Volume 4 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.882195 This article is part of the Research TopicFunctional Fitness / High Intensity Functional Training for health and performanceView all 10 articles Our objective in this letter is initially to analyze the terminology related to one of the main trends in exercise science and practice and then to propose a term that could be deemed preferable considering the comprehensive approach of this type of training Several terms to denominate this type of training have been used both in science and practice. The terminology (terms) is provided in Table 1 it is widely used in situations covering from the media to informal conversations we have seen an increase in the variety of terms used but also to describe different types of fitness training programs Despite this, according to Sharp et al. (2022), there is a lack of an operational term that broadly encompasses all types of exercise and physical fitness. Therefore, there is no full agreement among the scientists and athletes or the community (Schlegel, 2020) different definitions have emerged in some articles published and this letter to the editor proposes a discussion of these terms in addition to a proposition of a preferable term Timeline of appearance of terms and references needs to legally recognize as an official affiliate To use the term CrossFit® some aspects should be respected: the affiliated gym the CrossFit® methodology designed by the brand (official classes and/or exercises) and the inclusion of a certified CrossFit trainer The affiliation of a physical location used for training allows the owners to legally use the CrossFit® trademark subject to the fulfillment of several requirements such as obtaining at least a Level 1 Certificate to teach some personal factors (such as the background what CrossFit affiliation means to the coach the cost of affiliation through a fee payment as well as criteria related to location and insurance If an individual or entity is using CrossFit's intellectual property (e.g. trademarks or copyrights) without a license confidential reports can be submitted to the legal department According to the guidelines given by the brand itself at the time of this publication a workout can only be described as “CrossFit” if it is executed by CrossFit Inc. including the journal's guidance to use the term “fitness training.” Thus the scientific community has adopted other terms either under the guidance of the journal editors and reviewers and/or because the authors decided to definitely use another term to describe this type of training We infer that the term “extreme” automatically suggests abnormal activity when in reality this is a training methodology currently employed by hundreds of thousands of individuals worldwide with scalability (modification options for the activities and exercises) being a strong point of the methodology Usually this part corresponds to the end of the training session in the gyms (CrossFit® affiliated or not) the use of the terms HIFT and HIMT would be correct only when the authors referred to METCON performed at high-intensity and not the modality in a broad way and cardiovascular fitness in both periodization and training sessions Functional fitness training in a week (designed for one person) We propose the adoption of “functional fitness training (FFT)” as the preferable term, at the present to describe this comprehensive type of training, characterized by a variety of movement patterns (see some examples in Table 2) and energy systems used (ATP-CP/phosphagen This term is based on two other terms: functional training and physical fitness and flexibility) or skills (athletic ability) both present in functional fitness training even when considering only one training session Functional fitness training is the most comprehensive and inclusive term to describe the variety of activities performed (see an example of training in Table 2) Functional fitness training must develop the people's competency in various realms including demonstrations of aerobic capacity CrossFit® is a type of functional fitness training there is an International Functional Fitness Federation which is the International Governing Body for Competitive Functional Fitness (The International Functional Fitness Federation A specific organization can provide support to fuel the growth of functional fitness as a sport This is an organization which aims to implement a standardized rulebook and clear movement standards this organization has written safety guidelines for event organizers and increased competitive opportunities for athletes being composed of several committees (technical and ethics–including a set of Anti-Doping Rules) There are several current national federations recognized by the International Federation (4 in Africa Functional fitness training was also recognized and regarded as one of the Top 20 Worldwide Fitness Trends for 2022. This trend first appeared in the ranking in 2007 and currently appears as trend n.14 (Thompson Walter, 2007) The limitation in the use of the proposed term is temporal It may take time to establish the term compared to the brand It is relevant to agree on a new term to describe this type of training both in research and practice considering sports scientists who are investigating this type of training as a “sport,” and practitioners The standardization of a term helps in research it is possible to promote consistency in study protocols and to find a greater number of articles in a search in databases both for original articles and for the writing of systematic reviews the adoption of a term like the one proposed here avoids that this type of training is linked to a brand which is susceptible to different interests–administrative and management Considering the analysis about the terminology related to one of the main trends in exercise science and practice we propose that the term functional fitness training could be more suitable than CrossFit® FD: writing (review and editing) of the preliminary text and of the article RT: idea conception and writing (review and editing) All authors made significant individual contributions to this manuscript This research was funding by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES) and FAPESC—Foundation for research and innovation support of the State of Santa Catarina—Grant Number 2019031000035 and call number N° 027/2020 The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher Consortium for health and military performance and American college of sports medicine consensus paper on extreme conditioning programs in military personnel Polarized versus high-intensity multimodal training in recreational runners and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Psychological variables of CrossFit participants: a systematic review Injuries in functional fitness: an updated systematic review “Is Injury “On Brand” Examining the Contexts of the CrossFit Injury Connection.” in The Palgrave Handbook of Sport High-intensity functional training (HIFT): definition and research implications for improved fitness Let us identify exercise recommendations that are effective and not denounce specific training programs simply because they are misunderstood High-intensity multimodal training for young people: it's time to think inside the box Commentary: “you're only as strong as your weakest link”: a current opinion about the concepts and characteristics of functional training Mixed modal training to help older adults maintain postural balance Official CrossFit Affiliate Map. (2022). Available online at: https://map.crossfit.com/ (accessed May 01) CrossFit® training strategies from the perspective of concurrent training: a systematic review PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar The effects of high-intensity multimodal training in apparently healthy populations: a systematic review The International Functional Fitness Federation (iF3). Available online at: https://functionalfitness.sport/ (accessed May 01) CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Two consecutive days of extreme conditioning program training affects pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and osteoprotegerin without impairments in muscle power Time-course effects of functional fitness sessions performed at different intensities on the metabolic and performance markers following a functional-fitness competition Tibana RA and Andrade A (2022) “Functional Fitness Training” or HIFT: What Is the Preferable Terminology Received: 23 February 2022; Accepted: 09 May 2022; Published: 26 May 2022 Copyright © 2022 Dominski, Tibana and Andrade. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Fábio Hech Dominski, ZmFiaW9oZG9taW5za2lAaG90bWFpbC5jb20= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish. Volume 13 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.899652 The establishment of fatigue following the acute exercise stimulus is a complex and multi-factorial process that might arise due to a range of distinct physiological mechanisms a practical method of assessing CrossFit® athletes’ recovery status has been neglected entirely in real-world sporting practice The study describes the acute and delayed time course of recovery following the CrossFit® Benchmark Workout Karen Eight trained men (28.4 ± 6.4 years; 1RM back squat 139.1 ± 26.0 kg) undertook the Karen protocol The protocol consists of 150 Wall Balls (9 kg) and perceived recovery status scale (PRS) (general The creatine kinase concentration 24 h after was higher than pre-exercise (338.4 U/L vs At 48h and 72 h following exercise CK concentration had returned to baseline levels (p > 0.05) lower and upper limbs PRS scores were lower in the 24-h post-exercise compared to pre-exercise (general PRS: 4.7 ± 1.5 and 7.7 ± 1.7; p = 0.013; upper limbs PRS: 6.6 ± 1.3 and 7.5 ± 1.3; p = 0.037; lower limbs PRS: 3.9 ± 2.5 and 7.3 ± 0.1; p = 0.046) Our findings provide insights into the fatigue profile and recovery in acute CrossFit® and can be useful to coaches and practitioners when planning training programs recovery status can be useful to optimize training monitoring and to minimize the potential detrimental effects associated with the performance of repeated high-intensity sessions of CrossFit® understanding the role of recovery status in a time-dependent manner is first to step to understand fatigue status Comprehending the time-course of recovery following CrossFit® session is important for minimizing the risk of maladaptation due to insufficient recovery between each stimulus and might assist in ensuring optimal exercise monitoring the purpose of this study is to describe the acute and delayed time course of recovery following the CrossFit® benchmark workout Karen in healthy trained subjects The development of fatigue following the individual’s physiological and perceptual responses to a stimulus that might arise due to a variety of different mechanisms it was hypothesized that the PRS scale would provide an accurate assessment of the participants’ recovery status and that this would be mirrored by the changes in CK and muscle performance This variety of tools to monitor recovery are practical for daily use due to low cost and time accompanied by simple interpretations The participants were advised to refrain from ingesting alcohol in the 24 h before any of the tests to avoid exercise in the 48 h before the protocol and in the 72 h after the workout of the day (WOD) and to maintain their normal daily diet and hydration during the study All participants signed an informed consent document and the study was approved by the University Research Ethics Committee for Human Use (2.698.225; 7 June 2018) and conformed to the Helsinki Declaration on the use of human participants for research Baseline sample demographics and performance characteristics (n = 8) Schematic study design and timeline used to examine the time-course effects of creatine kinase countermovement jump performance and the PRS scale The CrossFit® WOD Karen corresponds to a timed protocol that utilizes one element (medicine ball throws; 9.07 kg for a height of 3 m) The aim is to complete the task of performing 150 medicine ball throws to a wall in the shortest time possible a better performance in this WOD is indicated by a shorter time to complete the protocol The Karen protocol was chosen because it consists of only one exercise and because of the large number of repetitions performed as fast as possible Karen protocol is very popular and extremely usual among the WOD routines Whole-blood creatine kinase activity was assessed from a single fingertip capillary sample with the subject in a seated position a sample of blood (30 μL) was obtained and analyzed using a colorimetric assay procedure (Reflotron quality control (calibration) measurements were undertaken according to the manufacturer’s recommendations The ‘‘normal’’ reference range for creatine kinase activity The blood lactate collection, management, and analysis were determined according to Falk Neto et al. (2020). Capillary blood samples were collected through a transcutaneous puncture on the medial side of the tip of the middle finger using a disposable hypodermic lancet (Falk Neto et al., 2020) Blood lactate concentration was determined by photometric reflectance on a validated Portable Accutrend Plus system (Roche FIGURE 2. The PRS Scale according to Laurent et al. (Laurent et al., 2011) The level of significance was p ≤ 0.05 and SPSS version 20.0 (Somers The average time to complete the 150 repetitions of wall ball was 597 ± 111.6 s The fastest volunteer completed the exercise session in 495.6 s and the slowest in 795 s The blood lactate concentration and RPE presented a statistically significant increase after the exercise session (blood lactate concentration pre: 3.0 ± 0.7 mmol/L and post: 17.5 ± 3.0 mmol/L pre: 1.6 ± 0.5 and post: 9.0 ± 0.8 mmol/L no statistically significant differences were observed in the height of CMJ between pre-exercise and 24- (p = 0.108) 48- (p = 0.459) and 72-h (p = 0.827) post-exercise Variables are expressed as mean and standard deviation (±) Creatine kinase concentration (CK) during pre-test *p ≤ 0.05 for pre-exercise; †p ≤ 0.05 for 24-h post-exercise Height of counter movement jump (CMJ) during pre-test 48 and 72 h post-test; *p ≤ 0.05 for pre-exercise; †p ≤ 0.05 for 0-h post-exercise; ‡p ≤ 0.05 for 24-h post-exercise Figure 5 shows the general lower and upper limbs PRS of pre- and post-exercise session There was a statistically significant effect of time on general PRS observed power = 0.96 and upper limbs PRS and upper limbs PRS were statistically significant lower 24-h post-exercise session than pre-exercise (p = 0.013 for general p = 0.037 for lower and 0.046 for upper limbs) No differences in the scores of PRS were observed between 48- (p = 0.647 for general p = 0.244 for lower and p = 1.000 for upper limbs) and pre-exercise scores or between 72-h post-exercise (p = 1.000 for general p = 1.000 for lower and p = 0.190 for upper limbs) and pre-exercise scores Perceived recovery scale (PRS) of the upper limbs (A) general (B) and lower limbs (C) during pre-test *p ≤ 0.05 for pre-exercise; †p ≤ 0.05 for 24-h post-exercise; ‡p ≤ 0.05 for 48-h post-exercise The comparison between the scores of general, lower, and upper limbs of PRS was presented in Figure 6 No statistically significant differences were observed between PRS scales pre- (p = 1.000 between general and upper PRS scores; p = 0.262 between general and upper PRS scores; p = 1.000 between lower and upper PRS scores) and 72 h post-exercise (p = 0.107 between general and upper PRS scores; p = 0.332 between general and upper PRS scores; p = 0.093 between lower and upper PRS scores) the PRS of upper limbs was statistically significantly higher than general PRS (p = 0.015 for 24-h and p = 0.030 for 48-h) and PRS of lower limbs (p = 0.041 for 24-h and p = 0.014 for 48-h) the PRS of lower limbs was statistically significantly lower than general PRS (p = 0.037) lower and upper limbs of perceived recovery scale (PRS) at different time points *p ≤ 0.05 for general PRS; †p ≤ 0.05 for PRS of upper limbs Table 2 shows the correlations between the PRS scales It was observed only a statistically significant correlation between PRS of upper limbs and height of the CMJ (p < 0.0005; r = 0.533; large) Correlation of creatine kinase (CK) concentration height of counter movement jump (CMJ) and perceived recovery scales (PRS) this study highlights the potential of the PRS scale to be used as a marker of recovery status following a Crossfit® session Considering the high physiological stress induced by CrossFit® sessions understanding the time-course of recovery from these sessions is essential to ensure athletes can optimize their training it seems that when the CrossFit® session does not elicit increases in CK concentration that could be considered pathological the concentrations might return to baseline levels within 48 h despite eliciting significant metabolic changes did not lead to impairments in muscle power Considering that CrossFit® sessions vary often in the exercises performed and consequently it is possible that CMJ height might have limited application as a measure to monitor the athletes’ neuromuscular status particularly after single bouts of exercise While these would be important outcomes to ensure improved training prescription in the modality further studies are required in this topic Despite a range of instruments to monitor recovery have been established, many are impractical for daily use due to cost, time, and challenges with interpretation (Lee et al., 2017; Seshadri et al., 2019) The results in this study demonstrate that a practical non-invasive and expeditious approach to monitoring the participant’s recovery following an acute CrossFit® session might provide important information for coaches and practitioners the time-course of recovery according to the PRS is similar to that of the CK responses with both measures reaching its most extreme values 24 h after the training session while CK responses recover faster in the subsequent 24 h the athletes’ perceived recovery might show a slower improvement particularly for the lower limbs based on the protocol used in this study this study demonstrates that the PRS may be useful in allowing appropriate adjustments in training intensity or volume in CrossFit® based on the athletes’ recovery status Considering the potentially detrimental effects of performing numerous maximal or near-maximal CrossFit® sessions in a short period of time the use of the subsets of the PRS scale (upper and lower limbs) might assist in optimizing training prescription providing important information about when the next stimulus should be provided Future studies should investigate if the use of the PRS scale might optimize training prescription while helping to reduce the incidence of muscle injuries and the onset of non-functional overreaching Some limitations of the present study must be emphasized the lack of control over the participants’ diet prior to the test must be acknowledged other factors that could influence the participants’ recovery such as sleep and stress have not been assessed during this study Caution is advised when extrapolating the results of the current study to other populations or individuals of different training experience experienced and male participants were recruited in this study Our findings should not be generalized for other WOD and exercises our results cannot be used to infer the effects of combining these sessions within a larger training week including a match stimulus and other modes of training (i.e. Future studies of a similar nature should include other critical biomarkers and an upper limb power measures to elucidate the time course of recovery and whether a state of fatigue truly occurred Further longitudinal studies analyzing fatigue status and recovery in response to CrossFit® training over several days using similar methods can be relevant to further our understanding of the performance changes and fatigue and recovery markers in different subjects a single CrossFit® session using repeated wall-ball movements elicited a significant level of metabolic stress along with an increase in CK levels in the 24-h after the exercise session the results showed the potential utility of the PRS scale as noninvasive tool for accurately monitoring recovery status in CrossFit® practitioners the subscales of the PRS (upper and lower limb) seemed to be more effective at assessing changes in the athletes’ perceptions of recovery following an acute session and practitioners could implement the use of these scales PRS to obtain important insights into the recovery status of the participants While this information can be useful to coaches to optimize training monitoring and to minimize the potential detrimental effects associated with the performance of repeated high-intensity sessions of CrossFit® further studies are required to test this hypothesis The raw data supporting the conclusion of this article will be made available by the authors The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Local Ethics Committee (2.698.225; 7 June 2018) The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version Alsamir Tibana R. Is Perceived Exertion a Useful Indicator of the Metabolic and Cardiovascular Responses to a Metabolic Conditioning Session of Functional Fitness CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Creatine-Kinase- and Exercise-Related Muscle Damage Implications for Muscle Performance and Recovery PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Countermovement Jump to Monitor Neuromuscular Status: A Meta-Analysis PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossFit Overview: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Effects of Lower-Body Muscular Fatigue on Vertical Jump and Balance Performance PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Perceived Demands and Postexercise Physical Dysfunction in CrossFit® Compared to an ACSM Based Training Session CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Session Rating of Perceived Exertion Is a Superior Method to Monitor Internal Training Loads of Functional Fitness Training Sessions Performed at Different Intensities When Compared to Training Impulse PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar G*Power 3: a Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar and Stress Marker Responses to High-Intensity Functional Training PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Monitoring Training Load to Understand Fatigue in Athletes PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Countermovement Jump Height in National-Team Athletes of Various Sports: A Framework for Practitioners and Scientists PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Creatine Kinase Release and Clearance Using MM Variants Following Repeated Bouts of Eccentric Exercise PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Recovery and Performance in Sport: Consensus Statement CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Indirect Methods of Assessing Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Rowers: Practical Implications for Evaluating Physical Fitness in a Training Cycle PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A Practical Approach to Monitoring Recovery: Development of a Perceived Recovery Status Scale PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Biomarkers in Sports and Exercise: Tracking Health PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Long-Term Athletic Development PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Martínez-Gómez R. 