bar finds new life as popular Kyiv spotOctober 9
by In late summer of 2022
Lunca Bar owner Yehor Lohvynovskyi and his team were taking a walk in central Kyiv when they spotted an empty courtyard — “We should open a bar here!” one of his coworkers said half-jokingly
None of them knew at the time that the joke would turn into real business plans less than a year later in February 2023. The bar’s original location, the southern city of Kherson, while liberated from Kremlin forces in November 2022
Rebuilding in Kyiv was the only path forward for the business if it wanted to stay open
Today, Lunca Bar stands in the heart of Kyiv
its vibrant courtyard filling up during the warm season
the team recreated the cozy atmosphere of the Kherson location
with some of the bar’s original tables and the walls still adorned with artwork from the city’s artists
The war has reshaped the landscape of Ukraine’s economy, forcing businesses to adapt or relocate
which make up 99% of the country’s economy
These businesses provide 82% of Ukraine’s jobs and account for 65% of total sales and production
7,820 businesses have relocated within Ukraine
according to Ukrainian analytics firm Opendatabot
A team of Lunca Bar in Kyiv in January 2022
(Personal archive of Lunca Bar Team)Founded in 2015 by Lohvynovskyi and his partner
Lunca Bar started as a 30-person speakeasy
it grew into a central hub for the community
“The philosophy was always more than just alcohol,” Lohvynovskyi said
“It was about the atmosphere and bringing people together.”
Lunca had doubled in size and added a terrace
When Russian forces invaded Kherson right after the start of the invasion
Lunca Bar became a shelter for the team and a lifeline for locals
providing clean water and bread as supplies grew scarce
Russian forces knocked on Lunca’s door and demanded that the bar be turned over to them
knew it was time to get the team out of Kherson
The team decided to use the company’s reserve fund for the evacuation
and volunteer every Friday together at a charity based in the center of Kyiv
Stories posted by Lunca Bar team after Russian forces knocked on the Lunca’s door in June 2022 and demanded that the bar be turned over to them
(Personal archive of Lunca Bar Team)About settling in the city
about six months passed before the team finally decided they wanted to reopen in Kyiv
It will be tough — we’re strangers in the capital
the war also took my phonebook,” Lohvynovskyi said
“All the connections we built over the years were gone — everyone was scattered around the world.”
But luck came when a group of local Kyiv lawyers offered their services pro bono
helping them navigate the logistical hurdles and giving them the boost they needed to move forward
Once they found the right spot, the team set June 22, 2023, as the opening date. But Russia intervened again. On June 6, 2023, Russian forces blew up the Kakhovka Dam
Lohvynovskyi and his team rushed back to Kherson
hoping to salvage whatever they could from the original Lunca Bar before the water reached the right bank
0:00/1×A video of the destruction caused to Lunca Bar in Kherson after Russia blew up the Kakhovka Dam in Kherson Oblast on June 6
(Personal archive of Lunca Bar Team)They were too late
Seventy percent of their equipment and furniture was floating
saving what they could — including a dog stranded on a rooftop — and offering help to nearby towns also hit by the flooding
which was delayed by a month due to the Kakhovka dam’s destruction
they used the furniture rescued from the flood
attaching QR codes that linked to videos of their recovery efforts
“We invited Khersonians who had relocated to Kyiv,” Lohvynovskyi said with a smile
“because who better than them would understand the journey we had taken?”
When asked about the importance of small businesses staying in Ukraine
I believe in a better fate for our country
and I want to contribute to securing that future
I feel a huge responsibility — for my hometown and for the capital
which has welcomed me as an entrepreneur.”
Lohvynovskyi admits that had Russia not invaded
he would have never imagined moving to Kyiv
I would go to the house by the river to spend time with my family
But I had no choice — I made the conscious decision to move to Kyiv
and I knew I could give my team employment here
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Romania’s largest gastronomic festival, Taste of Transylvania
is set to return for its third edition from September 12-15
in the picturesque Boroș holiday village in Lunca de Jos
the festival promises to be bigger and better
blending traditional Transylvanian cuisine with fine dining experiences crafted by Michelin-starred chefs
making it an unmissable event for food lovers
The festival has established itself as more than just a celebration of food, offering participants a chance to experience the richness of Transylvania’s culinary traditions while showcasing the innovative creations of some of the world’s best chefs. Taste of Transylvania aspires to position the region as a top destination for culinary tourism, with its fusion of timeless traditions and cutting-edge gastronomy.
Michelin-starred chefs will present reimagined versions of beloved local dishes
bringing a fresh take on traditional flavors
From rustic zacuscă (a vegetable spread) to intricate fine dining plates
the event will offer an eclectic array of gastronomic delights
all prepared with the highest standards of culinary artistry
renowned Romanian chefs Cezar Munteanu and Alex Petricean will lead the festivities
and roundtable discussions with experts from the HoReCa industry
Festival-goers can also enjoy musical performances by well-known artists
For those seeking family-friendly activities, the festival offers a diverse range of entertainment, including traditional games for children, film screenings, and interactive workshops at the Skanzen guesthouse mill, where participants can learn the art of pasta-making.
A standout event at this year’s festival is the community potato harvest, which will take place on Saturday. Attendees will have the opportunity to take part in this traditional activity, with various prizes up for grabs, including the grand prize of an electric bicycle.
