17 (CNA) A temperature of 8.9 degrees Celsius was recorded in the New Taipei district of Shiding early Monday as a continental cold air mass blanketed northern Taiwan according to the Central Weather Administration (CWA) The drop to 8.9 degrees was the lowest temperature recorded in Taiwan proper Monday morning followed by 10.2 degrees in Hsinchu County's Guanxi Township and 10.7 degrees in Miaoli County's Gongguan Township The weather was expected to remain cool and dry for the rest of the day but it warned of steep drops in the mercury at night particularly in central and southern parts of the country Daytime temperatures of around 19 to 20 degrees were forecast for northern areas as well as for Yilan and Hualien counties in the east while highs of between 22 and 24 degrees were expected in other regions With the sharp drop of the mercury at night lows of 13-14 degrees can be expected in the northern half of Taiwan daytime temperatures will range between 15 and 18 degrees in Penghu County and 10 and 13 degrees on the Matsu islands in Lienchiang County sunny to cloudy skies will prevail across Taiwan on Monday with chances of sporadic rain in the eastern half of the country According to independent meteorologist Wu Der-rong (吳德榮) atmospheric moisture will gradually increase Monday through to Wednesday Citing the latest European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts model Wu also said the current cold air mass will continue to affect Taiwan until Wednesday morning Those conditions will prevail until next Monday with the lowest temperatures expected Sunday night The mercury in Miaoli County dipped to 7.5°C early today the lowest ground temperature recorded in Taiwan so far for the day as a continental cold air mass blanketed the country The low of 7.5°C was recorded in the northern county's Dahe Township while New Taipei's Shiding and Wugu districts registered lows of 7.8 and 8.8°C Early morning ground temperatures in the western and northeastern regions of Taiwan averaged 11-13°C today with the mercury dropping below 10°C in some areas The CWA has forecast daytime highs of 15-17°C in northern northeastern and eastern parts of Taiwan and 19-22°C in other regions while temperatures on the outlying islands are expected to hover between 8 and 15°C today The cold weather will continue through tomorrow in northern and northeastern regions of the country warning of low temperatures at night and in the early hours of the morning around the country the CWA had issued an "orange" cold surge advisory warning that temperatures may remain around 10°C in New Taipei's Shuangxi the current cold air mass will gradually wane on Saturday but low early morning temperatures can be expected nationwide over the next few days sunny to cloudy skies will prevail today in most parts of the country mountainous areas in the Greater Taipei area Metrics details The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye and plays an essential role in our visual system which are localized to a highly regulated limbal niche are the master conductors of corneal epithelial regeneration Damage to LESCs and their niche may result in limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) a disease confused ophthalmologists so many years and can lead to corneal conjunctivalization How to restore the LESCs function is the hot topic for ocular scientists and clinicians around the world This review introduced LESCs and the niche microenvironment outlined various techniques for isolating and culturing LESCs used in LSCD research and provided a comprehensive overview of both the diagnosis and multiple treatments for LSCD from basic research to clinical therapies especially the emerging cell therapies based on various stem cell sources we also innovatively concluded the latest strategies in recent years as well as the ongoing clinical trials for treating LSCD in recent five years we highlighted challenges from bench to bedside in LSCD and discussed cutting-edge areas in LSCD therapeutic research We hope that this review could pave the way for future research and translation on treating LSCD a crucial step in the field of ocular health gene therapy and microRNA (miRNA) have brought new ideas for the treatment of LSCD as well microenvironment and regulatory pathways of LESCs These are the basis for designing comprehensive and innovative therapeutic strategies for ocular surface reconstruction various techniques for isolating and culturing LESCs used in LSCD therapeutic research were summarized which could elucidate additional therapeutic potentials for the future we described in detail the diagnosis and treatments of LSCD focusing on the emerging cell therapies based on various stem cell sources We also innovatively summarized the latest research progress regarding LESCs in recent years we concluded the current challenges in the field and proposed future development directions to provide inspiration for basic and clinical research on LSCD and other ocular diseases the biological characteristics of LESCs have attracted considerable attention X: proliferation of basal epithelial cells; Y: the centripetal movement of peripheral cells; Z: epithelial cell loss from the surface the nuclear localisation of p63 weakens its use in the isolation of surface marker-based LESCs where the level of miR-6723-5p in medium is correlated with the number of ΔP63αbright stem cells due to the relatively small sample size and the possibility that other miRNAs may have specific regulatory patterns using a single marker to define LESCs is not feasible and a set of markers and phenotypic descriptions are required to define cell populations with stem cell characteristics The corneoscleral limbus comprises limbal epithelial crypts and the Palisades of Vogt LESCs are in close contact with niche cells including melanocytes nerve cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) LMels also play multiple non-normative functions in the homeostasis of niche by maintaining the LESC phenotype These findings provide guidance for further research on the regulatory mechanisms of melanocytes and their unique roles in the limbus the efficiency at which each MSC supports LESC expansion varies The selection of MSCs as feeder cells for clinical applications depends on their availability and their ability to support the growth of stem cell populations the potential role of SCs in regulating the limbal niche function needs to be further investigated the potential role of vascular endothelial