Brooke Bohinc
Meet Catherine Valega, the Owner of Green Bee Advisory
a boutique wealth and tax management firm tailored to empower breadwinning women.
Catherine quickly realized the stark gender disparity in finance
where men dominated the conversation and left women on the sidelines
Green Bee Advisory was born out of a desire to flip the script
driven women—come to her with the same core questions: Am I saving enough
Am I making the best decisions for my family
She loves helping them put the puzzle pieces together and build a financial strategy that feels right for their unique situation
Catherine shared the underlying mission of Green Bee Advisory
her greatest challenge in blending work with life
and the most important lesson she’s learned in her entrepreneurial journey so far
My world of financial services is filled with blustery men
Most of the women I work with have the same “avatar,” if you will
They all tend to have the same basic questions: Am I saving enough
I love helping them figure out the best way to utilize the puzzle pieces of their financial plan to accomplish the things that are important to them
I came out of the womb competitive and fiercely independent
I used my income to purchase my dream bike and got hooked on earning and saving
I worked my way through college and grad school
Understanding my money and what it could do for me empowered my life
It wasn’t until I became a financial advisor that I realized how many women did not share my love of investing
So I began talking about finance in a way that they understood
I started to teach them how their money could impact their life and create opportunities for the future
My true purpose is to educate and empower women to take full ownership of their financial lives—to learn and grow as they build their confidence and create exciting opportunities for themselves
“My true purpose is to educate and empower women to take full ownership of their financial lives—to learn and grow as they build their confidence and create exciting opportunities for themselves.”
it can be hard to “turn off.” I try to spend at least one day a week completely disconnected from anything digital
so that typically means spending the day outside unconnected to gadgets and connected to nature
One of the best parts about being an entrepreneur is the flexibility to try things
We’re not stuck with rigid corporate mandates—we make our own mandates
I would recommend doing research to find other women who are ahead of you and politely reaching out to connect
find a mentor who can guide you and give you pep talks along the way
Acknowledge that and work to find a support network that you can rely on
Catherine is a member of Dreamers & Doers, an award-winning community that amplifies extraordinary women entrepreneurs, investors, and leaders by securing PR, forging authentic connections, and curating high-impact resources. Learn more about Dreamers & Doers and get involved here.
Volume 8 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.664532
Ulnar trochlear notch (UTN) subchondral bone sclerosis is observed in elbow dysplasia (ED) associated with the medial coronoid disease
its evaluation is based on a simple visual examiner assessment of bone radio-opacity level and is considered subjective
The purpose of this study was to objectively characterize the radiographic opacity of the ulnar trochlear notch (UTN) subchondral bone in mediolateral elbow projections classified
using the International Elbow Working Group guidelines
Records and mediolateral flexed elbow images from the Danish Kennel Club database for the ED screening scheme between 2012 and 2018 were available
those with an ED-negative status in the left limb were identified
Joints with primary ununited anconeal process were excluded from the sample
A template was developed using the ImageJ software
It was overlaid onto each image to define five regions of interest (ROIs): ROI-1
Mean pixel intensity for each UTN ROI was divided by the mean pixel intensity of ROI-4 to normalize the data
The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the normalized pixel intensity in the disease joints (ED Grades 1
The corresponding values for the contralateral normal left joints were 1.16 ± 0.17
There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the normalized mean pixel intensity in dysplastic vs
non-dysplastic elbow joints for ROIs 1 and 2
The raw mean pixel intensity from right and left cortical and marrow bone ROIs sometimes showed relatively large differences
Digital radiography is associated with exposure and post-processing variabilities
Differences in apparent radio-opacity (as indicated by pixel intensity) though statistically significant in dysplastic joints compared with contralateral normal joints are slight and are thus problematic for computer-aided assessments of UTN sclerosis
there are no studies exploring the computerized quantification of UTN sclerosis and relating the degree of sclerosis with ED grades
The aims of the present study were to characterize the radiographic exposure of digital mediolateral elbow views and to measure the pixel value of the UTN subchondral bone in elbows classified as IEWG ED Grade 0
The hypothesis of our study was that there is a difference in pixel value of the UTN subchondral bone between ED Grade 0 elbows and dysplastic elbows (ED Grades 1
The null hypothesis presumed no difference in opacity of the UTN subchondral bone between ED Grade 0 and dysplastic elbows
This was a retrospective study based on the analysis of digital radiographs from the Danish Kennel Club (DKC) database for the ED screening scheme
Records and digital DICOM format flexed mediolateral images in the database for the period between 2012 and 2018 were available
dogs with a dysplasia-negative status (Grade 0) in the left limb were identified