The festival not only celebrates Transylvanian cuisine but also highlights the region’s vibrant cultural heritage. In addition to food, Taste of Transylvania features performances, exhibitions, and workshops designed to immerse visitors in the region’s traditions. Brands such as Vágó, IKON, Costes Downtown, MÁK, and many more will participate, offering a wide variety of culinary and beverage experiences.
Through the fusion of local tradition and international gourmet flair, Taste of Transylvania is fast becoming a landmark event in Eastern Europe’s culinary landscape. By partnering with the Visit Harghita tourism promotion program, the festival continues to raise awareness about the region’s gastronomic treasures.
With only a few days left until the festival, excitement is building for what promises to be a truly memorable event. Whether you’re a culinary enthusiast or just looking to experience the heart and soul of Transylvania, this festival is sure to offer something for everyone.
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Development on Terra began in January 2018, and its mainnet officially launched in April 2019. As of September 2021, it offers stablecoins pegged to the U.S
Mongolian tugrik and the International Monetary Fund's Special Drawing Rights basket of currencies — and it intends to roll out additional options
On May 28, 2022, the genesis block of the new chain was launched to conduct future transactions under the name Terra (LUNA), and the original Terra Chain was rebranded as Terra Classic. The original native token — LUNA has also been renamed as LUNA Classic (LUNC). Moreover, all network stablecoins (UST
EUT) have been renamed to Terra Classic stablecoins (USTC
There will be no Terra stablecoins on the new chain
There is a theory that the additional term “classic” is a reference to the Ethereum / Ethereum Classic split in 2017. According to CEO, Do Kwon, the collapse of UST in the spring of 2022 is the equivalent moment of the Ethereum’s DAO hack that took place in 2017
Luna Classic (LUNC) is the first native token of Terra blockchain released in August 2018
$LUNC existed before the launch of the new chain — now branded Terra (LUNA) — and works with the original code of the Terra ecosystem
The main function that the native token performed was to absorb the price deviation of the algorithmic stablecoin — $UST
The price of the UST stablecoin was pegged to the US dollar by minting and burning UST tokens to balance the supply and demand of the coin
The UST stablecoin algorithm created trillions of LUNA tokens
and reduced the value of the original LUNA token by 99%
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Both versions of the token have the right to exist as a result of the implementation of a proposal called Terra Ecosystem Revival Plan 2. The essence of the plan is to split the current blockchain through forking
which created a new chain in the ecosystem
According to the recovery plan, the existing chain and token have been rebranded as Terra Classic. The new LUNA tokens were airdropped to existing holders of LUNA and UST before the depeg and subsequent crash occurred
Terra was founded in January 2018 by Daniel Shin and Do Kwon. The two conceived of the project as a way to drive the rapid adoption of blockchain technology and cryptocurrency through a focus on price stability and usability
Kwon took on the position of CEO of Terraform Labs
Prior to developing Terra, Shin co-founded and headed Ticket Monster, otherwise known as TMON — a major South Korean e-commerce platform. He later co-founded Fast Track Asia
a startup incubator working with entrepreneurs to build fully functional companies
Kwon previously founded and served as CEO of Anyfi
a startup providing decentralized wireless mesh networking solutions
He has also worked as a software engineer for Microsoft and Apple
Terra seeks to set itself apart through its use of fiat-pegged stablecoins
stating that it combines the borderless benefits of cryptocurrencies with the day-to-day price stability of fiat currencies
It keeps its one-to-one peg through an algorithm that automatically adjusts stablecoin supply based on its demand
It does so by incentivizing LUNA holders to swap LUNA and stablecoins at profitable exchange rates
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Terra has established a number of partnerships with payments platforms, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. In July 2019, Terra announced a partnership with Chai
a South Korea-based mobile payments application
in which purchases made using the application on e-commerce platforms are processed via the Terra blockchain network
Each transaction is subject to (on average) a 2%–3% fee charged to the merchant
In addition, Terra is supported by the Terra Alliance, a group of businesses and platforms advocating for the adoption of Terra. In February 2019, the company announced that e-commerce platforms from 10 different countries
representing a user base of 45 million and a gross merchandise value of $25 billion
In May 2019, shortly after Terra's mainnet went live, blockchain verification and penetration testing firm CertiK completed a security audit of the network
It examined its economic model to test against market manipulation
CertiK found that the "modeling and mathematical reasoning" of the Terra network were "considered sound," although it would not comment on the blockchain's performance
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the supply of LUNA could become highly deflationary in the long run
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Off-stoichiometric copper chromium delafossites demonstrate the highest values of electric conductivity among the p-type transparent conducting oxides
Morphological and structural changes in Cu0.66Cr1.33O2 upon annealing processes are investigated
Chained copper vacancies were previously suggested as source of the high levels of doping in this material
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy reveal a significant rearrangement of copper and chromium after the thermal treatments
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy evidences the presence of vacancy defects within the delafossite layers which can be assigned to the Cu vacancy chains whose concentration decreases during the thermal process
These findings further confirm these chained vacancies as source of the p-type doping and suggest that the changes in electrical conductivities within the off-stoichiometric copper based delafossites are triggered by elemental rearrangements
The results are consistent with the Cu chained vacancies as the source of p-type doping within the off-stoichiometric copper based delafossites