cells in regulating the limbal niche function needs to be further investigated ECM also provides a new direction for the development of decellularized matrices the detailed interpretation of the components of niche will help researchers and clinicians to better understand limbal biology and design therapeutic plans for treating LSCD Understanding the regulatory pathways may provide a deeper perspective for basic research and the development of new therapeutic strategies as well as the increased proportion of CK12+ cells indicating the enhanced differentiation ability of human limbal epithelial cells The differences between the two studies may be attributed to the different methods and levels of activation of Jagged 1 and the Notch signaling pathway it is unknown whether the limbal niche is altered when epithelial expression of Notch 1 is perturbed In conclusion, the core molecular components of the Notch signaling pathway appear to have specific expression patterns in the limbus, which may potentially mark the LESC population in this region. At present, little is known about the regulation of Notch signaling in LESCs, and there is much contradictory information, which still require further investigation. (A) The structures of four Notch receptors (Notch 1 Notch 4) (B) The structures of five Notch ligands (DLL1 Jagged 2) (C) Notch receptors are generated in the ER and trafficked to the Golgi apparatus and then transported to the cell membrane to form heterodimers; Notch ligands from signal-sending cells bind to the NECD of signal-receiving cells The binding triggers cleavage by ADAM and then γ-secretase which releases activated NICD; Activated NICD enters the nucleus and bind with CSL and recruit MAMLs and thus promoting the transcription of Notch target genes (e.g. Wnt ligands bind to various receptors and coreceptors to initiate downstream signaling The results showed increased differentiation of hLESCs These conflicting results require further investigation Collectively, Wnt signaling is tightly regulated in the LESC niche and a good balance between canonical and non-canonical pathways play an essential role in controlling the biological characteristics of LESCs. Schematic diagram of the Wnt signaling pathways The Wnt signaling pathways can be divided into the canonical Wnt pathway and the non-canonical Wnt pathways (including Wnt /PCP pathway and Wnt/Ca2+ pathway) Perturbations in tissue stiffness or YAP activity can affect human LESC function as well as tissue integrity at homeostasis and significantly inhibit stem cell population regeneration biomechanical signaling provides a critical cell fate-determining signal for LESCs during homeostasis and regeneration Further studies are needed to determine the exact role of crosstalk between the YAP pathway and other pathways in LESC function which would help elucidate how limbal niche cells regulate LESC stationarity there are still few studies on TGF-β/BMP in LESCs and mechanical transduction are also important for LESC self-renewal and fate determination these related mechanisms are rarely reported and need to be further elucidated LESC regulation may involve interactions between signaling pathways further studies on the mechanism of LESC regulation are required to maintain a balance between LESC proliferation Understanding LESC biology and marginal niche function will open new avenues for the treatment of LSCD Obtaining sufficient stem cells is the basis of stem cell therapy so we outlined various techniques for isolating and culturing LESCs used in LSCD therapeutic research This modality has been used by many researchers as the primary source for subsequent manipulations including fluorescence-activated cell sorting and culture and high costs remain the main challenges in cell culture the mechanisms of cell-cell and cell-molecular interactions need to be further investigated to elucidate the potential of 3D artificial niches and 3D organoids which is a promising direction for future research Most cases of LSCD are unilateral or bilateral partial and residual LESCs can be found in eyes with clinical features of LSCD how to reduce the side effects of long-term immunosuppression and improve the survival rate of patients is a critical direction of future research Collectively, each therapeutic strategy has its advantages and limitations, with various ranges of application and success rates. The following sections provide a brief description of current and emerging techniques for restoring LESCs functionality (Fig. 5). The brief schematic diagram of current and emerging techniques for treating LSCD AM has emerged as an ideal substrate for various ocular surface transplantation procedures AM has low transparency and tensile strength and carries the risk of disease transmission Although CLAU is a reliable and mature surgical method there remains a risk of contralateral eye injury it is necessary to pay attention to the preoperative evaluation of the contralateral eye to prevent postoperative complications CLAL remains a viable option for patients with total bilateral LSCD SLET tends to become the preferred technique of limbal stem cell transplantation more clinical trials should be conducted and the long-term effects need to be further determined These factors limit the clinical use of CLET A clinical trial testing the ability of MSCs to reverse interstitial scarring in human is currently underway (NCT02948023) The fluorescein staining images of corneal epithelial healing (A) Representative fluorescein staining images of corneal epithelial healing in each group at 0 (B) Groups of corneal fluorescein score analysis and comparison there is no consensus regarding the optimal route for MSCs delivery Further studies are required to determine suitable delivery systems and understand the mechanisms underlying their therapeutic properties These results further highlighted the potential of hESCs as a limited source of cells which held promise for the development of predictive diagnostic markers iPSCs-derived LESCs are used in Phase I clinical trials (JPRNUMIN000036539) and further improvements are being made to the derivative regimen to achieve a transition from the laboratory to bedside as soon as possible further studies are required to generalize these potential sources to humans With the progress of science and technology new biotechnology strategies for LSCD have been tested in recent years which can bring hope to patients with LSCD and 10 ng/mL BMP4 for 3 days is the best scheme to