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use *Correspondence: Ramires Alsamir Tibana, cmFtaXJlc3RpYmFuYUBnbWFpbC5jb20= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Lieutenant Thrawn and Ensign Vanto have been assigned too Captain Rossi on the Blood Crow They are responding to a derelict cruiser carrying Tibana Gas the Blood Crow is called to another situation but Thrawn elects to stay with Vanto and others to try to get the Tibana Gas cruiser up and running Another party may yet prove interested in the Tibana Thrawn #2 skips forward from the first issue to show a defining moment in the future Grand Admiral's career While it takes some interesting twists and turns in its run The comic goes through every detail in a clinical manner and it almost works considering the nature of Thrawn and the work he's doing some things could have been cut out to be only shown instead of told and that methodical tone could have been preserved That's not to say that the comic is boring by any means Watching our frighteningly efficient protagonist brush up against complacent officers and the politics of the Imperial military is compelling There is some action and more physical conflict to balance out the dialogue and politics How Thrawn handles such conflicts is interesting Luke Ross's artwork is still of a highly detailed and pseudo-realistic style It errs towards less detailing and cartoonish at a longer draw distance Nolan Woodard's color art is the right mixture of sterile and bright to balance out the vast dark expanses of space It pops off the page and injects some restrained life into the book and the art holds together well throughout Writing in the journal Frontiers in Physiology he notes that the fitness phenomenon—which has more than 13,000 affiliates around the world—clearly has a lot of benefits CrossFit has been shown to improve muscle strength And its model—different high-intensity workouts every day in a group environment with lots of community support—keeps members coming back and helps them commit to regular workouts Army vet Noah Galloway’s tips for conquering a Tough Mudder obstacle race But CrossFit has also been criticized for focusing on results rather than technique, which some say can fatigue muscles and raise injury risk. And Tibana, a professor at the Catholic University of Brasilia in Brazil, was curious about research that suggests that repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise can put stress on the body, temporarily impairing immunity So he recruited a group of nine male CrossFit participants, all of whom had been following the program for at least six months. The men did intense CrossFit-style workouts two days in a row—including Olympic lifting and aerobic drills—aiming to finish them as quickly as possible without compromising their technique • 7 Things to Know Before Trying CrossFit Tibana and his colleagues measured the participants’ muscle power as well as levels of inflammatory cytokines and metabolic markers in their blood Two days of intense exercise didn’t compromise the CrossFitters’ muscular strength participants had reduced levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines—proteins produced by white blood cells that fight off threats to the body and didn't show that the workouts definitely increased vulnerability to illness And the results don’t mean CrossFit isn’t safe but they do suggest that following the same workout schedule may not be best for everyone may need more rest days than people with higher fitness levels and more experience • CrossFit’s Camille Leblanc-Bazinet: ‘I’m Glad I Don’t Have a Thigh Gap’ "For non-athlete subjects who want to improve their health and quality of life through Crossfit training we recommend that they decrease their training volume after two consecutive days of high intensity training to prevent possible immunosuppression," he says This is particularly important for people recovering from an illness or who already have compromised immune systems or during times of the year when viral illnesses are prevalent can likely tolerate a higher workout volume without negative effects.) Sweat Mecca: Once America’s largest bank hall is now Under Armour's deposit in fitness If you’re new to CrossFit or want to give it a try, Tibana recommends finding a facility with trained professionals that encourages gradual progression. He also suggests taking rest days after exhaustive workout sessions, and making time for alternative recovery techniques such as massage • 5 Lacrosse Ball Moves to Speed Recovery and Prevent Soreness there’s no hard and fast rule as to how often you should sit out a workout including how hard you push yourself every day “The main concern is to control training volume and intensity,” he says aim for a combination of high- and low-intensity sessions AMANDA MACMILLAN Volume 7 - 2016 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00260 A correction has been applied to this article in: Corrigendum: Two Consecutive Days of Extreme Conditioning Program Training Affects Pro and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Osteoprotegerin without Impairments in Muscle Power The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two consecutive extreme conditioning program training sessions (24 h apart) designed to enhance work-capacity that involved both cardiovascular and muscular exercises on cytokines Nine male members of the extreme conditioning community (age 26.7 ± 6.6 years; body mass 78.8 ± 13.2 kg; body fat 13.5 ± 6.2%; training experience 2.5 ± 1.2 years) completed two experimental protocols (24 h apart): (1) strength and power exercises and (3) metabolic conditioning as follows: 10 min of as many rounds as possible (AMRAP) of 30 double-unders and 15 power snatches (34 kg) The same sequence as repeated on session 2 with the following metabolic conditioning: 12 min AMRAP of: row 250 m and 25 target burpees immediately post and 24 h after workout of the day (WOD) 1 Peak and mean power were obtained for each repetition (back squat with 50% of 1 repetition maximum) using a linear position transducer measured before Blood lactate and glucose were measured pre and immediately post WOD 1 and 2 Although both sessions of exercise elicited an significant increase in blood lactate (1.20 ± 0.41 to 11.84 ± 1.34 vs 0.94 ± 0.34 to 9.05 ± 2.56 mmol/l) and glucose concentration (81.59 ± 10.27 to 114.99 ± 12.52 vs 69.47 ± 6.97 to 89.95 ± 19.26 mg/dL) WOD 1 induced a significantly greater increase than WOD 2 (p ≤ 0.05) The training sessions elicited significant changes (p ≤ 0.05) in IL-6 IL-10 and osteoprotegerin concentration over time IL-6 displayed an increase immediately after training WOD 1 [197 ± 109%] (p = 0.009) and 2 [99 ± 58%] (p = 0.045) IL-10 displayed an increase immediately after only WOD 1 [44 ± 52%] (p = 0.046) and decreased 24 and 48 h following WOD 2 (~40%; p = 0.018) as compared to pre-exercise values Osteoprotegerin displayed a decrease 48 h following WOD 2 (~25%; p = 0.018) as compared with pre intervention two consecutive extreme conditioning training sessions increase pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines with no interference on muscle performance in the recovery period Extreme conditioning training programs are a growing exercise regimen characterized by high intensity, constantly varied, functional movement (Tibana et al., 2015). Typical workouts include Olympic lifting (snatch, clean, and jerk), power lifting (squat, deadlift, press/push press, bench press), and gymnastic movements (pull-ups, toes-to-bar, knees-to-elbows, lunges, muscle-ups, burpees, dips, push-ups, rope climbs; Tibana et al., 2015) These exercises are often combined into high-intensity workouts that are performed in rapid and so on until 1 repetition on the final set) elicits significant increases in indirect blood markers of muscle damage [myoglobin inteleukin-6 (IL-6) and creatine kinase] and resulted in exacerbated metabolic (lactate) and adrenal function (cortisol) activation in men and women with experience in resistance training This prolonged response can lead to compounding physiological stress over consecutive exercise sessions and can contribute to a nonfunctional overreaching which was accompanied by an increased propensity for apoptosis and an increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha training complexity and huge numbers of individuals taking part in such exercise activities increases the need for studies to evaluate the effect of this mode of activity on the immune and metabolic system the aim of the present study was to analyze two consecutive extreme conditioning sessions on IL-6 The initial hypothesis is that two such consecutive sessions exacerbate cytokine responses accompanied by muscle power impairment This design allowed us to individually assess the influence of different extreme conditioning sessions on immune response in our cohort of adult men ECPT: Extreme Conditioning Program Training Nine members of the extreme conditioning program community (age 26.7 ± 6.6 years) were recruited through advertisements. Subject characteristics are presented in Table 1 All subjects were free of injury and known illness were not using drugs to enhance performance and had a minimum of 6 months of extreme conditioning training they were interviewed by the researcher and reported to have previous experience in resistance strength training and cardiovascular training experience before practicing extreme conditioning workouts Subjects were advised to refrain from ingesting caffeine and alcohol for 24 h before all tests avoid any exercise in the 48 h before the experimental sessions and to maintain their normal daily diet during the study Subject's physical characteristics All participants signed an informed consent document and the study was approved by the University Research Ethics Committee for Human Use and conformed to the Helsinki Declaration on the use of human subjects for research Schematic representation of the training sessions subjects completed: (a) five sets of one repetition of clean and Jerk from the block at 80% of 1RM with 2–5 min rest intervals; (b) 3 sets of 5 touch and go cleans (full) with 70% of 5RM with 2–5 min rest; (c) 3 sets of 10 strict hand standing push-ups; After the third set of the aforementioned exercises followed by endurance conditioning with 12 min AMRAP of rowing (250 m The goal of the endurance conditioning sessions were to complete each training session in the quickest time possible Participants reported to the laboratory between 08:00 and 10:00 a.m. and blood samples (15 mL) were drawn from the antecubital vein into vacutainer tubes (Becton Dickinson Samples were then centrifuged at room temperature at 2500 rev All subjects were encouraged to avoid smoking alcohol and caffeine consumption to avoid influence on these parameters The serum was removed and frozen at −80°C for further analysis Serum was analyzed for amyloid A using a DADE Dimension RXL clinical chemistry analyzer (Dade-Behring The analyzer was calibrated daily using Liquid-Assayed Multiqual (Bio-Rad and two levels of quality control with known concentrations serum IL-10 and IL-6 were assessed using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (BioLegend's ELISA Max Deluxe USA) and osteoprotegerin (R&D System Inc. Standard curves were generated using commercially available microplate reader-compatible statistical software (MicroWin 2000 All samples were determined in duplicate to guarantee the precision of the results For all measures the mean intra-assay coefficient of variation was 2.9–9.5% the inter-assay coefficient of variation was 5.9–7.0% Standard procedures were followed for blood lactate and glucose collection, management and analysis (Goodwin et al., 2007) Blood samples (25 μL) were collected from the earlobe during a rest period (before) and after each experimental procedure Blood lactate and glucose concentration was determined by electroenzymatic method (1500 Sport; Yellow Springs Instruments Inc. The power produced during each experimental session was measured by a linear position transducer (Peak Power, Cefise, Sao Paulo, Brazil). The configurations for test assessment and calibration followed the manufacturer's specifications. The equipment was attached to the barbell during the back squat (5 repetitions of 50% of 1RM; Cormie et al., 2007; Tibana et al., 2016) to register the time and the displacement at a frequency of 100 Hz peak and average power (watts) produced during the concentric contraction were determined by the manufacturer's software (version 4.0.4.6; Peak Power software analysis) The data are expressed as mean value and standard deviation (SD) The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to check for normality distribution of study variables A repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare cytokines Compound sphericity was verified by the Mauchley test When the assumption of sphericity was not met the significance of F-ratios was adjusted according to the Greenhouse-Geisser procedure Tukey's post-hoc test with Bonferroni adjustment was applied in the event of significance Paired sample t-tests were used to compare cytokines and OPG changes (post–pre and % of change) between training sessions Pearson's correlation was used to explore the relations between cytokines and power variables Based on alpha error of 0.05 and a power (1 – β) of 0.80 the sample effect size f was 0.65 for IL-6 The physical characteristics of the subjects are presented in Table 1. Body fat and blood pressure were considered to be within normal range. Although both sessions of exercise elicited a significant increase in blood lactate and glucose concentrations, exercise training 1 induced a significantly higher increase than exercise training 2 (Figure 2) Blood lactate (BLC; A) and glucose (BGC; B) concentration before and after workout of the day 1 and workout of the day 2 Values are expressed as means ± SD *p ≤ 0.05 to Pre; †p ≤ 0.05 to Post training session 1 IL-10/IL-6 ratio (C) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) (D) corresponding to pre (Pre T1) and post workout of the day 1 (Post T1) 24 h after workout of the day 1 (24 h post T1) 24 h (24 h post T2) and 48 h (48 h post T2) after workout of the day 2 *p < 0.05 comparing to Pre T1; †p < 0.05 comparing to Post T1; ‡p < 0.05 comparing to 24 h Post T1 Change (post–pre) in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) after workout of the day 1 and workout of the day 2 The mean change (% from baseline) of cytokines and OPG 24 h and 48 h after WOD 2 are shown in Figure 4 IL-10 