This process provided a study set of 80 dogs grouped according to ED grade (left elbow: right elbow) as follows: 0:0
The protocols were approved by the local Ethics and Administration Committee at the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
and performed in accordance with a Data Sharing Agreement between the DKC and the University of Copenhagen
which in turn complies with the requirements of the General Data Protection Requirements of the European Union
Mean pixel intensity data from each ROI in the template were measured in ImageJ software and saved as a comma-separated values file
Regions of interest (ROIs) created in ImageJ: A sequence of instructions requiring some user input and performing some logical steps was created as a text file in the ImageJ programming language
such a list is called a “macro.” Line “a” is drawn by the user as a tangent to the caudoproximal endosteal surface of the ulna
and three points are identified by mouse clicks on the edge of the medial humeral condyle (MHC)
This user input allows for the automatic creation of the circular outline of the humeral condyle
together with three lines originating in the center of the MHC at angles of 45° “b,” 110° “c,” and 130° “d” to line “a,” a line “e” parallel to line “a” dividing the area bounded by lines “a,” “b,” and “d” and the humeral condylar
into two regions with areas in the ratio 1 (upper/cranial) to 2 (lower/caudal); line “f” is created again automatically by the macro
perpendicular to line “d” through the point of intersection between lines “d” and “a.” Finally
the user marks three points: P1 at the intersection of line “f” with the ulnar cranial endosteal cortex
and P2 and P3 at the points where lines “d” and “f” cross the periosteal caudal ulnar cortex
This allows the automatic creation of line “g,” which is parallel to line “d” and passes through P1
and line “h,” which joins P2 and P3
The macro then creates ROIs as follows: ROI-1
The macro takes measurements from these five ROIs
The recorded measurements for each were mean
The completed macro sequence thus creates lines and regions according to strict reproducible criteria
For further analysis, the pixel intensity of each individual ROI-1, ROI-2, and ROI-3 was divided by the pixel intensity for ROI-4 in the same limb, in order to normalize the data. This step was taken into account for variation in radiographic exposure between images, as described previously (11)
The ROI-5 was collected to study pixel intensity cortico-medullar differences in radiographic images
Dogs with evidence of UAP were not included in studies for evaluation of subtrochlear UTN pixel intensity
The angles of mediolateral elbow views and the degrees of flexion were measured in the sample using a methodology previously described (13). Details of this measurement are shown in Figure 2
Figure 2. Anatomical landmarks used for measuring the elbow angles, the angular point in the lateral humeral epicondyle (LHE) (contact point of cranial border of medial epicondyle with the condyle) and the linking points at the nutrient orifice of the radius (NOR) and the intersection point of the lateral supracondylar crest and the cranial humeral endosteum (SC) (13)
Statistical analysis was performed on the raw and normalized pixel intensity in the different studied groups
The one-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (OSKS) was used to evaluate the normal distribution of variables
and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-test were used to evaluate if normalized pixel intensity differed significantly between the studied groups
Scatterplot and boxplot graphical analyses were also performed for some of the data studied
The linear Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the association between elbow angles and some of raw and normalized pixel intensity variables
P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant
Statistical analysis was performed using the computer software SPSS (SPSS Statistics for Windows Version 27.0
The age of the 80 dogs used in the sample ranged from 12 to 58 months
mean ± standard deviation (SD) 18.9 ± 9.6 months; and there were 36 males and 44 females
there were animals of 22 different breeds; the most common was the German Shepherd
Scatterplot with mean pixel intensity (PI) differences between the cortical and marrow bone regions (N = 160)
Scatterplot with mean differences between pixel intensity (PI) values from the right and left sides in the cortical bone region (N = 80)
Scatterplot with mean differences between pixel intensity (PI) values from the right and left sides in the medullary region (N = 80)
Three dogs with UAP were excluded from ED Grade 3 group. The normalized mean pixel intensity of ROI-1, ROI-2, and ROI-3 also showed a normal distribution in the ED Grade (0, 1, 2, and 3) groups (P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in normalized mean pixel intensity in the right ED Groups 0, 1, 2, and 3 in any subtrochlear UTN ROI-1, ROI-2, or 3 (P > 0.05, in ANOVA test) (Table 1)
Normalized mean pixel intensity (PI) values in the different ulnar trochlear notch (UTN) regions of interest (ROIs) for the right-side elbow joints classified with different elbow dysplasia (ED) grades
Box-and-whisker plot for comparison between normalized pixel intensity of ulnar trochlear notch (UTN) right-side elbows with elbow dysplasia and contralateral left side normal elbows on regions of interest (ROIs) 1 (distal UTN)
The elbow angle in mediolateral views ranged from 22.1° to 97.4° (mean ± SD, 57.5° ± 16.6°) and showed some significant Pearson correlations with raw pixel intensity variables (Table 2). The association between subtrochlear UTN of raw and normalized pixel intensity ROIs 1, 2, and 3 was also statistically significant (P < 0.05) (Table 2)
Pearson correlations between some of the studied variables: elbow angle (EA)
raw (r) pixel intensity of subtrochlear regions of interest (ROIs) 1