maintain the phenotype of human LESCs These findings will contribute to the development of novel therapies for LSCD Despite the reported beneficial effects of these drugs and growth factors and further studies are needed to provide more inspiring growth factors as potential therapeutic options for LSCD to activate and preserve the remaining LESCs The repair of the corneal epithelium and nerves and corneal topography results in normal control cornea (NRC) groups and ATELC at 1 h (B) Transmittance in the 300–800 nm wavelength range 7 days after keratoplasty (C) Corneal nerve staining images of ATELC group rabbits at 6 months after keratoplasty (D) The results of corneal mechanical sensitivity in NRC group and ATELC group at 1 month Mixed hydrogel not only retained the bioactive components of pDCSM but also supported the viability and proliferation of corneal cells to accelerate corneal re-epithelialisation with 37 ± 4 μm thickness and wound healing for 8 weeks which can be effectively used for long-term wireless suture and tissue regeneration after corneal defect These studies suggested that decellularized tissues with native ECM scaffolds could not only play an important role in the regulation of stem cells but also induce stem cells to differentiate into the cell types present in certain tissues decellularized organs have been used in tissue engineering and cell therapy The results showed that OEM promoted corneal epithelial wound healing shortened the time required for wound healing and formed a more compact and stratified epithelial framework than in the untreated group These findings highlighted that plant-derived implants might be an attractive option for clinical practice the epithelium regrew after 3 months and 60% of the subjects had a clear ocular surface with no epithelial defects at 12 months more functional scaffolds will be developed for the treatment of LSCD These scaffolds not only supported the viability of encapsulated primary rabbit LESCs and hLESCs with 86.7 ± 1.6% live cell ratios in GelMA scaffolds and 92.1 ± 0.8% in HAGM scaffolds after 7 days but also showed differential regulation innovatively LESCs proliferated actively in GelMA-based scaffolds but presented a quiescent state in HAGM-based scaffolds for six days a novel bio-printed dual ECM “Yin-Yang” model that encapsulated LESCs to support both active and quiescent states was developed which provided valuable insights into stem cell therapy in LSCD the PUTK/RH patch accelerated corneal wound healing by inhibiting inflammation the areas of opacity in the PUTK/RH group (24.5 ± 8.9%) were significantly smaller than that in the alkali-burn group (37.9 ± 8.0%) suggesting that hydrogels could be used in various forms for ocular surface reconstruction The properties and characterization of hydrogels (A) The measurement of hydrogel swelling ratios in PBS (B) The measurement of hydrogel swelling ratios in cell culture medium (C) Enzymatic degradation of the hydrogels in the presence of hyaluronidase (D) Adhesion force of the hydrogels to corneal surface Mechanical strength was improved by self-crosslinking aldehyde-modified hyaluronic acid and carboxymethyl chitosan on the surface of decellularised porcine corneas without the use of crosslinking agents but also can rapidly regenerates the epithelium and restores vision within one month the BACs were gradually filled with epithelial the BACs were essentially normal in clarity and histology This product can be used as a substitute for corneal reconstruction in vitro to address donor corneal insufficiency AiNear” is the first and only commercially available bioengineered corneal product worldwide The ocular reconstruction rate was 70% at 2 years after surgery vision improved 50% and 60% of eyes at 1 and 2 years No clinically significant transplantation-related adverse events were observed the efficacy and safety of transplantation of cultured marginal epithelial cell plates were confirmed named " Nepic " is now recognised as a cell- and tissue-based product in Japan Reducing such complications and improving the treatment effects are directions for future research The culture monitoring and proliferation of hESC-LSC on BNC (A) The distribution and cell density of hESC-LSC on BNC substrates (B) Confocal microscopy and XZ section images showing the tendency of hESC-LSC to become an epithelial monolayer on BNC substrate (C) Representative immunofluorescence staining image of Ki67 proliferation marker expression (E) Analysis of the percentage of Ki67-positive cells at three different culture time points and suture-holding strength were 4–10 folds improved compared to decellularised AM along with greater stability and longer-lasting corneal surface coverage in the rabbit LSCD corneal epithelial defect model the composite membrane maintained the pro-regenerative and immunomodulatory properties of decellularised AM; promoted the survival and organisation of LESCs; improved re-epithelialisation of the defect area; and reduced inflammation and neovascularization This study demonstrated the translational potential of composite membranes in stem cell therapy for ocular surface injuries nanotechnology has broad application prospects for the treatment of corneal diseases Laser-printed hESC-LESCs showed epithelial morphology and co-expression of the corneal progenitor cell markers p63a and p40 the hASCs displayed a collagen-positive marker and showed signs of hASCs migrating from the printed structures after 7 days of porcine organ culture These results further demonstrated the importance of 3D printing and functional bioinks in ocular surface reconstruction and migration) and miRNA 24-3p (cell migration) to prepare miRNA 24-3p-rich exosomes (Exos-miRNA 24-3p) for corneal epithelial injury repair a heat-sensitive di (ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether methacrylate-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogel was developed to control the release of Exos-miRNA 24-3p in a rabbit alkali-burn model Exo-miRNA 24-3p effectively promoted the migration and maturation of rabbit corneal epithelial cells and corneal tissue repair 28 days after the alkali burn This study provided a promising miRNA-based multilevel delivery strategy for the efficient and adaptive treatment of corneal alkali burns and provides an important theoretical basis for the development of cell-free therapy the extraction of exosomes requires high technical requirements and a large amount of cost the role of exosomes in ocular pathophysiology