The changes in electrical conductivity are triggered by compositional rearrangement mechanisms based on the dissolution of the chains of vacancies into single Cu vacancies migrating to grain boundaries
XRD diffractograms for as-deposited and annealed (at 900 °C) films and (deposited on sapphire)
Times of annealing are indicated on the corresponding lines
The position of diffraction peaks for CuCrO2 (PDF 04–010–3330) is indicated; (b) High resolution scans around the 2θ position of the main (012) peak for as deposited and annealed films
The Δ symbol indicated the shift in 2θ position of the (012) peak
Electron microscopy analysis for as-deposited (top) and annealed (bottom) films
(a) SEM micrographs; (b) Typical cross section scanning bright field TEM (BF-STEM)
The arrows illustrate the presence of the structural defects in as-deposited films and the contrasted 3D islands in annealed film; (c) high resolution images
The arrows indicate the thicknesses of the epitaxial layer and a typical twinned domain is as-deposited film
It is well known that such rearrangement processes at the interface with the substrate or more generally within the whole layers may lead sometimes to segregation effects. To solve this issue, we have analysed both specimens by EDX elemental mapping (Fig. S1) and observed no notable modification of the Cu and Cr distributions after annealing
the elemental distributions of the Cr and Cu atoms seem to be homogeneous in both samples
though the thermal treatments lead to a clear rearrangement of the internal structure of the layer
Comparison of Cu-Cr-O films before (a,c,e) and after (b,d,f) annealing at 900 °C for 2000 s
(a,b) Secondary electron (SE) images from Helium Ion Microscopy (HIM); Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) before and after annealing for: (c,d) Chromium; (e,f) Copper
The scale bar corresponds to 500 nm for all micrographs; (g) the signal intensity scale for all micrographs
The dashed Jonker line was drawn as eye guide
(a) Simulated positron implantation profile in CuCrO2 as a function of their incident energy; (b) Low momentum fraction S and (c) high momentum fraction W as a function of positron incident energy for an as-deposited sample and samples annealed for 2000 s and 4000 s respectively; (d) Corresponding S-W plot with added (S
W) points measured in the bulk of Cu and Cr
the measured S and W can be viewed as a combination of surface and bulk characteristics of the delafossite film
the contribution from the surface prevails (high S and low W values) and as the energy increases
this contribution decreases in favour of bulk annihilation characteristics
S-E and W-E profiles both demonstrate plateaus as from 4 keV
These plateaus indicate that the delafossite layers are homogenous
we can observe that S parameter decreases while the W parameter increases upon annealing
contributions from annihilations taking place in the underlying substrate have to be taken into account and as the positron energy is increased
S and W values shift towards those of Al2O3 bulk (S = 0.360
this will entail that the dissolution of the vacancy chain would still be observed as a linear shift of (S
It must be added that the dissolution is not complete even for the film annealed for 4000 seconds as it still shows a very weak electrical conductivity (10−4 S cm−1)
which might suggest the presence of a small amount of vacancies
W) points for the annealed films is towards those measured in pure copper
This suggests that the chemical environment at positrons annihilation sites becomes enriched in Cu after annealing as could be expected in the case of a decrease in size of the Cu vacancy chains
this work fully demonstrates that chained copper vacancies as the source of p-type doping in Cu0.66Cr1.33O2 thin films deposited by chemical vapour deposition
Upon thermal annealing an important atomistic rearrangement of atoms and defects occurs leading to the shrinkage of chains of vacancies until almost their extinction
This suggests the presence of a ripening mechanisms based on the dissolution of the chains of copper vacancies being healed on grain boundaries during the demonstrated grain growth and leading to the drop of electrical conductivity in annealed films
Investigations related to charge transport mechanisms
and in particular on the effective mass of holes and their scattering mechanisms
are needed for a further tuning of electric properties
The annealing processes were performed in a Rapid Thermal Annealing reactor (Annealsys) in same gaseous conditions as during the deposition
The crystal structure was investigated using a Brucker D8 Discover diffractometer with Cu K alpha radiation of 0.154 nm operating at 40 kV and 40 mA in parallel beam configuration
Grazing incidence at an angle of 0.5° was used as investigation method
The cross section of Cu0.66Cr1.33O2 films deposited on Si was inspected by Scanning Electron Microscopy using a FEI Helios 50 High Resolution system
Through-Lens-Detector (TLD) in Secondary Electron Mode imaging was engaged
The TEM analyses in the scanning mode (STEM) combined with the elemental mapping by EDX were performed on a Cs corrected JEOL 2100 F microscope operating at 200 kV
The elemental maps have been acquired in the scanning mode by using an SDD detector (DrySD60GV from JEOL) having with a solid angle of 0.5 srad
The analysed CuCrO2 specimens were prepared by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technique
The density of the structural defects along the Cu-Cr-O layer were evaluated by using an image software (Digital Micrograph from Gatan)
The defects were accounted from the middle of the analyzed areas in several representative images; by dividing the as-obtained number by the whole corresponding distance
an average density of defects was obtained
This system has been optimized for the collection of the secondary ions generated by the primary ion bombardment (Ne+
their transmission to the high-performance double focusing magnetic sector mass spectrometer and their detection in a multi-collection system (4 Channel Electron Multipliers)
For the analysis of the Cr-Cu samples the instrument was tuned for the detection of the chromium (52Cr
m = 62.930 amu) isotopes in a matrix of 512 × 512 pixels with a counting time of 5 ms per pixel
The positron beam energy was varied in the range of 0.5 to 25 keV
The spectrum of the γ-ray annihilation photons (centred at 511 keV) coming from the sample is recorded using a high resolution gamma spectrometer equipped with a Germanium detector (1.24 keV resolution at 514 keV)
This Doppler broadened spectrum is characterized by two line shape parameters: S and W
S is defined as the ratio of counts in the central region of the spectrum to the total counts
represents the fraction of positron-electron pairs annihilated with low momentum and is thus related mostly to annihilations with valence electrons