The bone density distribution in the subchondral bone plate of the elbow joint of dogs was described using computed tomographic osteoabsorptiometry in normal elbow joints (15). Lower ulnar bone density at the apex of the medial coronoid process with high UTN sclerosis in case of MCD was also described (16). An age-dependent increase in subchondral bone density at the elbow joint, including the UTN, was observed (14, 15)
We did not compare the mean pixel intensity between animals with different ages
We normalized our data to ROIs within the same patient
so any such effects would have been masked
The differences between cortical and bone marrow pixel intensity observed in the contralateral views (right vs. left) are interesting and unexpected (Figures 4, 5)
It is likely that imaging software versions
and beam factors will be the same for contralateral elbows in the same dog
It is accepted however that digital image processing can be influenced by the contents of the field of view
and the amount and type of tissue and other objects (such as positioning markers)
which are included in addition to the target anatomical area
These effects however should be random between the right and left elbows in our study and thus do not explain the difference in pixel intensity seen between the diseased right and normal left elbows
The difference we did see is however unlikely to be clinically useful since ED is often bilateral
and one cannot assume that one will have a normal contralateral limb for comparison
The significant correlation between subtrochlear ROIs 1
taking into account the anatomical proximity between these regions
The radiographic image has many optical illusions (18)
and one of them is well-demonstrated in this study when assessing cortical bone opacity
Cortical bone may appear to have a uniform and higher opacity than the marrow to the human eye
with greater bone opacity toward the endosteal surface when compared with the exosteal region
The apparent higher cortical exosteal opacity is due to the optical effects of surrounding lower attenuating soft tissue opacity
Our template evaluates the cortical opacity with a triangular ROI
It is likely that mean cortical pixel intensity would have been higher had we chosen an ROI that included a more endosteal cortical bone
The pixel intensity of the UTN subchondral bone in the dysplastic elbow joints was higher compared with that in the normal contralateral elbow joints (ED Grade 0)
these differences may be more evident if MCD were a feature of ED group
Elbow joint extension is associated with a higher radio-opacity in elbow joint area; however
the normalization of data eliminated this effect in the subchondral UTN region
Digital radiographs are associated with many variabilities due to radiographic parameters and image processing algorithms
These variabilities in pixel intensity make computer quantification of radiographic bone opacity of the UTN in ED difficult and problematic
it is possible that human image evaluator is prompted by other features
possibly related to trabecular pattern rather than absolute pixel intensity
when concluding on the presence of “bone sclerosis.” Further studies are needed to study computer-assisted UTN pixel intensity evaluation using as gold standard not the human visual evaluation but other more accurate tools
like the computed tomography trabecular bone architecture
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors
AV: acquisition of data and drafting of the manuscript
SA-P: drafting of the manuscript and critical revision of manuscript
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version
This work was supported by National Funds by FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology
under the projects UIDB/04033/2020 and Scientific Employment Stimulus—Institutional Call—CEECINST/00127/2018 UTAD
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
Proschowsky from the Danish Kennel Club for providing imaging and screening data and to Eiliv Svalastoga
operated the screening schemes and provided elbow scores for the dataset
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.664532/full#supplementary-material
Phenotypic and genetic evaluation of elbow dysplasia in Dutch Labrador Retrievers
Reliability of radiological assessment of ulnar trochlear notch sclerosis in dysplastic canine elbows
Epidemiology and clinical management of elbow joint disease in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK
Familial clustering and risk analysis for fragmented coronoid process and elbow joint incongruity in Bernese Mountain Dogs in The Netherlands
Heritability of unilateral elbow dysplasia in the dog: a retrospective study of sire and dam influence
Radiographic and computed tomography findings in Belgian shepherd dogs with mild elbow dysplasia
Effectiveness of canine hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia improvement programs in six UK pedigree breeds
Measurement of ulnar subtrochlear sclerosis using a percentage scale in labrador retrievers with minimal radiographic signs of periarticular osteophytosis
Comparison of bone mineral density in medial coronoid processes of dogs with and without medial coronoid process fragmentation
Lau SF Theyse LFH Voorhout G Hazewinkel HAW
and arthroscopic findings in Labrador Retrievers with medial coronoid disease
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Digital analysis of ulnar trochlear notch sclerosis in Labrador Retrievers
Radiographic analysis of trochlear notch sclerosis in the diagnosis of osteoarthritis secondary to medial coronoid disease
Radiographic determination of the canine elbow joint angle in collimated views
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
Bone density of elbow joints in Labrador retrievers and Golden retrievers: comparison of healthy joints and joints with medial coronoid disease