remains unclear there are concerns regarding the ability of exosomes to cross the human corneal epithelial barrier because most studies were conducted in animals Stable transgene expression was observed after LV transduction highlighting its potential use in the treatment of LSCD miRNAs play important roles as natural and powerful regulators of gene expression during corneal epithelial regeneration and tissue repair The introduction of gene therapy and miRNAs to activate and preserve the remaining LESCs in patients with LSCD is a promising strategy With the understanding of the LESCs and its regulation, more and more clinical trials are conducted for the treatment of LSCD. In Table 1 we summarized some of the ongoing and completed clinical trials with the joint efforts of researchers and clinicians more and more studies can be carried out to reconstruct the stem cell microenvironment stimulate tissue regeneration and restore the native corneal function so as to better achieve clinical translation Despite researchers achieving a great deal in the field of LESCs The first step in studying limbal niche is determining the exact location of LESCs before they can be accurately tracked Although LESCs preferentially express several markers no specific molecular markers have been identified and outcomes of LSCD are often difficult to interpret for several reasons: (1) the stage and type of LSCD are poorly defined; (2) the heterogeneity of LSCD aetiology and subsequent surgical procedures; and (3) the definition of clinical success is unclear Although surgical treatments and stem cells from various sources have achieved remarkable results in the treatment of LSCD due to the small size of tissue donors and the frequent need to expand cells in vitro for a long time it is difficult to obtain sufficient cells for clinical transplantation which results in low cell viability after transplantation transplanted cells often develop fibrosis or degradation and their survival rates are very low such as the differentiation of cultured corneal stem cells and reducing rejection after allotransplantation the mechanism of action of transplanted stem cells in repairing damaged ocular surfaces and their fate after transplantation remains uncertain Possible cell fates include: (1) metabolism and degradation after application (2) remaining at the site of administration the regulatory process for obtaining cell therapy approval requires significant expertise which may diminish the expected clinical effects of cell therapies and prolong clinical translation With the developments in science and technology these cutting-edge technologies are technically demanding and costly Most new technology experiments are conducted in animal models lacking a comprehensive in-body evaluation of the human eye as wells as the regulatory pathways of the limbal niche especially stem cell-based therapeutic strategies we also innovatively summarized the latest advances and clinical translations of LESCs in recent years to provide new ideas for the treatment of LSCD it will be necessary to search for limbal epithelial stem cell-specific markers as well as the characteristics and composition of limbal microenvironment although many signaling pathways responsible for the healing stimulus and their crosstalk have been uncovered and cytokine-cell interactions that regulate the self-renewal and generation of progeny cells the innovative in vitro culture and expansion techniques animal models closer to human eye diseases should be established to obtain more realistic data and achieve better clinical translations The ideal goal of treating LSCD is to restore the structure of the limbal niche so that new stem cells from internal or external sources can repopulate the niche and replicate successfully enabling the corneal epithelium to regenerate and regain its transparent the consensus on the management of LSCD remains to be improved for early diagnosis and hierarchical treatment can be a promising method improving the availability of surgery and reducing costs and adverse reactions are the focus of clinicians’ efforts and more large-scale clinical trials are needed how to activate the regeneration of autologous LESCs in situ and deliver soluble factors to their environment is the focus of future research have broadened prospects for the treatment of LSCD RNA-seq technology can also help us further understand the function and niche regulatory properties of LESCs highly specific expression markers and niche regulatory components that can promote or inhibit LESC proliferation and differentiation How to utilize new technologies and achieve laboratory-to-clinical translation for better treating LSCD is also the direction for future research integrating various technologies and a multidisciplinary approach (clinical and genetic) to personalise the treatment of patients with LSCD will be a promising strategy in the future Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells Cultured Llimbal epithelial transplantation Cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation Corneal stromal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles Human embryonic stem cell-derived limbal stem cell Limbal epithelial stem cellsLMel: limbal melanocytes Porcine decellularised corneal stroma matrix Corneal endothelial dysfunction: evolving understanding and treatment options Global survey of corneal transplantation and Eye Banking Human limbal epithelial stem cell regulation Role of the pericorneal papillary structure in renewal of corneal epithelium Niche regulation of Limbal epithelial stem cells: relationship between inflammation and regeneration The diagnosis of limbal stem cell deficiency Current and emerging therapies for Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency Global Consensus on the management of Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency Discrete limbal epithelial stem cell populations mediate corneal homeostasis and wound healing Differentiation-related expression of a major 64K corneal keratin in vivo and in culture suggests limbal location of corneal epithelial stem cells Concise Review: stem cells for corneal Wound Healing Z hypothesis of corneal epithelial maintenance Niche regulation of corneal epithelial stem cells at the limbus ABCB5 is a limbal stem cell gene required for corneal development and repair WNT7A and PAX6 define corneal epithelium homeostasis and pathogenesis Localization of candidate stem and progenitor cell markers within the