W is defined as the ratio of counts in the wing regions of the spectrum to the total counts
represents the fraction of positron-electron pairs annihilated with high momentum and is thus more specifically related to annihilations with core electrons
the momentum ranges for the calculation of S and W are 0 − |2.80| × 10−3 m0C and |10.61| − |26.35| × 10−3 m0C respectively
The sensitivity of the PAS technique to the type and concentration of vacancy defects in solids reside in the fact that positrons can be especially trapped in these defects
their smaller overlap with core electrons narrows the positron-electron momentum distribution resulting in an increase of S and a reduction of W
Hence S and W yield information about the presence of vacancy defects in solids
PAS measurements were performed on the bare Al2O3 substrate
on as-deposited and thermally treated samples
The electric resistivity was measured using four probes in linear configuration
The Seebeck coefficient was measured in a homemade system using a copper wire as reference
The samples deposited on sapphire were cut in 7 mm × 7 mm pieces and the four probes were positioned as far as possible from the edges
The finite samples’ size effect was accounted by applying geometric correction factors
Afonso, J., Leturcq, R., Lunca-Popa, P. & Lenoble, D. Transparent p-Cu0.66Cr1.33O2/n-ZnO heterojunction prepared in a five-step scalable process. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 30, 1760, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-0448-4 (2019)
Sanal, K. C., Vikas, L., Jayaraj, S. & K., M. Room temperature deposited transparent p-channel CuO thin film transistors. Appl. Surf. Sci. 297, 153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.01.109 (2014)
Fleischer, K., Norton, E., Mullarkey, D., Caffrey, D. & Shvets, I. V. Quantifying the performance of P-Type Transparent Conducting Oxides by Experimental Methods. Materials 10, 1019, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10091019 (2017)
Ahmadi, M., Asemi, M. & Ghanaatshoar, M. Mg and N co-doped CuCrO2: A record breaking p-type TCO. Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 242101, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5051730 (2018)
Yanagi, H., Kawazoe, H., Kudo, A., Yasukawa, M. & Hosono, H. Chemical Design and Thin Film Preparation of p-Type Conductive Transparent Oxides. J. Electroceramics 4, 407, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009959920435 (2000)
Kawazoe, H. et al. P-type electrical conduction in transparent thin films of CuAlO2. Nature 389, 939, https://doi.org/10.1038/40087 (1997)
Scanlon, D. O. & Watson, G. W. Understanding the p-type defect chemistry of CuCrO2. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 3655, https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM03852K (2011)
Metalorganic chemical vapour deposition of p-type delafossite CuCrO2 semiconductor thin films: characterization and application to transparent p-n junctions
Farrell, L. et al. Spray pyrolysis growth of a high figure of merit, nano-crystalline, p-type transparent conducting material at low temperature. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 031901, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4927241 (2015)
Norton, E. et al. Bending stability of Cu0.4CrO2-A transparent p-type conducting oxide for large area flexible electronics. AIP Adv. 8, 085013, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5027038 (2018)
Crêpellière, J. et al. Transparent conductive CuCrO2 thin films deposited by pulsed injection metal organic chemical vapour deposition: up-scalable process technology for an improved transparency/ conductivity trade-off. J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 4278, https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC00383D (2016)
Lunca-Popa, P., Crêpellière, J., Leturcq, R. & Lenoble, D. Electrical and optical properties of Cu-Cr-O thin films fabricated by Chemical Vapour Deposition. Thin Solid Films 612, 194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2016.05.052 (2016)
The fundamentals of Transparent Oxides revisited: Band gap formation in classic Mott insulators and spontaneous non-stoichiometry in degenerate oxides
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This research was funded by National Research Fund (FNR) Luxembourg
Material Research and Technology Department (MRT)
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)
Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux: Haute température et Irradiation (CEMHTI) CNRS UPR 3079 - Site Cyclotron
Pierre Desgardin & Marie-France Barthe
Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS)
gathered all experimental data and wrote the first draft
for the post-treatments and for characterization of the samples
interpreted the results and wrote the dedicated part
The authors declare no competing interests
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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Off-stoichiometric copper chromium oxide delafossite received lately a great interest due to its high p-type electrical conductivity and adequate optical transmittance in the visible range
for a suitable integration in active devices such as p-n junctions
the electronic properties must be efficiently tailored
post-deposition thermal treatment is proven as an adequate approach for finely controlling the electrical properties of this former degenerate semiconducting material
The energetics of the annealing process are investigated using two different approaches
as a function of the annealing temperature and as a function of the annealing time
allowing the accurate determination of the activation energy of the annealing of defects
the electrical carrier concentration was varied in the 1021 – 1017 cm−3 range while the recorded changes in the drift mobility covered three orders of magnitude
we demonstrate the ability to accurately manipulate the Fermi level of such materials
which is of great importance in controlling the carrier injection and extraction in optoelectronic active layers
Finite lines of copper vacancies chains randomly distributed within crystalline grains were observed (in Transmission Electron Microscopy) and furthermore suggested as the possible source of high doping in as-deposited films
A peculiar stoichiometry with a 33% copper deficiency compensated by a surplus of 33% chromium (i.e
Cu0.66Cr1.33O2) was found in both as-deposited and annealed (900 °C) films whilst the delafossite crystalline structure remains unaltered
after annealing a drop of the carrier’s concentration from 1021 to 1017 cm−3 or even lower was measured and associated with the healing of the chained defects
We then suggested that the main driving force leading the changes in the defect chemistry is the “healing” of defects
