Sign up for our daily Newsletter and stay up to date with all the latest news You are receiving this pop-up because this is the first time you are visiting our site You are using software which is blocking our advertisements (adblocker) we are relying on revenues from our banners So please disable your adblocker and reload the page to continue using this site.Thanks will become the location of the country's largest greenhouse vegetable production complex thanks to an estimated €80 million investment plans to build greenhouses on a 22-hectare plot which will enable the use of renewable energy This plot can hold 15 hectares of greenhouses which is comparable to the area of all existing and operational greenhouses in Slovenia 5 hectares will be used for a high-tech lettuce greenhouse and another 10 hectares are available for lease with the goal of starting production in 2026 according to Matej Bandelj and Gregor Počivavšek who are behind the project and plan to start their own lettuce facility With backgrounds in real estate development and IT farming they are using their expertise to delve further into the greenhouse industry one of the wealthiest Slovenian citizens and the owner of Belektron a specialized carbon emissions allowance trading company who bought the land through the company Skrinja BB at an auction in August last year The three of them will jointly own the company that will manage the GreenGardens Dobrovnik zone and then establish an independent company for the production of salad plants which will also be the tenant of the greenhouses Doubling the self-sufficiency in saladsMatej and Gregor explained last month that high-tech sustainable production could increase Slovenia's self-sufficiency in certain types of vegetable production by multiples of 10% Official statistics estimated a self-sufficiency rate for lettuce of 25% until 2023 which could reach 53% with their production of teen leaf lettuce Gregor explained that the greenhouses will produce year-round and will be fully automated and hands-free for which they chose to work with Dutch experts "Due to cultivation in a controlled environment the crops will be able to thrive even outside the natural growing season and they will be guaranteed optimal conditions in terms of heat The project is designed to maximize the use of renewable energy sources the location offers "We will achieve this through the joint use of geothermal and solar energy and solutions of modern and technologically advanced greenhouses." The municipality where the project will be realized is on the border with Hungary and is already home to the greenhouses of orchid producer OceanOrchids They welcomed the investment and the jobs it will create For more information:Green Gardens Dobrovnikhttps://www.greengardensdobrovnik.eu/ FreshPublishers © 2005-2025 HortiDaily.com Volume 4 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2021.506436 This article is part of the Research TopicBlockchain and Supply Chain ManagementView all 5 articles Current research on smart contracts focuses on technical and legal aspects but neglects organizational requirements and sustainability impacts We consider this a significant research gap and explore the relationship between smart contracts and sustainability in supply chains we define the concept of smart contracts in terms of supply chain management we conduct a content analysis of the literature to explore the overlapping research fields of smart contracts and sustainability in supply chains we develop a semi-structured assessment framework to model the potential environmental and social impacts induced by smart contracts on supply chains We propose a conceptual framework for supply chain maturity by mapping the relationships between organizational development We identify smart contracts as a foundational technology that enables efficient and transparent governance and collaborative self-coordination of human and non-human actors we argue that smart contracts can contribute to the economic and social development of networked value chains and Society 5.0 To stimulate interdisciplinary research on smart contracts we conclude the article by formulating research propositions and trade-offs for smart contracts in the context of technology development business process and supply chain management rather than just introducing a novel accounting system While numerous publications discuss the potential uses and benefits of blockchain and smart contracts (Kosba et al., 2016; Nofer et al., 2017; Surujnath, 2017) we identify several research gaps to be addressed by the following questions: (1) Which elements are necessary for a comprehensive definition of smart contracts in the context of supply chain management (2) What knowledge is provided in the literature at the intersection of smart contracts and supply chain sustainability (3) How can possible relationships between smart contracts and supply chain sustainability be classified (4) Which levels of digital supply chain maturity support blockchain and smart contracts to improve sustainability (5) Which main propositions need to be addressed in a research agenda for sustainable smart contracts in supply chains The contribution of this article is threefold: First, we contribute to theory development within the theoretical framework for blockchain-based SCM research introduced by Treiblmaier (2018) at the intersection of blockchain and sustainable supply chain management by systematically matching supply chain and organization maturity with relevant technology and sustainability challenges we present a new approach to assess technology investments' impacts by categorizing possible relationships between smart contracts and supply chain sustainability we propose future research directions for academia and industry to develop and implement