human cornea and bulbar conjunctiva in vivo and in cell culture SSEA4 is a potential negative marker for the enrichment of human corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells Single-cell transcriptomics identifies limbal stem cell population and cell types mapping its differentiation trajectory in limbal basal epithelium of human cornea A single cell atlas of human cornea that defines its development limbal progenitor cells and their interactions with the immune cells Expression and tissue distribution of p63 isoforms in human ocular surface epithelia Isoforms of DeltaNp63 and the migration of ocular limbal cells in human corneal regeneration Limbal stem-cell therapy and long-term corneal regeneration Concise review: identifying limbal stem cells: classical concepts and new challenges Poly(ethylene glycol)-modified silk fibroin membrane as a carrier for limbal epithelial stem cell transplantation in a rabbit LSCD model Process development and safety evaluation of ABCB5 + limbal stem cells as advanced-therapy medicinal product to treat limbal stem cell deficiency Keratin 13 is a more specific marker of conjunctival epithelium than keratin 19 Evaluation of ocular surface disorders: a new diagnostic tool based on impression cytology and confocal laser scanning microscopy Profiling of mature-stage human breast milk cells identifies six unique lactocyte subpopulations Extracellular mir-6723-5p could serve as a biomarker of limbal epithelial stem/progenitor cell population Strategies for reconstructing the limbal stem cell niche Concise Review: Bioengineering of Limbal Stem Cell Niche Melanocytes as emerging key players in niche regulation of limbal epithelial stem cells Pigmentation is Associated with Stemness Hierarchy of Progenitor cells within cultured Limbal epithelial cells Melanocytes in the corneal limbus interact with K19-positive basal epithelial cells Molecular identity of human limbal heterogeneity involved in corneal homeostasis and privilege Laminin-511-E8 promotes efficient in vitro expansion of human limbal melanocytes Efficient isolation and expansion of Limbal melanocytes for tissue Engineering Stem Cell Niche Microenvironment: Rev Bioeng (Basel) Mesenchymal stromal 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inflammation and the Notch/HES-1 Signaling Axis Direct inhibition of the NOTCH transcription factor complex Rat Limbal Niche Cells prevent epithelial Stem/Progenitor cells from differentiation and proliferation by inhibiting Notch Signaling Pathway in Vitro Wnt signaling is required for the Maintenance of Human Limbal Stem/Progenitor cells in Vitro Multiple functions of the noncanonical wnt pathway Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates proliferation of human cornea epithelial stem/progenitor cells WNT16B enhances the proliferation and self-renewal of limbal epithelial cells via CXCR4/MEK/ERK signaling Single mRNA detection of wnt signaling pathway in the human limbus Frizzled 7 maintains the undifferentiated state of human limbal stem/progenitor cells WNT/Frizzled signalling: receptor-ligand selectivity with focus on FZD-G protein signalling and its physiological relevance: IUPHAR Review 3 Multiple targets of the canonical WNT/β-Catenin signaling in cancers Wnt/β-Catenin signaling 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Stem cells for corneal repair Proof-of-concept study of Electrospun PLGA membrane in the treatment of limbal stem cell deficiency Hydrogels as emerging materials for Cornea Wound Healing Bioprinting of dual ECM scaffolds encapsulating limbal stem/progenitor cells in active and quiescent statuses An electrospun scaffold functionalized with a ROS-scavenging hydrogel stimulates ocular wound healing Tissue adhesive hyaluronic acid hydrogels for sutureless stem cell delivery and regeneration of corneal epithelium and stroma Clinical trial of Autologous Cultivated Limbal epithelial cell sheet transplantation for patients with Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency highly permeable and elastic protein films that support dual cornea cell types Preclinical evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of a new bioartificial cornea Regeneration of corneal epithelium with Dental Pulp Stem cells using a contact Lens Delivery System Clinical outcomes and complications of fluid-filled scleral lens devices for the 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exosomes as Immunomodulatory Therapy for corneal scarring Extracellular vesicle MicroRNAs from corneal stromal stem cell enhance stemness of Limbal epithelial stem cells by targeting the Notch Pathway Effect of human corneal mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes on corneal epithelial Wound Healing Accelerating corneal wound healing using exosome-mediated targeting of NF-κB c-Rel Exosomes-loaded thermosensitive hydrogels for corneal epithelium and stroma regeneration MiRNA 24-3p-rich exosomes functionalized DEGMA-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogels for corneal epithelial healing Extracellular vesicles and exosomes: insights from Exercise Science Advancements in skin delivery of Natural Bioactive products for Wound Management: a brief review of two decades Nanomedicine and drug delivery to the retina: current status and implications for gene therapy Sustained and widespread gene delivery to the corneal epithelium via in situ transduction of Limbal epithelial stem cells using Lentiviral and Adeno-Associated viral vectors Genetic Modification of Limbal Stem Cells to decrease Allogeneic Immune responses Gene delivery to human limbal stem cells using viral vectors The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis microRNA-103/107 family regulates multiple epithelial stem cell characteristics Hsa-Mir-143-3p inhibits Wnt-β-catenin and MAPK signaling in human corneal epithelial stem cells Hsa-Mir-150-5p inhibits Wnt-β-catenin signaling in human corneal epithelial stem cells Regulatory role of miR-146a in corneal epithelial wound healing via its inflammatory targets in human diabetic cornea MicroRNA profiling of highly enriched human corneal epithelial stem cells by small RNA sequencing Download references This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82271041 the Disciplinary Crossing Cultivation Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (YG2022QN055) Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty and Shanghai Eye Disease Research Center (2022ZZ01003) Shiding Li and Hao Sun contributed equally to