concentration presented a statistically significant decrease (~40%; p = 0.018) 24 and 48 h after WOD 1 OPG concentration had a statistically significant decrease (~25%; p = 0.018) only 48 h after WOD 2 The changes of IL-6 and IL-10/IL-6 ratio were not statistically significant There was a statistically significant correlation between IL-10 and OPG 24 h after WOD 2 (r = 0.833; p = 0.039) Mean change (% form baseline) of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (A) IL-10/IL-6 ratio (C) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) 24 h (24 h post T2) and 48 h (48 h post T2) after workout of the day 2 Figure 5 presents the time line of power Mean power had a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) immediately after the training sessions mean power was not statistically significant different (p > 0.05) from pre intervention Peak power was statistically significant higher (p < 0.05) 24 h after WOD 2 than pre intervention No correlations were observed (p > 0.05) between cytokines or OPG and power variables corresponding to pre (Pre T1) and post training session 1 (Post T1) post workout of the day 2 (Post T2) and 24 h after workout of the day 2 (24 h post T2) *p ≤ 0.05 to Pre T1; †p ≤ 0.05 to Post T1; ‡p ≤ 0.05 to 24 h Post T1; §p ≤ 0.05 to Post T2 The main findings of this study were: (a) a single bout of extreme conditioning training provoked high metabolic responses following both sessions as reflected by significant increases in lactate and glucose concentrations; (b) the training sessions elicited significant increases in IL-6 (WOD 1: 197 ± 109% and WOD 2: 99 ± 58%) IL-10 displayed an increase immediately after WOD 1 (44 ± 52%) and decreased 24 and 48 h following WOD 2 while OPG decreased 48 h after WOD 2; (c) although not statistically significant IL-10/IL-6 decreased 24 h (~50%) and 48 h (~50%) after WOD 2 when as compared with baseline; (d) the increase in pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines following extreme conditioning training sessions was not accompanied by a decline in muscle power 24 h after WOD 2 partially confirming the initial hypothesis and so on until 1 repetition on the final set) elicits a significant increase in muscle damage (myoglobin and creatine kinase) inflammation (IL-6 immediately post of exercise for men: ~3 pg/mL; women: ~3.5 pg/mL) and produced hyperreactions in metabolic (lactate immediately post exercise for men: ~14 Mmol.L-1; women: ~9.1 mmol.L-1) and adrenal function (cortisol) in men and women with experience in resistance training Furthermore, Kliszczewicz et al. (2015) found that the CrossFit bout (“Cindy” protocol consisting of as many rounds possible of 5 pullups and 15 air-squats in 20 min) elicited an acute increased on blood oxidative stress (lipid peroxides 1 h post-exercise: CrossFit = ~+143% vs a decrease on total enzymatic antioxidant capacity immediately post exercise (CrossFit = ~−10% vs produced high cardiovascular demands at 20 min (CrossFit = ~97% of maximum heart rate vs Treadmill = ~93% of maximum heart rate) and resulted in a greater rating of perceived exertion (CrossFit = ~9 vs Treadmill = ~7) response comparable to a traditional bout of high-intensity treadmill running (run at a minimum intensity of the 90% maximal HR) in males with a minimum of 3 months CrossFit training experience in the present study the response of IL-10 concentration presented a statistically significant increase immediately after only training session 1 (44 ± 52%) IL-10 concentrations were not statistically significant different (P > 0.05) from pre intervention we evaluated the balance between Th2 and Th1 response with IL-10/IL-6 ratio and this parameter showed a decrease of ~50% 24 and 48 h after the session 2 when compared to baseline demonstrating a disruption in the balance of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines following extreme conditioning program training resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels below baseline value No significant exercise-induced changes in IL-10 were observed at 1 and 24 h post-exercise the values decreased they observed a positive correlation between the percent decline in OPG and IL-10 at 24 h post-exercise in comparison to their values at 5 min and 1 h the main difficulties in comparing our results with previously published studies are that most studies were limited regarding the time-course analyses (1–24 h post exercise) of OPG and different exercise (resistance training vs high intensity interval training) protocols were used individuals involved with any high intensity functional movement training program should be aware of these exacerbated cytokine responses to avoid functional overreaching Some limitations of the present study should be highlighted lack of diet control and the absence of female participants and upper limb power measures conducting a session with only 24 h of recovery may have been influenced the response of cytokines on subsequent WOD further studies comparing different intensities and WOD with adequate recovery days are needed to elucidate these answers future studies including muscle biopsies could improve understanding of the muscle environment and not only select systems such as the immune or metabolic systems 2 consecutive days of extreme conditioning program training elicited a significant decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines without impairments in muscle power Further training and longitudinal investigations are necessary to determine the consequences of this finding While we observed no negative effect on muscular power it is still recommended that caution be exercised due to the suppressive effect 2 consecutive days of extreme conditioning program training had on the immune system While future research is needed to determine the significance of this result it is recommended that the incorporation of lower intensity sessions and/or resting days would help to minimize immune disturbances This could be a particularly useful training strategy for individuals who are in an immunocompromised status (such as a chronic stress state or returning from an acute bout of illness) or during specific parts of the year in which viruses tend to weaken the immune system Conceived and designed the experiments: RT Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RT Exercise-induced increase in serum interleukin-6 in humans is related to muscle damage ‘Aerobic’ and ‘Anaerobic’ terms used in exercise physiology: a critical terminology reflection CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Optimal loading for maximal power output during lower-body resistance exercises Blood lactate measurements and analysis during exercise: a guide for clinicians The effects of high intensity short rest resistance exercise on muscle damage markers in men and women Acute exercise and oxidative stress: CrossFit(™) vs Response of bone turnover markers and cytokines to high-intensity low-impact exercise Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor Three consecutive days of interval runs to exhaustion affects lymphocyte subset apoptosis and migration Carbohydrate ingestion influences skeletal muscle cytokine mRNA and plasma cytokine levels after a 3-h run Physical activity and plasma interleukin-6 in humans–effect of intensity of exercise Acute effects of resistance training on cytokines and osteoprotegerin in women with metabolic syndrome concentrations depends on exercise duration Elevated serum osteoprotegerin levels in women: friend or foe Impact of a competitive marathon race on systemic cytokine and neutrophil responses Adrenal cortical responses to high-intensity doi: 10.18511/0103-1716/rbcm.v23n1p182-185 CrossRef Full Text Correlation of muscle strength with weightlifting performance in Crossfit® practitioners high-intensity exercise on immune function: evidence from leucocyte mitochondrial alterations and apoptosis Navalta JW and Prestes J (2016) Two Consecutive Days of Extreme Conditioning Program Training Affects Pro and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Osteoprotegerin without Impairments in Muscle Power Received: 22 April 2016; Accepted: 13 June 2016; Published: 28 June 2016 Copyright © 2016 Tibana, de Almeida, Frade de Sousa, Nascimento, Neto, de Almeida, de Souza, Lopes, Nobrega, Vieira, Navalta and Prestes. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited *Correspondence: Ramires A. Tibana, cmFtaXJlc3RpYmFuYUBnbWFpbC5jb20= Volume 11 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00919 little is known about how to best quantify internal training loads from functional fitness training (FFT) sessions The purpose of this study was to assess which method [training impulse (TRIMP) or session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE)] is more accurate to monitor training loads in FFT Eight trained males (age 28.1 ± 6.0 years) performed an ALL-OUT FFT session and an intensity-controlled session (RPE of six out of 10) Internal load was determined via Edward’s TRIMP (eTRIMP) Heart rate was measured continuously during the session while blood lactate and rate of perceived exertion were measured at baseline and immediately and 30 min after the sessions ALL-OUT blood lactate and RPE were significantly higher immediately and 30 min after the session compared to the RPE6 condition ALL-OUT training load was significantly different between conditions using bTRIMP (61.1 ± 10.6 vs 55.7 ± 12.4 AU) and sRPE (91.7 ± 30.4 vs with sRPE being more sensitive to such differences [p = 0.045 No differences in the training loads of the different sessions were found using eTRIMP (93.1 ± 9.5 vs Only sRPE showed a significant correlation with lactate 30 min post session (p = 0.015; p = 0.596 sRPE was more accurate than both TRIMP methods to represent the overall training load of the FFT sessions further research is necessary to establish its ability to reflect changes in fitness and performance during a period of training with non-functional overreaching likely to occur with continued stimulus long-term adherence to a FFT program may cause excessive fatigue and non-functional overreaching due to the all-out intensities constantly required in FFT sessions the protocols in these studies called for the typical all-out efforts during the sessions the accuracy of these methods to determine the internal training load of FFT sessions performed at different intensities has not yet been examined Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to assess which method [Bannister’s TRIMP (bTRIMP), Edward’s TRIMP (eTRIMP), or sRPE] is more accurate to determine the training loads of FFT sessions performed at different intensities. As sRPE has been previously shown to be a valid measure of internal training load in FFT (Derek et al., 2018; Tibana et al., 2018) the relation between both TRIMP methods and sRPE is also analyzed we aimed to examine the relationship between blood lactate with both TRIMP methods and sRPE The relationship between both TRIMP methods and RPE was also examined It was hypothesized that the all-out session would lead to more time spent at intense heart rate training zones This would lead to higher TRIMP scores that would be directly related with lactate levels and perceived exertion given the fact that the eTRIMP is based on five heart rate zones it was hypothesized that it would more accurately reflect the cardiovascular response to the FFT sessions and be more accurate than bTRIMP for the calculation of internal training load Eight males (age 28.1 ± 5.4 years, 23–39 years old) were recruited. Their anthropometric and performance characteristics are presented in Table 1 All participants were free of injury or known illnesses were not using performance enhancing drugs and had a minimum of 6 months of FFT experience (3.8 ± 1.4 years Participants were advised to sleep at least 6–8 h the night before maintain regular nutritional and hydration habits avoid intense exercise 48 h prior to the sessions and to avoid smoking or caffeine consumption 24 h before a session All participants provided informed consent and the study was approved by the University Research Ethics Committee for Human Use (2.698.225/Universidade Estácio de Sá/UNESA/RJ) and conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki on the use of human participants for research The participants completed a metabolic conditioning training session (Figure 1; 5–7 days apart) in a randomized fashion under two different conditions: (a) all-out (ALL) and (b) intensity controlled (RPE6). The metabolic conditioning training session was the Tibana Test, which involved the completion of four different rounds of work, each separated by 2 min of rest (Figure 1) The rounds consisted of 4 min of as many rounds as possible (AMRAP) of five thrusters (60 kg) and 10 box jumps over (round 1); 4 min of AMRAP of 10 power clean (60 kg) and 20 pull-ups (round 2); 4 min of AMRAP of 15 shoulder to overhead (60 kg) and 30 toes to bar (round 3); and 4 min of AMRAP of 20 calories of rowing and 40 wall ball (9 kg; round 4) Description of the metabolic conditioning sessions (Tibana Test) Rate of perceived exertion table made available to participants during the metabolic conditioning sessions indicating that a maximal effort was achieved Capillary blood samples were collected through a transcutaneous puncture on the medial side of the tip of the middle finger using a disposable hypodermic lancet Blood lactate (LAC) concentrations were measured before and immediately after the session The LAC was determined by photometric reflectance on a validated Portable Accutrend Plus system (Roche Edwards’ TRIMP (eTRIMP) was calculated based on the time spent in five predetermined training zones related to the participants’ maximal heart rate The training zones and their weighting factor were as follows: zone 1 (50–59% HRmax—weighting factor = 1) zone 2 (60–69% HRmax—weighting factor = 2) zone 3 (70–79% HRmax—weighting factor = 3) zone 4 (80–89% HRmax—weighting factor = 4) and zone 5 (90–100% HRmax—weighting factor = 5) Each session’s eTRIMP was calculated by multiplying the time spent in each training zone by its weighing factor and then summated to provide a total score bTRIMP was calculated based on training duration where D = session duration, the constant e = 2.718, the weighting factor b = 1.67 for women and 1.92 for men, and ∆ heart rate ratio = (average heart rate − resting heart rate) ÷ (maximal heart rate − resting heart rate; Sanders et al., 2017) The sRPE was calculated as the product of the session duration and the rate of perceived exertion 30 min after the session (RPE30; Foster, 1998; Derek et al., 2018; Tibana et al., 2018) Participants completed a higher number of repetitions (214.4 ± 18.6) during the ALL-OUT session when compared to the RPE6 session (190.5 ± 12.5). An in-depth discussion of these results and its implications has already been published (Tibana et al., 2019a) The overall internal load and the physiological markers of strain for each session are presented in Table 2 blood lactate immediately after the session (18.9 ± 3.9 mmol L−1 vs 12.8 ± 3.2 mmol L−1) and 30 min after the session (13.8 ± 3.5 mmol L−1 vs 5.9 ± 1.6 mmol L−1) were significantly lower (p < 0.0005) in the RPE6 session A significant difference between conditions was also found between the RPE immediately after the session (9.6 ± 0.7 vs 6.2 ± 0.8; p = 0.011) and 30 min post session (3.9 ± 1.4 vs with the all-out session showing higher values Percentage of time spent in each heart rate zone during the metabolic conditioning sessions The relationships between the internal training loads (eTRIMP, bTRIMP, and sRPE) and physiological markers of strain are displayed in Figures 4–6 The RPE immediately post session was only significantly related to eTRIMP (p = 0.044; ρ = 0.510; large) while the RPE 30 min post session was not correlated to either eTRIMP (p = 0.421; ρ = 0.216) or bTRIMP (p = 0.200; ρ = 0.459) No significant correlations were observed between blood lactate concentration and eTRIMP or bTRIMP RPE30 showed a significant correlation with lactate 30 min post session (p = 0.015; ρ = 0.596 Correlations between rate of perceived exertion immediately after session (top panels) and blood lactate immediately and 30 min after session (top panels) and rate of perceived exertion 30 min after the session and blood lactate immediately and 30 min after the session (bottom panels) Correlation between eTRIMP and rate of perceived exertion immediately and 30 min after the conditioning session (top panels) and between eTRIMP and blood lactate immediately and 30 min after the conditioning sessions (bottom panels) Correlation between bTRIMP and rate of perceived exertion immediately and 30 min after the conditioning session (top panels) The results presented in this study only partially support our initial hypotheses the use of eTRIMP was unable to distinguish between the overall training loads of the different sessions The eTRIMP also showed no differences in the time spent at each training zone between the sessions even though the all-out session had a greater amount of time spent at higher heart rate intensities (zones 4 and 5) The bTRIMP and sRPE were able to detect a significant difference in the overall training load of the sessions with sRPE being more sensitive to such differences (p = 0.049 Both methods derived from HR (eTRIMP and bTRIMP) were not related to lactate immediately or 30 min post session sRPE showed a large correlation with blood lactate 30 min after the session (ρ = 0.596) When comparing the three methods of internal load, our findings do not support previous research that found strong significant correlations between sRPE and eTRIMP (Derek et al., 2018; Tibana et al., 2018) One possible explanation is that the sessions in these studies had different durations (short vs which can influence the magnitude of the correlations since our correlations spanned the different intensity conditions it is possible that eTRIMP and bTRIMP might not provide an accurate assessment of internal training loads across an intensity range compared to sRPE considering that the heart rate responses between conditions were similar regardless of the intensity of the sessions this could also explain why eTRIMP and bTRIMP showed little or no differences between the training sessions it is possible that when the intensity is lower (controlled by RPE) methods based on heart rate do not provide an accurate assessment of the training loads of sessions performed at different intensities The use of sRPE was able to provide accurate training loads that were significantly different between the conditions The RPE 30 min after the sessions (used to calculate sRPE) was also strongly correlated to blood lactate 30 min post exercise indicating that when the sRPE measure is taken the physiological status of the participant is considered in the evaluation of the FFT session as the metabolic conditioning sessions that occur within a FFT program are seldom repeated the use of the RPE-lactate relationship would require an “index workout” to be established This would require a specific session to be repeated at regular intervals potentially reducing the practical applicability of this tool to FFT it is possible that a combination with another metric might be necessary to ensure accurate measurement of training loads in FFT the use of the sRPE method is currently recommended to monitor training loads in FFT The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee for Human Use (2.698.225/Universidade Estácio de Sá/UNESA/RJ) and conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki on the use of human participants for research The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study RT and FV contributed to the conception and design of the study RT and NS contributed to statistical analysis JN wrote the first draft of the manuscript and was responsible for further edits and FV wrote and edited sections of the paper All authors contributed to manuscript revisions and have read and approved the submitted version Mood state changes accompanying the CrossFit open™ competition in healthy adults Comparison of RPE (rating of perceived exertion) scales for session RPE Metabolic cost of free weight circuit weight training PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Monitoring athlete training loads: consensus statement PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Are changes in physical work capacity induced by high-intensity functional training related to changes in associated physiologic measures and application of the session-RPE method for quantifying training loads during high intensity functional training Effects of short-term CrossFit™ training: a magnitude-based approach Google Scholar Google Scholar The multimodal nature of high-intensity functional training: potential applications to improve sport performance Fernández-Fernández Acute physiological responses during CrossFit® workouts Google Scholar Monitoring training in athletes with reference to overtraining syndrome/Enregistrement de l ‘entrainement d’ athletes avec reference au syndrome de surentrainement A new approach to monitoring exercise training doi: 10.1519/1533-4287(2001)015<0109:ANATME>2.0.CO;2 Session RPE during prolonged exercise training Effect of progressive fatigue on session RPE CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Statistical methods in education and psychology Google Scholar RPE-lactate dissociation during extended cycling Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Impellizzeri Internal and external training load: 15 years on Kliszczewicz Acute exercise and oxidative stress: CrossFit vs Kliszczewicz Autonomic response to a short and long bout of high-intensity functional training Indirect methods of assessing maximal oxygen uptake in rowers: practical implications for evaluating physical fitness in a training cycle Left ventricular response in healthy young men during heavy-intensity weight-lifting exercise Session-RPE for quantifying load of different youth taekwondo training sessions The validity of the session-RPE method for quantifying training load in water polo Testosterone and cortisol responses to five high-intensity functional training competition workouts in recreationally active adults Muscular fatigue in response to different modalities of CrossFit sessions Face scale rating of perceived exertion during cardiopulmonary exercise test Age-predicted maximal heart rate in healthy subjects: the HUNT Fitness Study Methods of monitoring training load and their relationships to changes in fitness and performance in competitive road cyclists Training monitoring for resistance exercise: theory and applications Two consecutive days of CrossFit training affects pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and osteoprotegerin without impairments in muscle power Validity of session rating perceived exertion method for quantifying internal training load during high-intensity functional training Is perceived exertion a useful indicator of the metabolic and cardiovascular responses to a metabolic conditioning session of functional fitness and competitive performance of a functional-fitness female athlete: a case study Timón 48-hour recovery of biochemical parameters and physical performance after two modalities of CrossFit workouts Voltarelli FA and Kennedy MD (2020) Session Rating of Perceived Exertion Is a Superior Method to Monitor Internal Training Loads of Functional Fitness Training Sessions Performed at Different Intensities When Compared to Training Impulse Received: 14 March 2020; Accepted: 09 July 2020; Published: 12 August 2020 Copyright © 2020 Falk Neto, Tibana, de Sousa, Prestes, Voltarelli and Kennedy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Joao Henrique Falk Neto, ZmFsa25ldG9AdWFsYmVydGEuY2E= Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus from August 2019 to October 2019. Studies were selected through critical review of the content. Using specific keywords, 623 articles were found, of which 597 were excluded for ineligibility, and 25 were eligible. The papers were separated according to subject area: hormonal (n = 8), metabolic (n = 19), and inflammatory (n = 6) changes. All were published between 2015 and 2019. Results: This review reveals potential effects of CrossFit® training on hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory responses. However, studies had low levels of evidence and reliability due to methodological limitations. Conclusion: In summary, the results showed a greater volume and intensity of workouts accentuate the responses, that are of paramount importance for improving understanding of the effects of CrossFit® training and serve as a basis for prescribing future exercise protocols. Volume 11 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.01001 Background: CrossFit® training is a high-intensity functional training program that aims to increase physical functional performance through biochemical responses and inflammatory changes induced by CrossFit® training have been reported in isolated clinical studies The purpose of this review was to systematically explore the existing literature on characterization of hormonal and inflammatory responses resulting from CrossFit® training Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted in PubMed Web of Science and Scopus from August 2019 to October 2019 Studies were selected through critical review of the content of which 597 were excluded for ineligibility The papers were separated according