will take you 199 km and about 1h and 40 minutes to arrive here from Lisbon. Ver esta publicação no Instagram Uma publicação partilhada por Mauro Filipe Coelho (@maurofcoelho) The beach of Lago Azul (Blue Lake) is officially known as Praia Fluvial de Castanheira. It is located on the dam of Castelo do Bode and has a fluctuating platform with two pools for adults and children, making this beach an excellent place for entertainment. It is very popular among wakeboarders and also offers the possibility of tranquil pedal boat rides or walks in the trails surrounding the reservoir. It takes 161 km to arrive there, a drive of around 2 hours, but I assure you it will be absolutely worth it. Ver esta publicação no Instagram Uma publicação partilhada por Decolei Portugal ✈️ 🇧🇷x🇵🇹 (@decoleiportugal) Right in the region of Ribatejo, in the municipality of Cartaxo, one can find the small river beach of Valada. Here you can find a picnic area complete with grill stations, a pier, an exercise circuit and even a playground to entertain the little ones. You might also like to visit the fishing village of Escaroupim, founded on the opposite bank of the river in the mid-1930s by fishermen from Praia da Vieira in Marinha Grande. 68 km away from Lisboa, you will arrive at this interesting spot in about one hour. Ver esta publicação no Instagram Uma publicação partilhada por LGS Photography (@lgsfotografia) With its three traditional windmills, Praia da Alburrica has fine, soft, comfy sands that invite you to lay down and rest. The Gigante (Giant), Nascente (Sunrise) and Poente (Sunset) windmills are interesting attractions in this area. The beach is equipped with an exercise circuit, a volleyball court, showers and a spider-shaped playground equipment for children to play. There is also a parking lot at hand, so you do not have to drive around in circles trying to find a place for your car. 45 minutes should be enough to drive the 43 km that bring you here from Lisbon. Ver esta publicação no Instagram Uma publicação partilhada por Margem Sul onde ir? (@margem_sul_onde_ir) Portugal has such a vast offer of river beaches and all so easily accessible from its capital city of Lisbon that you do not need to fry inside your car while stuck in long traffic jams Do take these options into consideration and set sail to discover such wonderful paradises that are so close to you Essential cookies enable basic functions and are necessary for the proper function of the website Statistics cookies collect information anonymously This information helps us to understand how our visitors use our website Nearly 10 years after the disappearance of Madeleine McCann her case continues to stay in the public eye With the police given an extra £85,000 by Prime Minister Theresa May to keep the case open earlier this week And a Portuguese crime expert has now claimed he thinks the three-year-old died in the apartment who used to work in connection with the Policia Judiciaria the Portuguese police who began the initial search Flores apparently asked: "Why this child when there are so many others who have disappeared?" saying: "It would have been impossible to get through a window with a child." The documentary showed never-before seen footage of Madeleine boarding the plane to Portugal with her family and their friend's children A fellow tourist at Gerry's holiday tennis club said she overheard Kate letting out a 'soul-destroying' howl the night of Madeline's disappearance Police at the scene made shocking claims that Madeleine had probably wandered under a bush and simply fallen asleep contaminated scene at the McCann's apartment and were horrified by the lack of preservation of the scene – they compared it to the scene of a robbery A friend on holiday with Gerry & Kate claimed she saw a man walking briskly and carrying a child similar to Maddie at 9.15pm – less than an hour before Maddie was discovered missing It was reported that Madeleine asked her mum 'Why didn't you come last night when [the twins] were crying?' Theories claimed that it could have been the kidnapper making their first attempt but got spooked Although lots of locals and tourists said they felt safe and secure in the Algarve 'Praia De Luz is a honeypot of strange people People come here to change themselves' The Police Inspector also claimed there were a lot of violent drug-related crimes in the area Former suspect Robert Murat appeared in the documentary he gave lots of in-depth interviews surrounding his time as a former suspect in the investigation The documentary claimed that Portuguese police monitoring the Spanish border were spotted sitting in their car for 40 minutes to avoid the rain The police initially released a suspect drawing which was simply an oval shape with no facial features Kate admitted to a friend that she had no faith in the Portuguese police the spokesman for the McCanns told The Sun Online: "Kate and Gerry will not be fuelling any of this pure speculation with any comment whatsoever." A source told the site: "There is no proof that Madeleine died in the holiday apartment or anywhere else and until there is any shred of evidence her parents believe their daughter could still be alive." They then said of Mr Flores: "This person is presenting himself as a criminal expert and is regurgitating claims made by Mr Amaral he is repeating all the old assertions it seems for shock value." The Mr Amaral referred to is Goncalo Amaral the police officer who led the search for Maddie He then wrote a book called The Truth of the Lie faked an abduction story to cover up her death This comes after many celebrities have recently expressed their opinions on the case Jodie Marsh launched a Twitter rant about the parents last month in which she said: "If it were my child I'd be on my hands & knees digging up the earth with my bare hands." Karen Danczuk's opinion echoed Jodie's as she wrote: "Anyone who says McCanns are innocent just remember they left three children under the age of four alone to go out But property expert and TV presenter Kirstie Allsopp came to the defence of the McCanns this week tweeting: "Have always though the McCanns did nothing wrong leaving the kids asleep nearby it's something people have done worldwide since time began." What do YOU think? Do you agree with Jodie and Karen, or do Kirstie's views make more sense to you? Let us know over on Facebook and Twitter**** Company number 01176085; Bauer Radio Limited Company number: 1394141; Registered office: Media House Peterborough PE2 6EA and H Bauer Publishing Company number: LP003328; Registered office: The Lantern H Bauer Publishing are authorised and regulated for credit broking by the FCA (Ref No: 845898) Elders from the Kalenjin community have decried the dip in the number of dowry negotiation ceremonies The Kalenjin community experienced few koitos in 2024 Photo: NTV.Source: UGCWhy are koito ceremonies declining?August and December usually witness many ceremonies with elders attributing it to high bride prices The ceremony usually involves the groom’s relatives arriving at the bride’s home and immediately starting negotiations without being served refreshments PAY ATTENTION: TUKO is in WhatsApp Channels now! Subscribe and read news in favourite messenger. The fathers and uncles participate in negotiations while the women prepare food. The bride eventually agrees to the agreed amount and tells her relatives to accept it. Read also Kenyan newspapers review: Family's Christmas turns tragic as 4-year-old son drowns in hotel pool While the standard bride price remains at five cows, moita, which roughly translates into oil, has been increased to millions from KSh 4,400. Lennie Kirui, another elder, said the high price of moita means many young couples have no funds to start life with after the ceremony. Kenduiywa attributed the high moita cost to educating girls. James Cheney from Nandi county said the high moita price left many young people unmarried, and elders were working on standardising the amount. In other news, singer Nikita Kering went all out as her sister held her koito. Read also Kind Kenyan landlady waives January 2025 rent for her tenants: "You've been wonderful" The artiste researched and came up with unique attires reflecting the Kalenjin culture Social media users were impressed by the creativity a multimedia journalist and copy editor at TUKO.co.ke