this manuscript Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology SL drafted the manuscript and created all the figures LC and YF discussed the concepts of the manuscript All authors read and approved the final manuscript The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-05603-y Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article 14 (CNA) The lowest temperature recorded in a low-lying area around Taiwan early Saturday morning was in New Taipei's Shiding District said the Central Weather Administration (CWA) which issued cold surge advisories for parts of northern Taiwan The lowest temperature was logged at 6:43 a.m while Nangan on Taiwan's outlying Matsu Islands recorded the second-lowest temperature at 9.7 degrees Other places around the country also observed lows of below 11 degrees including Matsu's Dongyin Island and Hukou Township in Hsinchu County Advisories have been issued in New Taipei and the counties of Hsinchu and Miaoli all of which are forecast to see lows of around 10 degrees or below from Saturday to Sunday Graphic: Central Weather AdministrationDue to the effect of a cold air mass moving southward Taiwan will get colder as the day progresses Lows of 12 degrees can be expected in the north on Saturday 13-15 degrees in the central and southern parts of Taiwan and 14-16 degrees in the eastern counties of Hualien and Taitung brief showers are likely to occur in parts of Greater Taipei The CWA warned that roads at high elevations -- above 3,000 meters -- could be icy at nighttime and early Sunday morning while there is also a chance of snow during this period Photo courtesy of Central Weather Administration Dec 2024The CWA's weather monitoring station on Yushan (Jade Mountain) also observed frost and rime on Saturday morning Based on the administration's website information frost and rime are ice crystals that look similar but their formation process is different Frost is formed by condensation of water vapor while rime is formed from small supercooled water droplets that freeze on contact with a cold surface Related NewsDec. 15: Hard rime observed on Yushan as mercury drops to below zero Dec. 15: Temperatures below 10℃ recorded in parts of Taiwan Shiding Elementary School trip to Zhejiang may be target for China’s united front strategy 4308TAIPEI (Taiwan News) —  New Taipei City education officials advised Shiding Elementary School Principal Wei Chien-ni (魏千妮) to follow regulations regarding travel to China after the Department of Education became aware of plans for an August trip to Zhejiang A leaked invitation form indicated the trip would involve teachers, students and parents from the New Taipei City school. The five- to six-day trip includes plans for a banquet on the first day, Liberty Times reported on Friday (June 28) said Wei submitted an application for a school trip to Shandong last year but has not submitted one for the August trip to Zhejiang Liu warned of punishment for violating existing rules The Education Department emphasized that schools must adhere to relevant regulations for trips to China and that activities should be apolitical. It also stressed the importance of safeguarding Taiwan's interests and security, per CNA The source for the leaked invitation for the Zheijiang trip alleged improper conduct by Wei The source raised concerns about a biased selection process and the low cost of the trip with an unclear funding source Wei defended the school's previous trip to Shandong She said she encouraged student participation in international events Wei reportedly expressed hope for more cross-strait interaction between young people She also said that seeing the students interact made the trip feel like a homecoming Wei and her office did not respond to CNA's inquiries candid' talks with China on South China Sea China pays Taiwan influencers to film positive videos in Xinjiang Taiwan’s Din Tai Fung to exit North China by Oct 31 Taiwan blasts Chinese allies' affirmation of 'one China' principle US Army analyst pleads guilty to selling military information to China Kamala Harris’ record on Taiwan and China offers clues for 2024 Taipei MRT reminds passengers of drinking water ban Taiwan dollar hits NT$29 per US dollar triggering currency exchange rush Magnitude 5.5 earthquake strikes off east Taiwan Central Bank steps in as Taiwan dollar posts strong single-day gain Vietjet flight makes unscheduled landing in Taiwan Four Vietnamese residents found dead in northern Taiwan Taiwan ranked 2nd most innovative country in world US tech earnings spark Taiwan stock market rally Taiwan ranks 1st in Asia on World Press Freedom Index US Congress members urge Somalia to reverse Taiwan passport ban People in winter clothing cross a street in Taipei yesterday as the Central Weather Administration issued cold surge advisories for parts of northern Taiwan The lowest temperature recorded in a low-lying area around Taiwan yesterday was logged at 6:43am in New Taipei City’s Shiding District adding that weather monitoring station on Yushan observed frost and rime yesterday morning The dates displayed for an article provide information on when various publication milestones were reached at the journal that has published the article activities on preceding journals at which the article was previously under consideration are not shown (for instance submission FuelCitation Excerpt :The coal sample was heated at 378 K for 20 min to remove moisture then the TGA was programmed at a heating rate of 10 K/min from 378 K to 1273 K The formation of macromolecular substances from inorganic sodium catalysis are analyzed by DFT [33–35] The geometry and frequencies of the reactants transition states (TSs) and products are calculated by using Gaussian 16 W [36] at the M06-2X/6-31G(d,p) level [37] All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. 