to subject area: hormonal (n = 8) Results: This review reveals potential effects of CrossFit® training on hormonal studies had low levels of evidence and reliability due to methodological limitations the results showed a greater volume and intensity of workouts accentuate the responses that are of paramount importance for improving understanding of the effects of CrossFit® training and serve as a basis for prescribing future exercise protocols WODs are designed to perform the exercise in the shortest possible duration or to perform as many repetitions or rounds as possible (AMRAP) in a given period of time and inflammatory molecular changes is fundamental to establishing the response parameters that come with training Studies on the physiological changes resulting from CrossFit® training have been published but they exhibit large methodological discrepancies which presents difficulties in explaining the results The studies present protocols with different time lengths (3.5–23.3 min) and intensities (absolute or relative load) and inflammatory changes related to CrossFit® training have been reported in isolated clinical studies no systematic review of such changes has been performed The purpose of this review was to systematically review the existing literature on characterization of hormonal (testosterone creatine kinase (CK)] responses associated with CrossFit® training A systematic literature search was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Liberati et al., 2009) This research followed the PICOS strategy to develop the search criteria and determine which relevant articles to include or exclude Participants: Men and women over 18 years old Interventions: Any type of intervention that evaluates hormonal metabolic and inflammatory changes that occur after training protocols based on CrossFit® training Comparators: The CrossFit® training protocols were compared provided that there were different training methods Outcomes: The results reported changes related to hormonal (testosterone and GPT) and inflammatory (IL-6 and IL-10) parameters Study design: Randomized and non-randomized trials using either cross-over or parallel groups comparing different types of CrossFit® training interventions The specific inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) articles that were original research; (2) intervention based on CrossFit® training; (3) a sample of men and women; (4) studies that investigated at least one hormonal or inflammatory/muscle damage variable relevant to the analysis in the present study Studies were excluded in the following cases: (1) duplicate articles; (2) articles that were not in the English language; (3) articles that presented training protocols not based on CrossFit® training; (4) articles with special populations; (5) articles that were systematic reviews The systematic literature search was carried out until October 2019 using the following databases: PubMed The articles were searched using a combination of keywords corresponding to the theme of the review: CrossFit OR “high-intensity functional training” OR HIFT Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) was consulted to check possible entry terms related to the keywords After combining the research results and discarding duplicate studies in the databases two researchers (NJ and MRD) independently selected titles and abstracts to identify relevant studies read in full (full text) and independently assessed for eligibility by the same two researchers (NJ and MRD) according to the criteria described above and in the case of disagreement regarding the selection of articles a third author (JN) was consulted to resolve the disagreement Standardized data extraction forms were completed by two researchers (NJ and MRD) and verified by another researcher (JN). Information on the type of study design, characteristics of the participants, sample size, time of experience in the profile, data collection, CrossFit® training protocols, and main conclusions was extracted (see Tables 1–3). The entire study selection process is shown in Figure 1 Hormonal responses associated with CrossFit® training Metabolic responses associated with CrossFit® training Inflammatory responses associated with CrossFit® training Flow diagram of the study selection process The initial search identified 623 titles in the database After a review of the titles and abstracts of 354 articles 28 articles (4.5%) were selected for a complete full-text review 25 articles were selected (8 articles on hormone responses 19 on metabolic responses and 6 on inflammatory responses) The study design was described as acute (n = 21; pre-training and post-training or comparison between groups) longitudinal (n = 3; up to 6 weeks of CrossFit® training) or descriptive of a cross-sectional cohort (n = 1; after training only) The articles evaluated a total of 427 subjects The sample sizes ranged from 8 to 40 subjects 417 were CrossFit® trained or active for more than 3 months and the sex of 10 participants was not specified The frequency of training was reported in only two longitudinal studies (Murawska-Cialowicz et al., 2015; Poderoso et al., 2019). Poderoso et al. (2019) and Murawska-Cialowicz et al. (2015) adopted 5 and 2 days a week, respectively, without describing the training protocol. One study did not report weekly training frequency (Michnik et al., 2017) while cortisol was not different among them In the study by Kliszczewicz et al. (2018a), GH was higher 1 h after training involving CV and weightlifting exercises compared with weightlifting exercises only. Like testosterone, when compared between different groups, GH was higher in healthy men than in inactive men (Cadegiani et al., 2019) IGF-1 showed no differences soon after WODs or between different groups Adrenaline and noradrenaline were higher soon after training regardless of the WOD (Kliszczewicz et al., 2017, 2018b; Mangine et al., 2019). After 6 months of training, the resting adrenaline was not different, while noradrenaline was lower with overtraining (Cadegiani et al., 2019) Cholesterol, creatinine, GOT and GPT were each investigated in only one study. Cholesterol showed no differences after training (Shaw et al., 2015), and creatinine did not change after 6 months of CrossFit® training (Cadegiani et al., 2019). Timón et al. (2019) were the only researchers to evaluate GOT and GPT responses after training and their results showed significant increases values independent of the WOD CK seemed to increase after training (Durkalec-Michalski et al., 2018; Timón et al., 2019) or to decrease within 72 h after training (Tibana et al., 2019a). Michnik et al. (2017) found that after ingestion of green tea, CK decreased after training. As a chronic effect, there were no differences after 6 months of training (Cadegiani et al., 2019) IL-6 increased after WOD-independent training, while IL-10 increased as a function of WOD characteristics (Tibana et al., 2016). Comparing five different WODs, IL-10 showed no differences after training (Tibana et al., 2019a) Table 4 summarizes the results of the methodological quality assessment across all included studies and Figure 2 shows the percentage distribution of quality Procedures for a random sequence generation and allocation concealment were unclear in 14 of 24 studies A low risk of bias was found in three trials regarding blinding of participants/personnel Seven out of 24 studies showed high risk of “other bias.” These studies did not describe the training protocol or concealed participants' data Some limitations were observed in the study by Mangine et al. (2018), who evaluated acute testosterone and cortisol changes. In a small sample of five men and five women, one woman was on an oral contraceptive (medroxyprogesterone). Testosterone and cortisol responses were similar to those in women's soccer, volleyball, and softball athletes (Edwards and O'Neal, 2009) and hockey players (Crewther et al., 2015) Further studies are needed to verify that such responses are consistent with women who participate in CrossFit® training We suggest that the performance of WODs with a predominance of CV exercises before weightlifting exercises results in unfavorable hormonal responses When comparing the chronic hormonal responses of CrossFit® practitioners with other sport athletes, the responses may differ. From this perspective, Arruda et al. (2015) observed that young soccer players experienced a drop in testosterone levels as the season progressed, which appears to be different in men who practice CrossFit® training (Poderoso et al., 2019) CrossFit training is characterized by the combination and variation of different elements in the same session further studies are needed to compare hormonal responses in different sports As for chronic metabolic responses, the lack of change in lactate response may be the result of the intensity utilized for each WOD. It must also be considered that pre-training lactate was not registered (Murawska-Cialowicz et al., 2015) chronic metabolic responses in CrossFit® training practitioners are inconclusive reporting no significant differences in blood glucose responses between groups that CK levels are higher when training is on consecutive days subjecting CrossFit® training practitioners to a higher volume and intensity of training for successive days may expose the practitioner to the risk of damage associated with muscle cell necrosis The present review demonstrates the potentially significant effect of CrossFit® training on hormonal studies evaluating such aspects have a low level of evidence and reliability due to methodological limitations and biases that hinder the convergence of results and inflammatory stress marker levels increase after CrossFit® training a greater volume and intensity of workouts accentuate the responses such as blood glucose and IL-6 and IL-10 levels due to different results and the small number of studies this review sheds light on specific knowledge gaps that should be further investigated the results are of paramount importance for improving understanding of the effects of CrossFit® training and serve as a basis for prescribing future exercise protocols All relevant data is contained within the article Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author NJ and MD carried out the review of studies and JV contributed to the conception and writing of the article DB corrected the final version and English grammar This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 and by the Post Graduate Program in Physical Education The authors appreciate the MSc Estevão Rios Monteiro (School of Physical Education and Sports Acute physiological responses and performance following subsequent CrossFit ‘CINDY’ workout with Zea Mays juice CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Acute hormonal and neuromuscular responses and recovery to forced vs maximum repetitions multiple resistance exercises Exercise and the regulation of inflammatory responses Cortisol and testosterone dynamics following exhaustive endurance exercise Testosterone concentration and lower limb power over an entire competitive season in elite young soccer players Effects of resistance training on insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF binding proteins Clinical and biochemical characteristics of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and overtraining syndrome: findings from the EROS study (The EROS-HIFT) PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Damage and the repeated bout effect of arm and trunk muscles induced by eccentric resistance exercises Role of lactic acid on cognitive functions Effects of oral contraceptive use on the salivary testosterone and cortisol responses to training sessions and competitions in elite women athletes Roles of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins in regulating IGF actions Durkalec-Michalski The effect of chronic progressive-dose sodium bicarbonate ingestion on CrossFit-like performance: a double-blind Oral contraceptives decrease saliva testosterone but do not affect the rise in testosterone associated with athletic competition The effect of a moderately low and high carbohydrate intake on CrossFit performance PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Metabolic profile of a crossfit training bout CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Repeated anaerobic tests predict performance among a group of advanced CrossFit-trained athletes Effects of eight weeks of high intensity functional training on glucose control and body composition among overweight and obese adults Fernandez-Fernandez Google Scholar Glassman, G. (2017). Level 1 Training Guide. CrossFit Inc. Available online at: http://library.crossfit.com/free/pdf/CFJ_English_Level1_TrainingGuide.pdf (accessed September 10 The impact of metabolic stress on hormonal responses and muscular adaptations HIIT produces increases in muscle power and free testosterone in male masters athletes CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials Rhabdomyolysis after high intensity resistance training Endocrinological roles for testosterone in resistance exercise responses and adaptations Mechanisms and mediators of the skeletal muscle repeated bout effect Effects of strength and endurance exercise order on endocrine responses to concurrent training Metabolic biomarkers following a short and long bout of high-intensity functional training in recreationally trained men Acute effect of popular high-intensity functional training exercise on physiologic markers of growth The creatine kinase response to resistance exercise PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar The effects of exercise training programs on plasma concentrations of proenkephalin Peptide F and catecholamines Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training The effects of short-term resistance training on endocrine function in men and women The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text Pre-anticipatory anxiety and autonomic nervous system response to two unique fitness competition workouts Maté-Muñoz Cardiometabolic and muscular fatigue responses to different CrossFit® workouts Maté-Muñoz Exertional and CrossFit-induced rhabdomyolysis Blood serum DSC analysis of well-trained men response to CrossFit training and green tea extract supplementation Murawska-Cialowicz CrossFit training changes brain-derived neurotrophic factor and irisin levels at rest and improves aerobic capacity and body composition of young physically active men and women CrossFit-induced rhabdomyolysis: a case report CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar predetermined block training on performance PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function tests in healthy men Gender differences in chronic hormonal and immunological responses to CrossFit® Analysis of physiological determinants during a single bout of Crossfit Macrophage polarization: implications on metabolic diseases and the role of exercise doi: 10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2016015920 High intensity resistance training causes muscle damage and increases biomarkers of acute kidney injury in healthy individuals Characterization and modulation of systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise in relation to oxidative stress heart rate and rating of perceived exertion responses to shorter and longer duration CrossFit® training sessions psychological and performance markers following a functional-fitness competition Exercise and the regulation of hepatic metabolism Dias MR and Vianna JM (2020) Characterization of Hormonal and Inflammatory Responses in CrossFit® Training: A Systematic Review Received: 16 March 2020; Accepted: 23 July 2020; Published: 28 August 2020 Copyright © 2020 Jacob, Novaes, Behm, Vieira, Dias and Vianna. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Marcelo R. Dias, ZGlhc21yQGdtYWlsLmNvbQ== You don't need dialogue to make an impact in George Lucas' galaxy far Star Wars is fairly infamous for the fact that even the most minor of background characters has had a story dedicated to their exploits Some may bemoan that aspect of the galaxy far knowing that TK-421 or "random mouse droid #4" actually had a history before they got ambushed in the Millennium Falcon is actually kind of cool The fact that so many characters have found renewal in the expanded universe (whether Legends or canon) is also a real testament to the strength of the novels TV series and video games that comprise it Often times these stories have been able to take background figures and provide them with their own compelling arc which can then lead to viewers reappraising a given sequence in the films but when it is the results aren't to be underestimated Most Star Wars fans will agree that both Clone Wars series managed to elevate the Prequels games and comics have been busy enhancing both those films and the Original Trilogy for years Not every character is able to be a game changer Willrow Hood was - and still is - a bit of a meme among Star Wars fans The character can be spotted once Lando Calrissian sends out the evacuation order across Cloud City near the end of The Empire Strikes Back panicked and running with an ice cream maker (although it was obviously meant to be something else in Star Wars terms) Because of the fact the prop was so obviously an ice cream maker fans latched on to the extra and they were eventually named in the Star Wars Customisable Card Game which released trading cards from 1995-2001 Hood was an old Tibana gas miner in Legends continuity but was given a slightly different origin in the current continuity revealed in the "Due on Batuu" short story from the second From a Certain Point of View Book released in 2020 hood was a disgruntled engineer who fixed pressure leaks with dreams of making it to the big leagues as an adventurous smuggler being paid a handsome sum to deliver a camtono (the ice cream maker from Episode V) to its intended recipient on the planet Batuu The story makes clear how Hood was in way over his head and after almost losing the camtono in the confusion sparked by the evacuation (and a double cross from his hired Cloud Car pilot) WhatCulture is part of Future plc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab) ©Future Publishing Limited Quay House England and Wales company registration number 2008885 With the use of the collective trademark of the organic quinoa “Aynok’a” more than 800 producers from seven organizations in the Puno region who exported about 400 tons to Europe and the United States will benefit while the use of the mark “Tibana” benefit the “Piñeros Pangoa Vraem Association” which involves more than 80 producers pangoa district which exported 120 tons mainly Chile and the United States Both brands positioning allow the export of both products The head of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism (Mincetur) called “Aynok’a” Altiplano quinoa ancestral Puno-Peru “Aynok’a” ancestral quinoa from the Altiplano Puno-Peru was developed by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism after identifying the need to create a distinctive sign in coordination with the Technical Committee of Quinoa “Tibana” flavor del Sol pineapple Pangoa in Satipo was also created by MINCETUR in working together with the Association of Piñeros the Vraem Pangoa after identifying the need for a distinctive sign to strengthen export this product “In this way the producers organized Puno and Satipo in Junin duly registered at the National Institute for the Defense of Competition and Protection of Intellectual Property (Indecopi) positioning the quality and origin of both products in the international market the use of the trademark “Tibana” benefit the “Association Vraem Piñeros Pangoa” which involves more than 80 producers pangoa district Golden fresh pineapple variety with its own brand and will be exported directly to major supermarkets in Chile and the United States The production area of this association Golden Pineapple is 50 hectares with a monthly export offer of more than 120 tonnes the same that have Global Gap certification and organoleptic (taste and aroma perceived) meeting the requirements international demand The next challenge to meet as export sector is to achieve the positioning of both products in the market thus contributing to the goals set in the National Strategic Exports Plan (PENX) 2025 Meaning of the terms and registration Indecopi “Aynok’a” is an Afrikaans word meaning ancient system management and sustainable land use seed which preserves the soil The mark has been registered at the National Institute for the Defense of Competition and Protection of Intellectual Property (Indecopi) through Resolution No the term “Tibana” belongs to dialect meaning Asháninca pineapple The brand has also been registered at the National Institute for the Defense of Competition and Protection of Intellectual Property (Indecopi) through Resolution No We may request cookies to be set on your device We use cookies to let us know when you visit our websites and to customize your relationship with our website Click on the different category headings to find out more You can also change some of your preferences Note that blocking some types of cookies may impact your experience on our websites and the services we are able to offer These cookies are strictly necessary to provide you with services available through our website and to use some of its features Because these cookies are strictly necessary to deliver the website refuseing them will have impact how our site functions You always can block or delete cookies by changing your browser settings and force blocking all cookies on this website But this will always prompt you to accept/refuse cookies when revisiting our site We fully respect if you want to refuse cookies but to avoid asking you again and again kindly allow us to store a cookie for that You are free to opt out any time or opt in for other cookies to get a better experience If you refuse cookies we will remove all set cookies in our domain We provide you with a list of stored cookies on your computer in our domain so you can check what we stored Due to security reasons we are not able to show or modify cookies from other domains You can check these in your browser security settings These cookies collect information that is used either in aggregate form to help us understand how our website is being used or how effective our marketing campaigns are or to help us customize our website and application for you in order to enhance your experience If you do not want that we track your visit to our site you can disable tracking in your browser here: We also use different external services like Google Webfonts Since these providers may collect personal data like your IP address we allow you to block them here Please be aware that this might heavily reduce the functionality and appearance of our site Changes will take effect once you reload the page You can read about our cookies and privacy settings in detail on our Privacy Policy Page Already have an account? 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Log in Fundurri Itoophiyaa maal akka ta’e addan in baane Mormii cimaa deemaa tureen wal-qabatee biyyattin Guraandhala keessaa yeroo lammataatiif labsii yeroo atattamaa labsiteetti Mummeen minsitraa fedhii ofiitiin angoo gadhiisuun immoo yeroo duraatii namni Oromoo ta’e hooggansa ol-aanaa biyyatti akka argatu karaa saaqera Biyya Afrikaa keessatti guddina diinagdee saffisaa galmeesisaa jirtuu fi baayyina uumataatiin ardittii irraa lammata taate akkasumaas Yunaaytid Isteets wajjin hariiroo cimaa qabdu tanaaf murtii fi tarkaaffiwwaan amma fudhatamaa jiran egeree ishii murteessuuf bakka guddaa qaban Itoophiyaan oggoota sadi’ii oliif mormii ummataatin raafamte Mootummaan biyyatti mormii jabaa isa qunname booda Onkoloolessa 2016 labsii yeroo atattamaa ji’oota 10 ture labsee namoota dimshaashan mana hidhaatti guure Gaafiin jijjiirramaa hawaasa biraa ka’u ittuma fufee Oduma in yaaddaminis muummeen ministiraa biyyaatti bara 2012 qabee angoorrra turan Obboo Hayilamaariyam Dassaalanyi iyyata angoo irraa bu’uu galfatan Abiyyi Ahimad jalqaba Bitootessa darbe angoof kaadhimamuun immoo biyyattii keessatti “jijjirrama hiikaa qabuutu dhufuuf deema” abdii jedhu fideera Abiyyi guyyaa muummee ministiraa ta’anii angoo fudhatan haasaha abdachiisaa godhan Ergasii asis,murtii mootummaan mana hidhaa Maa’ikelaawii cufuuf murteesse hojiirra oolchuu interneetiin Oromiyaatti cufamee ture akka deebi’u taasisuu dabalatee kaabinee keessaa dhalattoonni Oromoo fi Amaaraa akka qooda qabaatan gochuun jalqabii jijjiirramaa mullachaatii jirani Dawwanaa kutaawwaan biyyattiii adda addaatii godhaniinis Abiyyi ergaa tokkummaa fi guddina biyyaa irratti hundaahe dabarsan muufii fi gaddi hidda jabeeeffatee jiru ammas mullachuu guutumaan guututti in dhabbanne miseensoonni paartiilee siyaasaa fi namoonni ilaalcha mootummaa irraa adda ta’e qaban hedduun ammas mana hidhaatii in baane labsiin yeroo atattamaa Guraandhala 16 labsame mootummaa federaalatii angoo namoota mormanii ukkamsuu jabaa kenneefira Jeequmsi Itoophiyaa rakkina hammaataa geechiseera Sababa walitti bu’iinsaatiin namoonni miliyoona tokkoo ol qehee ofii irraa buqqahaniiru Qorannoon dhabbata Godaansa Addunyaa IOM geggeesse namoota buqqahan keessa harki 40 ijoollee ta’uu agarsiisa Yeroo mormiin deemaa turetti namoonni dhibban lakkaawwaman ajjeefamanii kumaan an lakkaawwaman to’annaa jala oolfamaniiru Dhabbileen mirga dhala