a process driven by short-range structural changes
allows a better control due to the smooth variation of electrical properties
The experimental results show that the controlled thermal treatment can be used as a versatile process for controlling the holes concentration
the electrical mobility or even the electronic work function
all being key features for the engineering of electronic properties of transparent solid state devices
(a) Full XPS spectra for as-deposited and annealed films for 30 and respectively 4000 s; (b) measured chemical composition for same films; Annealing temperature: 900 °C
Seebeck coefficient measurement for Cu-Cr-O thin films (a) annealed at different temperatures; (b) annealed at 900 °C for various time intervals
Thermoelectric voltage ΔVth = Vhot − Vcold is measured as a function of the temperature gradient ΔT applied across the sample
The measurement has been performed with the cold contact maintained at room temperature (23 °C)
The values of the Seebeck coefficient S = −ΔV/ΔT
are indicated on the graph for each sample
The voltage offset is due to parasitic offsets from the measurement apparatus due to samples’ high resistance; (c) Seebeck coefficient vs annealing temperature; (d) Seebeck coefficient vs annealing time for thermal treatments at 900 °C
Red curves are corresponding to exponential fits; Logarithm of the carrier concentration (black) and of drift mobility (red) (e) as function of annealing time for samples annealed at a fixed temperature 900 °C; (f) as function of the annealing temperature for samples annealed for a fixed time t = 900 s
The results obtained after the two thermal processes described above are also used to investigate the energetics of doping defects
the holes concentration p can be expressed as a function of the annealing time t in a general way as:
where Na is the acceptor dopant concentration, Nres is the residual acceptor concentration after an infinite annealing, Ni = N0 + Nres is the initial carrier concentration (as-deposited) and k is the rate constant. The assumption of a first order kinetic is validated by the observed linear dependence when plotting ln(p) vs. t for the data taken at 900 °C (Fig. 3(a))
Since the data point at 1000 s is already very close to the residual holes concentration pres
only data up to 200 s of annealing are fitted
Consequently a rate constant k = 0.040 ± 0.005 s−1 is obtained
Assuming that the reaction is thermally activated
the reaction constant k can be expressed as a function of the annealing temperature T using an activation energy Ea:
where A is a constant and kB is the Boltzmann constant. Relating equations (2) and (3), we can express the carrier concentration as a function of the annealing temperature T and annealing time t:
The residual dopant concentration can be neglected and the relationship can be thus expressed:
(a) Natural logarithm of the carrier concentration as a function of annealing time for Cu-Cr-O films annealed at a fixed temperature T = 1173 K; (b) Arrhenius plot of the difference of the natural logarithm of carrier concentration and initial doping
\(\mathrm{ln}\,{{\rm{N}}}_{0}-\,\mathrm{ln}\,{\rm{p}}\)
as a function of the annealing temperature for CuCrO2 annealed during a fixed time t = 900 s
The size of error bar is comparable with the symbol ‘size
Taking the as-deposited carrier concentration as the initial dopant concentration Ni = N0 = 1.68×1021 cm−3, we can plot \(\mathrm{ln}(\mathrm{ln}\,{{\rm{N}}}_{0}-\,\mathrm{ln}\,{\rm{p}}({\rm{T}},{\rm{t}}))\) at fixed annealing time (t = 900) s as a function of 1/T (Fig. 3(b))
KPFM measurements were performed on six samples: both reference samples plus two samples from the first set (900 s
700 °C and 850 °C) and two from the last set (900 °C
The measurements were performed alternatively between the HOPG reference and one of the samples
The values are always compared to the latest reference value to avoid possible fluctuations of the tip work function (e.g
In order to compensate the vacuum levels misalignment KPFM insert a voltage VDC = (Φtip − Φsample)/e where Φtip(Pt-Ir) = 5.5 eV
The samples have different doping levels and different Fermi levels (EF) are expected
An increase of the work function ΔΦ is measured according to:
(a) work-function difference as a function of the carrier concentration); (b) calculated Fermi level for delafossite film annealing at different temperatures and for various time intervals
We proved that the controlled thermal treatment is an efficient approach for controlling electronic properties of Cu0.66Cr1.33O2
a highly conductive p-type transparent oxide
the electrical mobility and the electronic work function are key features for transparent solid-state devices and for a suitable integration in any active devices (such as p-n junction
transistors or optoelectronic devices) these properties must be tailored in order to tune the required properties of such devices
Therefore we showed that the carrier concentration was smoothly varied from 1021 to 1017 cm−3
the electrical conductivity swaps down 5 orders of magnitude while the recorded changes in drift mobility covered three orders of magnitude
we accurately control the Fermi level which is of critical importance in controlling the carrier injection and extraction in electronic devices
Depending on the aimed final values we proposed a time driven or a temperature driven thermal treatment
From the value of 90 meV for as-deposited samples
the Fermi level can be tailored upwards up to 1.08 eV above the valence band maximum; this is achieved via the annealing of as-deposited sample for 4000 s at 900 °C
The energetics of singular Cu-vacancies chain defects responsible of the high conductivity in this peculiar material is also studied
An activation energy model is used to extract the averaged activation energy of the annihilation of Cu-vacancies chains
We found Ea = 1.35 eV which is very similar to the energy of the migration of Zn-vacancies in n-type ZnO-based TCOs
For X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis a Kratos Axis Ultra DLD system using a monochromated (Al Kα: hν = 1486.7 eV) X-ray source was used
Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) measurements have been performed on a Bruker Innova using the amplitude modulation to determine the contact potential difference between the Pt-Ir coated tip and the sample surface
the first resonance amplitude is used to track the topography while the KPFM signal is acquired at a second frequency (23 kHz)
Freshly cleaved Highly-Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) is used as reference
Measurements are performed under dry N2 atmosphere in order to avoid water condensation on the surface
P-type electrical conduction in transparent thin films of CuAlO2