28 (CNA) The lowest temperature recorded in a low-lying area in Taiwan early Saturday morning was in New Taipei's Shiding District the Central Weather Administration (CWA) said warning that parts of northern Taiwan could see the mercury drop below 10 degrees at night The lowest temperature was logged at 5:44 a.m while Taichung's Houli District in central Taiwan recorded a low of 11.1 degrees at 6:39 a.m. Due to the effect of a continental cold air mass highs of 13-14 degrees are forecast for the north during the daytime on Saturday and 17-21 degrees in other parts of the country It warned that the strength of the cold air mass is forecast to intensify bringing temperatures down to 10-11 degrees in several northern cities and counties and could even affect areas as far south as Tainan City at night The CWA has also issued cold surge advisories for most of Taiwan warning that temperatures could drop to around 10 degrees or below through Sunday morning 11-15 degrees in Kinmen and 10-11 degrees in Matsu throughout Saturday The strong cold air mass coupled with the effect of radiation cooling are forecast to prevail until early Sunday morning before weakening to bring temperatures slightly back up later in the day rime ice was observed in the northern peak of Yushan (Jade Mountain) on Saturday morning According to CWA's weather monitoring station on Taiwan's tallest mountain (3,952 meters) a low of minus 1.6 degrees Celsius was logged at around 5 a.m A temperature of 5°C was recorded in Hsinchu County's Guansi Township (關西) early today the lowest in a non-mountainous area in Taiwan for the day so far as the country remained in the grip of a continental cold air mass The record low of 5°C in Guansi Township was followed by 5.2°C in Miaoli County's Sanwan Township and 6.5°C in New Taipei City's Shiding District (石碇) warning of temperatures below 10°C in various cities and counties in Taiwan The effects of the cold air mass are expected to weaken during the day and temperatures would rise slightly from the day before Highs of 18°C to 20°C are forecast in the north and 23°C to 24°C in the rest of the country Sunny skies are expected to emerge today across much of the country with the likelihood of scattered showers in Hualien and Taitung counties in the east The weather is expected to get progressively warmer over the next two days but the mercury would drop sharply at night due to a radiative cooling effect A total of 415 cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) occurred this month as of Saturday data from the National Fire Agency showed as doctors advised people to stay warm amid cold weather particularly people with cardiovascular disease The Central Weather Administration yesterday issued a low temperature warning nationwide except for Penghu County anticipating sustained lows of 10°C or a dip to below 6°C in Nantou The coldest temperature recorded in flat areas of Taiwan proper yesterday morning was 6.4°C in New Taipei City’s Shiding District (石碇) Photo courtesy of the Taipingshan National Forest Recreation Area Sixty-three nontraumatic OHCA cases were reported on Feb 50 and 54 for each day through Saturday respectively Although the cases cannot be determined to be a result of cold weather drastic changes in temperature can cause vasoconstriction leading to conditions such as sudden stroke or acute myocardial infarction Medical research shows that for every minute that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is delayed in OHCA cases the success rate of emergency care is reduced by 7 to 10 percent It urged people to download the agency’s First on Scene (急救先鋒) app to increase their capability of helping people with a heart attack As the 119 dispatch system is incorporated into the app fire and rescue authorities can send an ambulance while informing and guiding nearby people who have downloaded the app to an OHCA incident occurring in a public place They can help perform CPR or use an automated external defibrillator before paramedics arrive increasing the odds of surviving a heart attack The app also provides guidance on emergency care which can assist people feeling unwell in deciding whether their conditions require medical attention The Kaohsiung Department of Health also warned of the risk of cardiovascular incidents during cold weather going outside and changing clothes are the four high-risk moments for cardiovascular incidents to occur Blood vessels can suddenly contract while taking a shower in the cold due to drastic temperature changes leading to unstable blood pressure or even heart attacks People in a shower should wash themselves starting from their limbs instead of the head or chest As the lowest temperature usually occurs in the early morning people can experience significant blood pressure fluctuations while getting up from bed due to higher blood viscosity and stronger vasoconstriction Moving limbs to adapt to the cold in the morning before slowly getting up would help adding that it is also important to stay warm People moving from the warm indoors to the cold outdoors are advised to wear more layers as drastic temperature changes can lead to sudden vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure As sudden exposure to cold air can also cause drastic vasoconstriction and raise the risk of cardiovascular incidents people should change their clothing when entering warm indoor environments Elderly people and people with cardiovascular diseases or chronic diseases such as three highs — high blood pressure sugar and cholesterol — are prone to cardiovascular issues and should be more aware of temperature changes in cold weather avoid strenuous exercise and drink water while outdoors and continue to monitor their physical condition If people experience the symptoms of a stroke or a myocardial infarction they should go to a doctor right away for treatment within the “golden hour,” the department said Independent meteorologist Daniel Wu (吳德榮) said that the latest European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts model showed that northern Taiwan would remain chilly while other areas would experience a significant day-night temperature difference from yesterday to today Temperatures on Taiwan proper could dip to 5°C adding that they would start to climb back up between this morning and Wednesday Traffic was heavy on several sections of Taiwan's freeway network this morning as many people returned home for the long Tomb Sweeping Festival weekend Traffic volume today was expected to reach 124 million vehicle kilometers the highest during the four-day holiday and 1.3 times the normal daily volume heavy traffic congestion was recorded across the country's national freeways with average speeds dropping to less than 40kph in many areas On the northbound lanes of National Freeway No between Sindian District (新店) in New Taipei City and the Muzha Rest Area in Taipei traffic speeds were at a sluggish 17kph as of 8:25am Traffic speeds of under 40kph were recorded on the northbound section of National Freeway No 1 southbound from Taoyuan's Yangmei (楊梅) to Jhubei (竹北) 3 southbound from Dasi (大溪) to Gaoyuan (高原) It projected that traffic speeds on the