sustainable smart contract solutions and increase supply chain sustainability through smart contract deployment In section Semi-Structured Assessment Framework for the Sustainability of Smart Contracts we explicate possible relationships between smart contracts in supply chains and sustainability by constructing a bi-dimensional Section A Conceptual Framework for Supply Chain Maturity Linking Organization and Sustainability contains a conceptual framework to map relationships between supply chain maturity from an organizational We address the individual maturity aspects through the lens of multi-dimensionally aligned maturity models with a focus on blockchain and smart contracts Section Research Propositions for Smart Contracts in Sustainable Supply Chains provides central propositions for future research on smart contracts and supply chain sustainability This section discusses the nature and types of contracts to introduce the basic concept of smart contracts we describe the main elements of contracts and contracts' different purposes in the relationship lifecycle from a general legal and economic perspective Then we analyze different approaches to defining smart contracts and propose a general definition We conclude this section by critically reflecting on the role of distributed ledger technologies regarding the concept of smart contracts contracts contain penalties in case of partial or total non-performance recent incidents in automotive supply chains show the need for clear and enforceable contracts to ensure safeguarding even in mature relationships as customers tend to refuse contract performance Given the relatively novel nature of the concept and its complex technological basis, up to this point, no universal definition of smart contracts exists (ISDA, 2017; Lauslahti et al., 2018) Considering the lack of consensus regarding the terminology it seems to be of utmost importance to provide an overview of existing approaches and refine a suitable definition after briefly explicating and reflecting on existing definitions for smart contracts This approach includes operational aspects as well as issues relating to how to write and interpret legal contracts Smart contract definitions (based on respective sources) this paper adopts a higher-level definition A smart contract is a mutual agreement between two or more parties that is automatable, although some parts may require human input and control, and where enforceability is achieved either by legal enforcement of rights and obligations or by tamper-proof execution of computer code (adapted from Clack et al., 2016) We share this compromise-oriented view and thus reflectively opt for a more general definition encompassing all forms of smart contracts based on centralized and decentralized ledger technology without rigorously excluding variants not employing blockchain technology Research on sustainability effects of technology adoption in the context of DLT and smart contracts in general This section provides a content analysis-based literature review in the form of a qualitative synthesis of recent scientific and business-related publications to assess the knowledge base at the intersection of smart contracts and sustainable supply chains Saberi et al. (2019) examine the relationships between blockchain technology and SSCM describing smart contracts as a central element in blockchain-based supply chains Smart contracts enable credible transactions without involving third parties and lead to improvements by governing supply chain processes and defining process rules The authors show sustainability opportunities of different blockchain-use cases mainly in the field of environmental sustainability and discuss barriers to blockchain adoption Their concluding propositions and research agenda imply efficiency gains and reduced supply chain risks by using smart contracts contributing mainly to the economic and environmental dimensions of SSCM the relationship between smart contracts and sustainability both in general and in SSCM is underrepresented in the specific literature prodigal contracts leaking funds to random users Further development is necessary to overcome these vulnerabilities and strengthen trust in decentralized systems and the positive relationship between smart contracts and economic sustainability environmental and social effects along the smart contract supply chain Table 2. Energy consumption of different specific smart contract operations [based on Wood (2017) and Hurwitz (2019)] Further research is necessary to reveal the total environmental footprint and social effects induced by smart contract implementation along the supply chain. Accurately designed and comparable case studies can lead to valuable insights for academia and industry. A pre-requisite to achieve cross-case study comparability is to follow clear guidelines, such as those proposed by Treiblmaier (2019) for blockchain case studies Semi-structured assessment framework for sustainability effects of smart contracts energy sources and algorithm efficiency need to be assessed and improved A wide interpretation of the term backfire refers to overall negative sustainability effects along the implementing supply chain The proposed framework supports decision-making and evaluation of smart contract design and application regarding sustainability impacts in a supply chain context. The color code used in Figure 2 indicates the capability of the solution to meet sustainability goals Red denotes an overall unsustainable setup Yellow indicates the need to optimize smart contract conception and/or implementation while green characterizes a sustainable solution along both dimensions To achieve desirable sustainability levels when implementing smart contracts along the supply chain all partners involved need to fulfill