P-type conductivity in CuCr1−xMgxO2 films and powders
p-Type conductivity in the delafossite structure
Understanding the p-type defect chemistry of CuCrO2
Effect of excess oxygen on the electrical properties of transparent p-type conducting CuAlO2+x thin films
Small polaron electron transport in reduced CeO2 single crystals
Electronic structure and small polaron hole transport of copper aluminate
Small-polaron versus band conduction in some transition-metal oxide
Band or Polaron: The Hole Conduction Mechanism in the p-type spinel Rh2ZnO4
Transparent conductive CuCrO2 thin films deposited by pulsed injection metal organic chemical vapour deposition: up-scalable process technology for an improved transparency/conductivity trade-off
Electrical and optical properties of Cu-Cr-O thin films fabricated by Chemical Vapour Deposition
Spray pyrolysis growth of a high figure of merit
p-type transparent conducting material at low temperature
Synthesis of nanocrystalline Cu deficient CuCrO2 – a high figure of merit p-type transparent semiconductor
Invisible electronics: Metastable Cu-vacancies chain defects for highly conductive p-type transparent oxides
Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Ion Implantation Technology- IIT
Synthesis and Thermostructural Studies of a CuFe1−xCrxO2 Delafossite Solid Solution with 0 x 1
in Handbook of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
X-ray spectroscopic study of the electronic structure of CuCrO2
Understanding conductivity anomalies in CuI -based delafossite transparent conducting oxides: Theoretical insights
Effects of annealing time on the structural and optoelectronic properties of p-type conductive transparent Cu–Cr–O film
Atomic layer deposition of transparent semiconducting oxide CuCrO2 thin films
Thermoelectric and transport properties of Delafossite CuCrO2:Mg thin films prepared by RF magnetron sputtering
Preparation of p-type conducting transparent CuCrO2 and CuAl0.5Cr0.5O2 thin films by sol-gel processing
and thermoelectric properties of the delafossite oxides CuCr1−xMgxO2 (0 < x < 0.04)
Crystallite size dependence of thermoelectric performance of CuCrO2
p-Type conducting transparent characteristics of delafossite Mg-doped CuCrO2 thin films prepared by RF-sputtering
Magnetoresistance of CuCrO2-based delafossite film
Hall measurements on low-mobility thin films
Promising defect thermoelectric semiconductors Cu1−xGaSbxTe2 (x = 0–0.1) with the chalcopyrite structure
Studies on the thermoelectric effect in semiconducting ZnTe thin films
The influence of thermal annealing on the structural
optical and electrical properties of AZO thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering
Diffusion of zinc vacancies and interstitials in zinc oxide
Sub-10 nm copper chromium oxide nanocrystals as a solution processed p-type hole transport layer for organic photovoltaics
Advances in the deposition chemistry of metal-containing thin films using gas phase processes
Download references
This project was supported by the National Research Fund (FNR)
Luxembourg (DEPTOS – Defect Engineering in p-type oxides semiconductors - project number C12/MS/3959502)
Materials Research and Technology Department (MRT)
prepared the figures and wrote the manuscript with the assistance of all authors
performed and interpreted the Kelvin probe measures
Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25659-3
In the early stages of the match there was some good play on show from Ian Owen’s side
with Ellie Lake making her first competitive start
who were beaten by Hibernian in the opening game
were awarded a free-kick just outside the box in the seventh minute but Jodie Passmore narrowly missed the target as the Swans searched for the opener
A strike from Cluj’s Andreea Voicu was collected by Gemma Border to keep the score at 0-0 in the 14th minute while defenders Alison Witts and Alicia Powe blocked some Cluj efforts
Olimpia Cluj broke the deadlock in the 27th minute as Cristina Carp slotted home past Border following an Alexandra Lunca cross
a succession of shots for Olimpia Cluj were blocked by some great defending from Swans Ladies as they showed their intent on getting back into the game
Alexandra Lunca netted from close range after carving her way past Swansea’s defence to double Cluj’s lead
It did not take long for them to score their third as Andreea Voicu fired home with a well-taken goal in the 57th minute
Olimpia Cluj then hit thepost with a powerful low shot from Voicu following a corner
in the final ten minutes of the match Stacey John-Davis went close to claiming a consolation
© 2025 Swansea City Association Football Club Limited
The €283,000 infrastructure project involved the rehabilitation of the access road
including asphalt surfacing and the construction of 487 square metres of pavement for pedestrians
the installation of a car park of 1300 square metres
four streetlamp poles and the installation of guide signs
The renovated section of the road contributes to boosting the economic development and touristic appeal of the region
as Beleu Lake is part of the Prutul de Jos Biosphere Reserve
included in the UNESCO World Network in 2018
The event took place within the BELEU BIO FEST festival
cultural and gastronomic heritage of the Slobozia Mare region and Lunca de Prutului de Jos
Visitors of the event enjoyed a number of activities such as bird watching
“We thank the European Union and UNDP Moldova for the opportunity to access projects that contribute to local infrastructure development
The renovation of the access road to Beleu Lake was included in the development strategy of the locality since 2016
and thanks to the ‘EU4Moldova: Focal Regions” programme
this important project for our locality was completed and with it
the area of Lunca Prutului de Jos gained added value
becoming a tourist attraction,” noted Valentina Carastan
Road rehabilitation supports efforts to create economic opportunities for small local producers
tourism service providers and the population at large
This will create better living conditions for local people and generate more income and new jobs
“This road is one of the many infrastructure investments supported by the European Union
I hope that more local citizens and international tourists will be encouraged to enjoy the natural wonders of this place
In the framework of the ‘EU4Moldova: Focal Regions’ Programme
the European Union provides almost €23 million grant funding for a more prosperous future for the citizens of Moldova
This will be achieved through investments in quality local public services
support to employment opportunities and business development
and setting foundation for participatory & sustainable regional development,” said Adam Grodzicki
Deputy Head of the Cooperation Section of the Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Moldova.