Topographic and age-dependent distribution of subchondral bone density in the elbow joints of clinically normal dogs
Topographic bone density of the radius and ulna in greyhounds and labrador retrievers with and without medial coronoid process disease
Assessment of image quality in digital radiographs submitted for hip dysplasia screening
Visual perception and radiographic interpretation
Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology
Google Scholar
Assessment of articular cartilage and subchondral bone using EPIC-microCT in Labrador retrievers with incipient medial coronoid disease
Nielsen DH and Ginja M (2021) Digital Analysis of Subtrochlear Sclerosis in Elbows Submitted for Dysplasia Screening
Received: 05 February 2021; Accepted: 22 March 2021; Published: 12 May 2021
Copyright © 2021 Válega, Alves-Pimenta, McEvoy, Nielsen and Ginja. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)
distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted
provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited
in accordance with accepted academic practice
distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms
*Correspondence: Mário Ginja, bWdpbmphQHV0YWQucHQ=
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If you are one of those amateur investors who checks your 401(k) balance at every meal
Stocks had bad days Thursday and Friday. Monday looks to be worse. Global markets plunged overnight, with Japan’s Nikkei 225 index posting the worst one-day return in its history. The losses spread from Asia to Europe, and then to the United States, where the S&P 500 and Nasdaq opened sharply lower
Market reporters trotted out such terms as “rout,” “correction” and even “panic,” descriptors that invoke memories of the market’s darkest days
such as the brief COVID-19 crash of 2020 and the deeper
longer dive of the Great Recession of 2008
Though it's hard to stay calm as the stock market reels
“My best advice is, don’t panic. Really, because you can’t,” said Catherine Valega
this summer stock swoon would be a great time to buy
the dilemma is familiar and frustrating: We are instructed to buy low and sell high
The stock market “correction,” in dispassionate Wall Street parlance
unfolded swiftly and with seemingly little warning
Just last Wednesday, Federal Reserve chief Jerome Powell waved off an interest rate cut and assured the nation that the economy was doing pretty well
“It's just a question of seeing more good data,” he said
The rest of the week yielded mostly bad data
A surprisingly weak jobs report stoked fresh recession fears from forecasters. Toss in gloomy earnings reports from Amazon and Intel, and together, those tidings pushed stocks sharply lower on Friday
seeding Monday’s losses in Asia and Europe
Market watchers urged consumers to keep a sense of perspective
the S&P 500 was higher than it was at moments in April and May
“Short-term market movement can be unpredictable, but over the long term, the trend is up,” said Erika Safran
“The irony is that we rush to buy items on sale
And we’re still talking about one bad jobs report
The job market was weakening before Friday’s alarming report
Powell cited cooling job data in his news conference Wednesday
listing it as one rationale for the Fed to begin cutting interest rates soon
“While Friday’s employment report was disappointing, it wasn’t the only worrisome economic indicator, only the latest,” said Greg McBride
Add in “the cacophony of earnings disappointments and weak corporate outlooks
and you have the recipe for sudden volatility,” he said
Just a week or two ago, most forecasters seemed to think the U.S. stood little risk of recession, a scenario that has hovered over the economy since inflation spiked to a 40-year high in mid-2022
But you probably will be hearing a lot more of the R-word in the days to come as the stock market rout prompts new wave of recession forecasts
Not all the news is gloomy. In one update, released Monday by Wells Fargo Economics, chief economist Jay Bryson waxed upbeat
signaling that he expects economic growth to continue
“Although the risk of recession has risen,” he wrote
these uncertain times create financial opportunities for anyone with the time
Competitive interest rates are heating up the market for certificates of deposit
Some credit unions are offering to match or beat whatever rate you’re getting at your current financial institution
Now is an ideal time to grab a 5% or 6% interest rate on a CD
experts say: Once the Fed begins cutting the benchmark rate
Bonds tend to provide a nice financial cushion when stocks sink
although the calamitous market events of 2022 prove that the rule doesn’t always hold
Investment advisers say 2024 is a good time to invest in bonds
given the climate of high interest rates and easing inflation
experts encourage amateur investors to buy stocks and bonds at a roughly 60-40 ratio to maintain a balanced portfolio
“Bonds are more attractive now than they have been in more than a decade,” Theodore Haley
a certified financial planner in Beaverton
Real estate Mortgage rates sank to their lowest level in more than a year after the weak jobs report
the average rate for a 30-year fixed mortgage stands at 6.95%
For anyone waiting on the sidelines to buy a house
now might be a good time to enter the market
“Mortgage rates will drop again today. Homebuyers should start their horses,” Daryl Fairweather, chief economist at Redfin, posted Monday on X
If you ever thought loans would hurt savings behavior
A research paper conducted by the Wharton Pension Research Council recently found that retirement plan contributions are “remarkably stable” after loans and hardship withdrawals
Despite some 401(k) plan sponsors who might worry allowing loans from accounts can discourage savings
the findings show that they may not be as bad as thought
they can offer a way to help people borrow responsibly.