a set of pre-requisites we develop a conceptual framework mapping supply chain maturity levels from different perspectives We characterize and assess current and future sustainability effects of smart contracts and corresponding development issues by systematically integrating the parameters organization Based on the literature analyzed and the sustainability assessment framework presented in Figure 2 we develop a conceptual framework for classifying supply chain maturity We systematically link supply chain organization and digitalization in context with smart contracts and blockchain technologies Table 3. SCM maturity models [based on Lockamy and McCormack (2004) and Paché and Spalanzani (2007)] A conceptual framework linking organizational and digital supply chain maturity considering smart contract and blockchain development both smart contracts and distributed ledger technologies are applicable to supply chains and potentially enable advanced states of supply chain digitalization supply chains require a certain digital readiness level to employ these technologies successfully The lack of transparency and information often reflects the absence of sustainability efforts even basic and ad-hoc compliance applies to a limited number of supply chain stakeholders at this maturity level Advanced algorithms and machine learning enable collaborative demand and supply planning to align the supply chain organization toward a digitally optimized supply chain-service orchestration which rapidly responds to demand and supply changes at all tiers accepting alternative process actions and anticipate threats to solve them before their actual materialization and secure fulfillment establish trust in a distributed community These INOCs address the issue of adding vitality of the human mind and behavioral interactions to the knowledge and value creation challenge governing the evolution of “open living systems of systems” toward an innovative we assess smart contracts and sustainability research at a very early stage We formulate corresponding research propositions considering technology We structure our research propositions from short- to long-term perspectives and address the main trade-offs to be considered to facilitate and guide prospective research Technological innovation enables new approaches to value creation in the form of business models and the redesign of business processes Blurring industry boundaries and combined use of different technologies lead to technology convergence Technological readiness and shrinking costs support technology use along the supply chain and enable the integration of information technology and operational technologies trade-offs between reduced resource consumption due to improved operational efficiency and resource consumption enabled by convergent innovation in technology need to be adopted and considered Convergent innovation in different key technologies including telecommunication standards (e.g. supports adoption and diffusion of smart contracts in supply chains to meet business needs Technology enables new approaches to value creation as well as cost savings Smart contracts can reduce costs during individual contract conclusion and enforcement (e.g. labor costs) but imply additional costs for smart contract deployment and operations trade-offs between environmental effects along the smart contract supply chain and possible changes in employment levels in administration Society 5.0 requires socially inclusive Industry & Logistics 4.0 and massive parallel-enhanced operations; technological advancements and smart contract maturity decrease transaction costs and enhance transparency and security along the supply chain as well as industry-specific applications of smart contracts different types of smart contract platforms compete on developing a dominant design in terms of functions creating a dominant design could imply lower energy use and risks for corporate technology investments but raise questions on dominant market players' economic and social effects Proprietary solutions and open alternatives will compete for being accepted as (de-facto) standards/dominant designs in markets and their global supply chains The emergence of dominant designs will facilitate smart contract diffusion in supply chains due to a reduced risk of technological obsolescence and business acceptance Supply chains aim at fulfilling customer needs by joint value creation across numerous legal entities The number of interfaces and the need for coordination determine the complexity of the supply chain Main influencing factors include the nature of the underlying goods or services The lack of alignment of single business processes is a particular challenge in highly fragmented environments The introduction of automated collaboration using AI and distributed automated decision-making increases alignment between business processes along the supply chain and opens the research field for digitized “situational awareness.” From a sustainability perspective trade-offs between process performance and resulting environmental and social effects need consideration The high degree of fragmentation in specific supply chains and the resulting need for coordination bear a high potential for adopting smart contract standards as common IT systems and SC organization-integration bridges Recent technology adoption circles around specific business processes and industries to enable new business models or address actual pain points Growing numbers of use cases and developing a vision and roadmap for the creation of digital end-to-end business processes within and across companies support technology adoption along the supply chain Evolution toward connected value networks could help supply chain partners develop common goals and agree upon shared value