namaatii falmaan an akka Hiwumaan Raaytis Waach Amnistii Internaashinaal fi kaan kana laalchisee ibsa qorannoo irratti hudaahe dhiheessaa turan amma ammaatti qaamni ajjeechaa fi dararaa dhaqqabee itti gaafatamummaa fudhate hookan seeratti dhihaate in jiru qorannoon bifa qindaaheen geggeeffamu in banamne Adeemsi hogganaa itti aanuu filuuf godhamaa ture dhoksaa ta’uu qofaa miti Abiyyi itti gaafatamaa godhee filachuun dura bellama guyyaa filannoo jijijjirraa ture Abiyyi haala jiru foyyeessa abdiin jedhu ballinaan jira Abiyyi mootummaa biyya bulchaa jiru wajjin qabu — uummata mormaachaa ture — uummata Oromoo fi Amaaraa fayyadamoo godhee rakkoo jiru hiikuu keessatti gufuu itti ta’innaa gaafiin jedhu akka jirutti ta’ee milkaahinni hooggansa Dr Abiyyi dandeettii isaan xaxaa siyaasa jiru foohuudhan bu’aa fiduu danda’uu irratti qabaniin murtaaha Nama alaa angaawota mootummaa Itoophiyaa laaluu qamni hawaasa hundi an bakka bu’e fakkaata Partiin biyya bulchaa jiru ADWAWI-n paartiilee afur irraa baha Dhaabbata Dimookiraatawaa Ummata Oromoo (Dh.D.U.O.) Dhabbata Dimookiraatawaa Biyyoolessaa Amaaraa (Dh.D.B.A) Adda Bilisa Baasaa Uummata Tigraay (A.B.U.T) fi Dhaabbata Dimookiraatawaa Ummaattoota Kibba Itoophiyaa (Dh.D.U.K.I) Filannoo bara 2015 irratti paartiin amma biyya bulchaa jiru teechoo bakkabu’oota uummaataa 547 keessaa 500 qabate Teechoon 45 paartilee deeggarsaa jedhaman qaamuma mootummaa ta’aniin qabame Akka waaliigalaatti paarlaamaa ADWAWI keessaa 180 DH.D.U.O Karaa bitaatiin pirezdaantiin biyyaattii fi mummeen ministiraa dhalootan Oromoo dha Heerri Itoophiyaa bara 1995 fooyya’e bahemmoo angoon an bakka bu’oota uummataa mummeee ministiraa fi kaabinee ta’uu raggaasise Egaan akkaatan qooddannaa angoo kun bakka angoon dhugumaa jirun - A.B.U.T Siyaasa biyatti dhuuffatee an jiru paartiin mana maree keessaa bakka bu’oota harka 7 qofa qabu Daayreekitarri ol-aanan Oromiyaa Miidiyaa Neetwoork kuni ummata Oromootiif “angoo fakkeessaa” kennameefi jedha Gaafii fi deebii Sagalee Ameerikaa wajjin godhe irratti Jawaar “ Oromoonni mootummaa federaalaa keessa in jiran angoon isaan qaban angoo dhugaa miti” jechuudhan ibse Addi Bilisa Baasaa Ummattoota Tigiraay bara 1980 ADAWAWI wanni bu’ureesseef naannoo Tigiraa qofa odoo in ta’in biyyattii guutuu irratti dhiibbaa qabu jabeeffachuuf ture Aleeks Dee Waal Yunivarsiitii Taftisitti dhaabbata haala nagahaa addunyaa foyyeessuuf hojjatu Woorlid Piis Faawundeeshin jedhamuu daayireektara olaanaadha Itoophiyaa irratti bara 1980 qabee qorannoo geggeessa an jiran Aleeks ADAWAWI-iin waa sadii karoorfatee gara angoo dhufe jedhan eenyuummaa gosa irratti hudaahee fi haaromsa demookiraasiiti,” mootummichi gama diinagdee fi eenyummaa laalchisees milkaahina galmeesiseera jechuudhan ibsan lammiiwwaan Itoophiyaa dur yeroo biyyoota kaan deemaan beelaa fi iyyummaa biyyattin ittiin beekkamtuun qanahaa turan jedhanii amma garuu sun akka jijjiirramees tareessan “Itoophiyaan ‘biyya beela hamaa ta’uudhan beekkamti ture Lammiiwwan ishii gara biyyoota kaanii oggaa imalan dhimma kanaan qanahaa turan ADAWAWI-in eenyummaadhan wal-qabtee rakkinoota jiran hiikuuf sirna federaalizimii gosa irratti hudahe bu’ireesse Haa ta’u malee sirni kun rakkina mataa isaa fidee dhufe “Imammanni adda dureedhan eenymaa gosaan itti himatan mataan isaa rakkina ta’eera Lammiwwan Itoophiyaaan an wal ijaaran san irratti hundaahee wan ta’eef eenyumman waliigala akka biyyaatti jiraachuu qabu xinnaateera,” jedhan mootummaan amma agoorra jiru sirna cunqursaa isa dura ture buqqisullee ammas sirna dimookiraasii cimsuu irratti dadhabbina guddaatu jira paarlaamaa keessatti lakkoofsa bakka bu’oota muraasa qabaatanille warri A.D.U.T angoo sassabbataniiti an jiran keesumattummoo gama humna waraanaa fi nagaha eegumsaa akkasumas dinagdee hoo laalte.” hawaasa ballaa bira jijjirramni adda ta’e in jiru “Warri Tigiree fayidaa addaa argatanii nannoon isaanii duroomaa in jiru akkuma lammiiwwan biyyatti kaanii hoogansarraa komii guddaa qaban,” jedhan Aleeks Taajjabdoonni fi Lammileen Itiyoophiyaa hedduun Addi Bilisa Baasaa Uummatoota Tigraay (ABUT) fedha diinagdee mataa isaa guutuuf saba ballaa kaan aarsaa godheera kanaanis aangoo isaa sirnaan ala gargaarameera jedhu Itiyoophiyaan biyyota Afriikaa diinagdee’n isaanii saffisaan guddataa jiru keessaa ishee tokko taatus bu’aa diinagdee kanarraa Lammileen biyyattii marti faayidaa qixaa ka isaaniif malu argataa hin jiran Ragaan ‘Paawer Afrikaa’ Dhaabbata Humna Anniisaa Elektirikaa namootaaf qulqullinaan akka gahu falmu ka US Ameerikaan deeggaramu,namootni miiliyoona 14.6 ta’an Itiyoophiyaa keessaaa amma tajaajila Ibsaa hin argatanii jedha Tajaajilli Ibsaa ka naannoo baadiyyaas biyyattii keessaas gara dhibbeentaa 10tti gadi bu’a Lammileen Itiyoophiyaa ka dhalooteen Amaara fi Oromoo keessuma barattoonni fi jiraattonni baadiyyaa sababa mootummaa kana morminiif hirreen hacuuccaa kun isaanirra qubateera “Oromoonni Mootummaa Federaalaa keessa hin jiran warri taayitaa waa taa’umsa qabanillee aangoo dhugaa of harkaa hin qaban.,” Gabaasi Dhaabbata ‘Armed Conflict Location & Event Dataset’ Adoolessa keessa baase mormiin uummataa akkasumas tarkaanfiin humnoota naga kabachiisaniin ummatarratti fudhatamu dachaa lama dabaleera’ jedha Mudde 2015 haga Bitootessa 2016 jidduu mormiin hedduun akkasumas miidhaan baayyeenis namoota nagaarra dhaqqabeera Hagayya haga Onkoloolessa 2016ttis ta’eewwan baayyee gurguddoon galmeen qabaman ta’aniiru Dhaabbilee Mirgoota namoomaaf falmanis namoota ta’ee kana ijaan agarreerra jedhan irraa namootni kumaan lakkaawaman seeraan ala hidhamuu fi dhibbaan ka lakkaa’an ajjeefamuu galmeeffataniiru à Itiyoophiyaa Keessatti ka hawaasa to’atu Mootummaa giddu galeessaati Biyyattii Keessatti tajaajila Interneetii ka dhiyeessu Mootummaa dha Carraa kana fayyadamees mootummaan yeroo gara garaa qabiyyee waantota Interneetiin gadhiifamanii sakkatta’ee dhogga Gaazexeessitoota odeeffannoo Intrneetiin maxxansan ni hidha Dhaabbati Idil Addunyaa ka mirga yaada ofii ibsachuuf falmu ‘Friidam Haawus’ Mootummaan Itiyoophiyaa Gaazexeessitoota akka basaasu dubbata Waajjirri Haaja Alaa Ka Yuunaaytid Isteetis akkasuma ‘Hiyumaan Raayits Wach’ Itiyoophiyaa keessatti Dhaabbileen miti mootummaa sodaadhaan socho’u Dabalataanis Gumiin Mirga Namoomaa ka jaarCaamsaaaa mootummootaa biyyattii seenee akka qabiinsa mirga namoomaa ha ilaaluuf yoo gaafatu dhorgamellee jedhu qaamoleen kunneen kun Heerri Itiyoophiyaa Mirgootni namoomaa akka kabajamaniif sirna bulchiinsaa keessattis iftoominni akka jiraatuu qabu gaafata; garuu dhaabbileen mirgooti namoomaa akka kabajamaniif falman mootummaan biyyattii faallaa seera kanaatiin biyyattii bulchaa jira jedhu Labsiin yeroo muddamaa ammaas taayitaa mootummaa federaalaaf dabalee akka to’annaa male socho’u isa godha kun faallaa olaantummaa seeraa isa barreeffamee jiruuti Bakka Bu’oonni Mana Maree Yuunatid Isteetis Wixinee labsii Mootummaan Itiyoophiyaa qabiinsa mirga namoomaa biyyattii akka fooyyessu akkasumas labsii yeroo muddamaas akka kaasu gaafatu dhiyeessani Wixineen kun mootummaan Itiyoophiyaa sarbamuu mirga namoomaa biyyattii keessatti ta’e akka qoratu warra badii kana raawwate seeraaf akka dhiyeessu akkasumas Gaazexeessitoota fi taajjabdootaaf ‘illee karra akka banu ka gaafatuudha Ammas Itiyoophiyaa’n Ameerikaa’f biyya michuu dha walitti dhufeenyi biyyoottan lameenii ‘gama kaaniin ifaa fi barbaachisaa gama kaaniin garuu ‘waan wal xaxaadha’ fakkata Waggaa Waggaan Ameerikaan Itiyoophiyaaf bifa gargaarsaan Doolaara Kuma Dhibbaan lakkaawamu gumaachiti Waggaa sadeen darban kana keessa qofaa Ameerikaan bifa gargaarsaa tajaajila fayyaa fi guddina diinagdee deeggaruutiin Doolaara Biiliyoona 3 ta’u Itiyoophiyaaf gumaachiteetti Yoo wixineen labsii kun ka gara raawwiitti geeddaramu ta’e walitti dhufeenya biyyoottan lamaanii lafaa ka bocu ta’a; Muummichi ministiraas akka jijjiirama fiduuf dhiibbaa irratti gochuullee mala “Aangoo fi qabeenyi naannoleedhaan sirriitti haqaan hirama; kun waan egereeti.” Muummichi Minitiraa erga muudamanii ji’a guutaniiru; garuu namootni hedduun ammas jijjiirama hundee qabu ni fidaa jedhanii irraa eegu Keessumaa labsii yeroo muddamaa ka warri qabiinsa mirga namoomaaf falman ‘yaaddeessaa’ ta’uusaa qeeqan ni kaasu jedhaniis abdatu Kun jechuunimmoo Humna Federaalaa Koomaandi poosti Sekreeteeriyaat ka biyyarratti aangoo qabu humna mulqanii taayitaa gara mootummaa naannoleetti deebisuudha Murtee kun garuu mootummaa ‘Ihaadeg’f qoramsa yoo dhugumaan wal qixxummaatti amanee ‘aangoo’ Mootummoolee naannoof ka lakkisu yoo ta’e Riinee Liifort Gaazexeessaa akkasumas barreessaa dha waa’e biyyoota Gammoojjii Saharaa gad jiraniis bara 1970 kaasee barreessaa ture Innis ‘waggoota dhufan kan keessa jijjiiramni Itiyoophiyaa keessatti ni dhufa’ jedhee tilmaama ‘Aangoo dura buutota naannolee adda addaa gidduutti hirama Dura abbootiin aangoo ka Naannoo Tigraayi waan mara gubbaatti aboo qabu turani Amma garuu haalli kun hin jiru’ jedhe Liifort yoo Sagalee Ameerikaaf dubbatu ‘Yoo waanni biyyattii ifaan gaggeeffamuu fi seeraan buluun dhufu aangoo fi qabeenya biyyattiin qabdu haqaan qooduunillee dandaa’ama’ jedha de Waal “Mormii fi hiriirri hawaasa safuu fi duudha qabu keessatti sirriidha Biyya Diimookraatofte keessa jiraachuuf mootummaa biyya bulchu waliin walii galuun dirqama miti Waanti guddoon akkuman hime ‘Mariidhaaf karaa banuudha’ kunis qoramee ka ilaalamuu qabu waan ta’aa jiruu haalaan xiinxaluudhaani.” waan bira tarreen liqimfamuun akka hin uumamne soda qaba’ jedha “Ani akka ajandaan gara wanna badaa mootummaan kun yoo darbe raawwatee qofaa irratti xiyyeeffachuurratti hin taane Ijoo dubbiis jijjiira waan gargaarus miti.” Gabaasaalee Sagaleen Ameerkaa Waa'ee Itiyoophiyaa Dhiyeesse Jechawwan Ijoon Argadhu This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page A country that imposes tax on the use of social media such as Twitter and Facebook appears Inmate who imitated a movie and repeated crime was jailed from jail to helicopter in daylight and jail Jul 02, 2018 15:31:00 in Tasting a lack of rest between workout sessions could compromise our overall health The researchers found two consecutive days of high-intensity workouts provoked a strong metabolic response and reduced the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines which are proteins produced by white blood cells that act to lessen inflammation the consecutive workouts were actually suppressing normal immune function "A rest day is important for recovery for subsequent training sessions. Other alternative recovery techniques are regenerative training (with low intensity and volume), massage and cryotherapy." said Dr. Ramires Tibana, lead author of the study from the Catholic University of Brasilia, in a statement CrossFit is characterized by its functional movements that are performed at relatively high intensity It encompasses both cardiovascular and strength training with high intensity to enhance physique and overall fitness in a shorter time while creating balance across all the muscles of the body Exercise techniques including kettle bells More than 13,000 affiliated gyms make up the CrossFit community Tibana and her colleagues recruited a group of experienced crossfit participants who had a minimum of six months of prior CrossFit training to take part in the study the participants engaged in three CrossFit-style workouts levels of inflammatory cytokines and levels of metabolic markers were assessed before The researchers documented the strong metabolic response and reduced levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines led to immunosuppression A similar study in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research found athletes who performed four high-intensity training sessions after a full week had a significantly suppressed immune response which act as the first line of defense in preventing illness Reduced immunoglobulin a can be a sign of an upcoming illness and is detectable several weeks prior to it becoming symptomatic "For non-athlete subjects who want to improve their health and quality of life through Crossfit training we recommend that they decrease their training volume after two consecutive days of high intensity training to prevent possible immunosuppression;" said Tibana Disclaimer: This article refers to a high-intensity interval training exercise similar to CrossFit The study referenced in the article did not take place at a CrossFit gym the training was not supervised by a CrossFit trainer and the exercise programming was not designed by CrossFit Inc Two Consecutive Days of Crossfit Training Affects Pro and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Osteoprotegerin without Impairments in Muscle Power Medical Daily is for informational purposes and should not be considered medical advice, diagnosis or treatment recommendation. 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