Since many 401(k) participants are automatically enrolled and adhere to the default contribution rate with auto-escalation, says Aaron Goodman, economist at Vanguard and co-author of the study, saving behavior tends to follow a steady path over time
Read next: 401(k) vs IRA: which is a better wealth management tool?
we thought participants who take loans and thereby actively engage with their plans
might be more likely to deviate from or potentially reduce their regular contributions while making loan payments
We found instead that most loan takers do not decrease their contribution rates,” he said in an email
While he added it’s fair to say that 401(k) loans typically have a small effect on subsequent 401(k) contributions
“an important limitation of our analysis is that we cannot observe participants’ financial behavior outside of their 401(k) plan,” he says
“If loans cause some participants to decrease their liquid saving or increase their credit card debt, which we do not observe
our analysis might underestimate the drop in total saving.”
when it comes to actually borrowing from 401(k) retirement accounts
the implications of such decisions can be complex
founder and president of Green Bee Advisory believes in not having to access any credit in any scenario
especially if one is contemplating leaving the company that hosts the 401(k) plan
“If you leave the company and that loan is not paid off
it winds up dispersing as a taxable income event to you,” she said
Goodman added the possibility the employer may also require repaying the entire outstanding balance immediately
“Any amount that you fail to repay on time
either during employment or after you leave your job is an early distribution
which triggers income taxes and a 10 percent penalty,” he said in an email
Valega also stresses the importance of having a robust emergency savings fund to avoid the need for 401(k) loans entirely
director of wealth benefits research at Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) Craig Copeland has experienced people contributing to their 401(k) plan
while still funding an emergency savings account
“Instead of taking a withdrawal or a loan
they may be able to fund that emergency savings account and just take it out of there
they won't need to take the withdrawal because they know that they can still contribute at the same amount
and they can keep their contribution to the emergency savings account,” he says
While the data may show that participants continue to save at normal rates following a hardship withdrawal
it doesn't capture the downside of borrowing
"the first rule of compounding is to never interrupt it unnecessarily." While it may be necessary in extraordinary times
You can never make up for the lost compounding,” he said in an email
when an individual does have to access their 401(k) and by borrowing from it
Valega notes that “you’re basically borrowing from yourself
which is sort of a nicer way than pulling a line of credit on your credit card
or some other high fee type of debt,” she says
She sees an opportunity to leverage this behavioral trend to further enhance retirement preparedness
remarking the study “implies that people are paying the loan and they haven't changed the deferral,” she says
“I think that’s a really neat idea.”
Valega asserts that while one of the hardest parts of personal finance is budgeting and cashflow
the study just might end up being a resource to help cope with managing finances
it's just helping people manage cash flow,” she says
“If we can take advantage of that automation and use it to help our employees save even more
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Home » Home » Arrests In Brevard County: January 14
2025 – Suspects Presumed Innocent Until Proven Guilty
By Space Coast Daily // January 14
FLORIDA – The suspects below were arrested by various law enforcement agencies on the Space Coast
PLEASE NOTE: All suspects are presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law
The mugshots and arrest records published on SpaceCoastDaily.com are not an indication of guilt
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Participants in the Prairieville Primary School fundraiser for the St
Jude Children's Research Hospital include Lucas Stevens
Heather Young and Kristie Valega; third row
Prairieville Primary School recently held a fundraiser for the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in memory of first grade teacher Jane Culivan's daughter, Ashleigh
Jude but lost her four-year battle with cancer in 2016
students who donated $3 were rewarded with dress-down privileges
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