creation approaches in adaptive supply networks (e.g. perfect order delivery date) and related digitization standards and new approaches to supplier and customer relationship management in digital ecosystems need further consideration The field of supply chain management will adopt smart contracts step-by-step from single business processes to holistic Understanding the dimensions of human vitality and applying such cybernetic and behavioral interaction cycles to knowledge and value creation in complex systems may open a pathway to evolve the current business and AI development toward an “Open Living System” design and corresponding corporate and supply chain culture trade-offs with the current short and medium-range individual economic objectives and social developments need to be addressed Industry-specific smart contract frameworks will convert toward industry-agnostic blueprints Emerging technologies need to demonstrate economic benefits to achieve user acceptance and large-scale adoption in different sectors The development of hardware and algorithms mainly focuses on economic advances in speed and the environmental effects of data centers impose actual sustainability challenges Short and mid-term smart contract adoption will lead to ecological rebound effects due to disproportional resource consumption Reducing the environmental effects of technology creates value for society and companies the development of green smart contracts leads to a competitive advantage in different ways Savings on energy costs and risk mitigation in context with upcoming environmental taxes support cost leadership A shift in customer requirements toward sustainable service provision and raising interest in supply chain discovery and life cycle-oriented supply chain assessment create new business opportunities and support differentiation strategies eco-efficient smart contracts will gradually replace dominant proof-of-work-based solutions The state of climate crisis creates public awareness and stakeholder pressure toward the environmental sustainability of goods and services Sustainability research provides a growing number of tools to assess environmental effects from economic activity along the supply chain The urgency of environmental topics and low attention to social challenges along the supply chain will continue to steer research and regulatory attention toward topics associated with environmental rather than social sustainability Existing environmental challenges of smart contracts will be addressed prior to social challenges knowledge about the overall social effects of digitization is limited industrial process automation mainly affects standardized tasks and the respective low to mid-skilled workforce Automated contract execution and autonomous contract conclusion substitute human work by technology and are likely to influence employment levels in various business functions along the supply chain Impacts of automated contract execution or even autonomous contract conclusion on employment in existing occupational areas need to be contextualized with jobs created in raising areas and resulting implications for social welfare systems Future research is necessary to provide deeper insights into the intersection between smart contract adoption's overall economic and social effects Mass adoption of smart contracts in supply chains and the resulting autonomous self-organization will lead to social backfire on employment levels in different business functions Algorithms draw rule-based decisions in order to optimize output underlying smart contract rules are negotiated and coded by human beings Future developments point toward growing capabilities of AI and convergence of operational and information systems along the supply chain The resulting integrated networks gradually develop into autonomous Public discussion and interdisciplinary research on ethics and legal frameworks are necessary to introduce new governance paradigms and create a desired future state of society and economy in a digitally transforming world As AI and the concept of autonomy become inherent elements of smart contracts The concept of smart contracts represents a major opportunity for corporate sustainability management and SSCM Sustainability strategies and goals are defined on a corporate level but need alignment with supply chain partners safeguarding compliance of operations throughout all business processes along the supply chain is rare today The main challenges are network complexity and anonymity of supply chain partners Smart contracts introduce the basis for operationalizing sustainability goals as coded elements Besides developing methods for assessing supply chain sustainability especially in raw material extraction and processing and the end-of-life phase of products and assets Implementation of smart contracts along the supply chain introduces a new paradigm for corporate and governmental sustainability strategies following societal development goals Developing societal concepts formulate the basis for future human coexistence Governing economic and social transactions with smart contracts enables implementing sustainability goals in governmental and corporate decision-making and operational procedures and academia need to collaborate with industry to create a common sense of predominant societal goals and implementation-related rules to achieve overall society objectives Smart contracts' implementation will become a foundational capability of supply chains, potentially having vast impacts on today's manual monitoring and control business models, thus reducing throughput time, human error, and cost. Szabo (1997) introduced the basic idea of smart contracts long before the emergence of blockchain and the corresponding bitcoin hype IoT devices as external oracles) will