“Promoting the cultural and tourist heritage of this special area such as Lunca Prutului de Jos is of particular importance and brings multiple benefits for both the local community and its visitors
It contributes to increasing the attractiveness and visibility of the region
has a positive impact on the local economy
preserves and renews cultural traditions and contributes to the sustainable development of the community,” said Valeria Ieșeanu
Planning and Partnership Development Specialist
The construction work took place between June 2022 and August 2023
“EU4Moldova: Focal Regions” programme (2019-2024) supports smart
and sustainable socio-economic development in Cahul and Ungheni regions
to bring a better quality of life to citizens
The programme has a total budget of €23 million
is financed by the European Union and implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).
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in the Razim-Sinoe lagoonary complex and near the tourist attractions in Tulcea county
It is a quiet place
preferred both by visitors who want to relax in nature
take a boat or kayak and watch the birds and the landscapes
Lunca Fishermen’s House is a true oasis of tranquility and relaxation
and most tourists opt for this location including in autumn and even in winter
either due to the recommendations made by other visitors
or because they can reach the pension by car
they no longer have to leave their car in Tulcea and leave in the heart of the Delta
declared for ‘Discover Dobrogea’ Mihaela Feodorov
the manager of Lunca Fishermen’s House Pension
In addition
from the pension that is located on the channels adjacent to Golovița Lake
”Boat ride enthusiasts can come out on Dranov and then go to Sfantu Gheorghe
To Sfantu Gheorghe the boat trip takes about 3 and a half hours
We do not recommend such a long route
especially if there are children in the boat
but tourists can go boating across the Razim
because the routes are light and are done in 2-3 hours”
Regardless of whether we go on a team building event or with our family
not even in autumn do we get bored in Lunca Fishermen’s House
Apart from the fact that we are totally mesmerised by the gorgeous scenery around the pension
All leisure facilities
kayaks and bicycles are included in the accommodation price
Romantic people can create a fairytale holiday for themselves
with boat rides on the lake and candlelight dinner
while active visitors can compete in canoe or bicycle competitions
Also, tourists can participate in wine tastings, associated with different dishes, which can be organised by hosts and winery representatives
This location is not to be missed during winter either
Tourists can ice skate on the frozen lake
so the limitations offered by an ice rink located in the city disappear
You can also go fishing in the hole in winter
if you are lucky enough to catch snowy weather
then warm up at the pension with some boiled wine and small talk
If you arrive at Lunca Fishermen’s House
it would be a pity not to visit the nearby tourist attractions as the area is loaded with history
located about 10 km from the accommodation place
Go to the ancient city Orgame founded by the Greeks
the first historically attested settlement in Romania
the highest rocky cliff on the Romanian coast
because the perspective it offers is sensational
and the other 180 degrees are reserved for the Dobrogean hills
It is a delightful view and the photographs will be extremely successful
an Ottoman military garrison was installed in the fortress
because it no longer corresponded with the strategic and economic interests of the Turks
If you want to enjoy a special landscape when you return to Lunca Fishermen’s House
you can also go to the triangle of the monasteries
Cocoș and Celic Dere places of worship have an extraordinary history and are an important attraction for the tourists arriving in Tulcea County
”There is no tourist who does not ask for ”borș” – traditional fish soup
many have learned about ”storceag” soup and request this dish”
the manager of the Fishermen’s House Pension in Lunca
From her I also learned that fish eggs are always in the menu
Another dish adored by visitors of the restaurant in Lunca is the catfish stew
Mihaela told us how to prepare this dish which is favoured by tourists
then it is serves with a glass of wine from Dobrogea
I also give you a tip
if you come to the Fishermen’s House
order fish ”zacusca” – a traditional fish and boiled vegetables dish which is a treat and you will ask for one more
Mihaela Feodorov revealed to me that ”zacusca” is prepared in autumn
only with vegetables from the local producers
and fish is added when customers order this dish
there are many other dishes that you can try at the Fishermen’s House
Lately
many families with children have come to Lunca
you will surely dream when you get back home
to this place where you have spent beautiful moments and you will want to return
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When we were preparing to say that for Dobrogea
the end of the year brought us another big surprise
an extinct species in Romania for more than half a century
which you watch for minutes and cannot take your eyes off it
in different combinations of colours and cutouts
all Mesta creations bring to mind the tales from "The..
the royal residences in Constanta have been a topic of interest for those passionate about famous architectures
I really admire those who have built something in their lives and have left behind important achievements
when Romania's president was Nicolae Ceausescu
there was the slogan: "No meal without fish." At that time
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Hesitation in the Northern Ireland defence allowed Lunca
incidentally the scorer of a hat-trick when these two countries met at Under 19 Level in 2011
it was the Romanian goalkeeper who was the busier of the two keepers
as Northern Ireland created half a dozen good chances without being able to apply the finishing touch
Northern Ireland manager Alfie Wylie was pleased
with the football played by his team: “I cannot fault my players for their application during the match against a very strong and technically proficient side
"I spoke some strong words during the half-time break
We should have been more incisive in front of goal
but we didn’t get the breaks either.”