facilitate the diffusion of smart contracts in specific business processes along the supply chain While recent publications address technological advancements and possible applications transdisciplinary research areas like sustainability are still underrepresented Given the relatively young nature of the underlying academic field many important questions at the intersection of supply chain management and smart contracts remain to be addressed This paper contributes to the state of the field in various ways and frames possible directions for future research but has limitations due to the novelty of the field and the underlying research approach The article provides a comprehensive definition of smart contracts in the context of supply chain management and shows the state of the field of smart contracts and sustainability in supply chains using a content analysis-based literature review it identifies the possible effects of smart contracts on supply chain sustainability in the form of a semi-structured assessment framework It proposes a conceptual framework to map relationships between supply chain maturity from an organizational focusing on blockchain as a use case of DLT and smart contracts It identifies different supply chain maturity levels and gives an outlook on possible future development perspectives it offers research propositions and trade-offs for smart contracts regarding technology development Limitations result from the literature-based and conceptual research approach and our individual blind spots the work at hand supports introducing the new paradigm of a paired physical and digital world for self-organizing and -optimizing supply chains in living Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0 ecosystems the authors strive to stimulate future research and practical applications through this article The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s WG proposed the initial idea for this article All authors contributed to the development All authors approved the article for publication CH is employed by OMV Refining & Marketing GmbH The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest The authors would like to thank their families for their ongoing support and sympathy for long working hours and late-night sessions in order to create this article The authors are grateful for the valuable feedback of two reviewers the authors are thankful for the linguistic advice by Dr Martin Herles and the support provided by frontiers in Blockchain 1. ^For detailed information on the 17 SDGs, please refer to: https://sdgs.un.org/goals The future of money and further applications of the blockchain CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar “ConCon: a contract conflict identifier,” in Proc of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2019) Google Scholar Value network analysis and value conversion of tangible and intangible assets CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Value Networks and the True Nature of Collaboration Google Scholar Alois, J. 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Dan Bellerose was The Sault Star’s Man of Steel We apologize, but this video has failed to load.Try refreshing your browser, ortap here to see other videos from our team.Play VideoArticle contentThe business reporter wrote extensively of Algoma Steel’s bleak financial situation after entering bankruptcy protection in 2001 Lower prices due to unfairly traded offshore steel and high debt-service costs from financing its Direct Strip Production Complex prompted the steelmaker to enter Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act protection for the second time in 11 years The steelmaker lost more than $275 million in about three years Algoma Steel sought multiple extensions to its bankruptcy protection A consultant hired by the steelmaker found more than 6,000 jobs would be lost in Sault Ste Algoma Steel exited bankruptcy protection in January 2002 There were concessions in contracts with United Steelworkers of America Nearly 600 workers took early retirement packages and lower interest costs all helped the steelmaker “I remember Dan’s knack for details and his meticulous handling of complicated Algoma Steel reports which he would very effectively translate into language all readers could relate to,” said Sault Star district editor Jeffrey Ougler in an email Marys Paper and the loss of more than 300 jobs in 2012 producer of glossy supercalendar paper for magazines and the retail industry Bellerose detailed labour unrest at Tenaris Algoma Tubes and layoffs at the company due to weak demand and imported pipe He followed the arrival of call centres with RMH Teleservices International in 2000 as the city worked to diversify the community’s economy including EDS Canada and NuComm International Sault Star political reporter Elaine Della-Mattia worked with Bellerose for more than 20 years “Dan was a reporter who paid great attention to detail and had a knack with numbers especially when writing stories on the economy or Algoma Steel,” she said in an email “He had a very dry sense of humour and the wonderful ability of making his colleagues laugh especially curling and could often be found sitting on a bar stool with friends and a beer on a Friday night Bellerose started his career at The Sault Star in 1975 “I learned a lot from watching Dan early in my newspaper career,” said retired sports reporter Peter Ruicci “He was very thorough and precise in his reporting Dan was always a pleasure to work alongside.” A celebration of life will be held at a later date btkelly@postmedia.com transmission or republication strictly prohibited This website uses cookies to personalize your content (including ads), and allows us to analyze our traffic. 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