Northern Ireland’s final group match is against Tournament hosts Croatia on Monday
Emma Higgins makes a save from Romania goalscorer Alexandra Lunca
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EUROPA PENTRU TINE!Află despre beneficiile și oportunitățile oferite Republicii Moldova de Uniunea Europeană
The ways of more active involvement of civil society in local development were discussed yesterday by Prime Minister Pavel Filip and the EU Ambassador to Moldova Peter Michalko with members of the local action group Lunca Nistrului established in Stefan Voda district
The Premier said he is keen to learn first-hand the concerns of the people in the region and the problems they are facing
as well as to hear proposals for improving the governance
Filip said that the Government has a permanent communication with the civil society on the platform of the National Council for Participation
with the business people within the Economic Council
and the interaction with local authorities is ensured on the platform of the Congress of Local Authorities of Moldova and under a working group of experts
two meetings with all mayors have already been organized
Now we have a permanent discussion between the representatives of the Government and local authorities – a working group where solutions are identified to any problem,” he said
Peter Michalko said that the existence of the local group is good practice at European level to ensure a clear vision in local development
he noted that it is necessary to improve the legal framework for these groups and to set strategic directions at national level for their development and support
The members of the Local Action Group made a presentation of the situation in the region
noting that the local public authorities have a good experience writing projects to attract resources for development
“The group is a successful partnership between APL
We want to work out and implement several integrated local development projects
complementing the European and governmental programmes to improve the quality of life of rural people,” mayor of Palanca village Larisa Voloh said
the priorities in the group’s work will focus on local economic growth
social infrastructure improvement and tourism development in the region
The Local Action Group from Stefan Voda district was formed on 18 April 2018
with the support of the Foreign Ministry of Estonia
All materials featured on this site are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Technical-technological administration: Information Technology and Cyber Security Service.
Ato’s retailer is the market leader in local convenience stores in Bihor County
Its business concept is based on commercial presence
in hard-to-reach village locations such as Dobrești
The company has 6 locations operated in supermarket mode
another 2 being implemented in a new format
based on the Metro franchise “La Doi Pasi”
The implementation of the Magister solution in the Ato’s store network started in 2016 with the restructuring of the product portfolio and the creation of the network headquarters
The Magister solution implemented at Ato’s covers store chain management
using a real-time updated inventory system as well as mobile inventory
integrated in the Metro franchise “La Doi Pasi” are developed on a larger area of approximately 600 sqm and have a complete sales and store management solution
integrated with the specific hardware equipment provided by our company: touchscreen quick cases with automated collection points
showcase area and a weighing island for vegetables and fruits
For stores included in the Metro franchise “La Doi Pasi”
the software solution for store management is integrated with the Metro API
ensuring the automation of the processes of synchronization of items and receipt of goods from Metro
The difficulty of this project was to locate the shops in isolated areas
We also had to take into account the low level of IT knowledge of store staff
Without the inclusion of our local partners in the project team
such a project would have been difficult to implement
the installation and training of the store was performed by colleagues from Simon Electronics from Satu Mare who paid admirably for the task
Fill in your contact details in the form below and a Magister consultant will contact you as soon as possible for a free presentation
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The Fortress Warfare Build in Once Human is one of the best builds you can use during the ongoing Lunar Oracle event
This build is specifically made to increase your chance of success during the new scenarios
ensuring that you can withstand and counter the sanity-draining effects of Lunacy
we delve into everything you will need to get the best Fortress Warfare build for Lunacy in Once Human
The DB12 - Raining Cash serves as the main aspect of this build
offering both offensive and defensive benefits
granting a massive damage boost and sustainability through increased resistance to incoming attacks
Read more: Once Human closed beta test for mobile: Schedule, available platforms, and more
This weapon complements DB12 - Raining Cash by providing steady healing and letting you play aggressively
The ability to regenerate HP while in Fortress Warfare makes it the best choice for surviving long waves of enemies
The Long Axe enhances Fortress Warfare uptime while improving overall damage output through Crit Rate and Attack Speed bonuses
Equipping four pieces of this set is crucial for mitigating Lunacy effects while simultaneously improving damage output
The built-in shield also gives you an essential survival buffer
Also read: Once Human - Ruby farming guide
ensuring sustained survivability throughout battle
The faster reload speed aids in keeping Fortress Warfare active for longer durations
Summoning this Deviant gives you more support options during combat
The wolf helps by drawing aggro from enemies and spawns clones when defeating enemies
This gives you enough time to focus on enemies
the Deviant increases Weapon DMG against targeted enemies
making it one of the best choices for clearing waves in Lunar Oracle
Using the Fortress Warfare Build effectively
you can improve your chances of survival during the Lunar Oracle event in Once Human
Your perspective matters!Start the conversation