southbound sections of the national freeways would be 70 million vehicle kilometers — 1.5 times the typical daily volume the bureau said it had closed the ramps at the Pingzhen System Interchange and the Puyan System Interchange from 5am to 12pm today The southbound entry ramps at Shiding (石碇) and Pinglin (坪林) on National Freeway No 5 have also been closed from midnight yesterday to 12pm today converting the Shiding entrance in New Taipei City into a bus-only lane during that period High-occupancy vehicle (HOV) controls were enforced from 6am to 12pm today on National Freeway No between Taipei's Neihu District (内湖) and Miaoli County's Toufen City (頭份) from Muzha District to Xiangshan (象山) in Xinyi District (信義) in Taipei The bureau also recommended that drivers use alternative routes for travel from Toucheng Township (頭城) in Yilan County to Pinglin District in New Taipei City 61 for travel between Jhubei City and Tainan Other suggested routes included Provincial Highway No 63 for travel between Taichung and Nantou County 74 for travel from Wufeng to the Taichung System Interchange or the Zhonggang System Interchange Chilly weather and chances of brief showers are forecast across Taiwan today Due to the influence of a passing cold air mass daytime highs are expected to be 15°C to 16°C in northern areas as well as Yilan County 17°C to 20°C in central Taiwan and 21°C to 24°C in other parts of the country The lowest temperature in low-lying areas of Taiwan proper recorded so far today was 10.3°C in New Taipei City's Shiding District (石碇) at 3:26 am rainfall is expected to spread during the day As a cloud system moves eastward from southern China occasional showers are expected in northern and central regions while other areas could also experience localized showers Independent meteorologist Wu Der-rong (吳德榮) said there was also a chance of heavy rainfall in the north The cold air system is expected to weaken tomorrow but brief showers are still likely in some areas in the north and east of Taiwan Warm weather is expected to return from Sunday with sunny to cloudy skies forecast across the country until Wednesday next week Another wind system bringing unstable weather is expected to hit northern Taiwan on Thursday next week More than 150 members of the Indian community yesterday held a motorcycle and car rally in New Taipei City to thank Taiwan for containing COVID-19 and providing a safe environment to live in The Indian nationals gathered for the event’s opening ceremony in Erge Park in Shiding District (石碇) before taking the motorcade of about 50 cars and motorcycles to Yilan County and back to Shifen (十分) in New Taipei City The participants wore matching T-shirts that read “Taiwan Can Help,” and displayed flags that read “Health For All who has lived in Taiwan for 15 years and is founder of the Indians’ Bikers Club of Taiwan said that various Indian community groups in Taiwan attended and supported the motor rally “The message is to thank Taiwan for all it has done in this pandemic keeping the lives of all citizens and residents in the country safe,” Kriplani said The international community also appreciates Taiwan for extending a helping hand to other nations by donating masks and medical supplies I had hardly known anything about the country because this place has given me everything,” Kriplani said “People are so nice here; it is a beautiful country.” Indians’ Association of Taipei president Harkishin Bhawandas said the event was also dedicated to the nation’s healthcare workers we are enjoying such good healthcare in Taiwan and they have kept the COVID-19 situation in Taiwan under control,” Chablani said He said that Taiwan’s healthcare workers are dedicated to their jobs and work together to solve common problems by giving their all Indian Cultural Committee of Taipei president Rajan Khera said that Taiwan deserves thanks because it does not just help its citizens “Taiwan has shared all of its information with the world it’s like magic what Taiwan has done,” Khera said 6873TAIPEI (Taiwan News) — The first wave of cherry blossoms can now be seen in New Taipei’s Pinglin area as well as in Xizhi’s Kanggaokeng River The Japanese cherry (prunus serrulata) is the first to bloom. This cherry tree is known for its short trunk, height under 11 meters, and dense crown of branches that come alive with both white and pink flowers, per UDN According to the New Taipei City Government Landscaping Department those who wish to get a glimpse of blossoms can travel to the Ministry of Justice Agency Against Corruption office in Pinglin District (Dalin Village 49) and walk along a path leading to the top of a mountain one can see lots of pink dots off in the distance ushering in the first burst of color to welcome the upcoming Lunar New Year The New Taipei City Government’s Landscape Department says cherry blossoms traditionally symbolize the arrival of spring the first cherry blossoms are typically Japanese cherry followed by three-color cherry blossoms (三色櫻) cherry blossoms are on view from February to March each year in many areas throughout New Taipei City the most popular districts for viewing cherry blossoms in New Taipei include Xizhi Taipei launches WMG2025 FunPass ahead of World Masters Games Fireworks display caps off Tamsui Summer Festival New Taipei’s Tamsui to host fireworks on August 11 New Taipei’s Hohaiyan Rock Festival takes place this weekend Vietnamese worker dies at construction site in New Taipei This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page 8257TAIPEI (Taiwan News) — New Taipei’s Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival gets underway on consecutive Saturdays 24) with activities ranging from dance and musical performances to an outdoor market the Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival has become an internationally renowned festival attracting coverage by international press such as National Geographic (2016) The event was also billed as a "must-see destination” by the Ministry of Transportation and Communication in 2022 Pingxi Junior High School will serve as the main location for Saturday (Feb. 17). Due to high demand for sky lanterns, the New Taipei City Tourism Bureau will take over the distribution and release of sky lanterns, per the festival website one must receive a "sky lantern ticket" distributed at the Pingxi Junior HIgh School Information Desk beginning at 10:30 a.m The first of nine waves of sky lantern releases is scheduled for 6:15 p.m. Successive waves of sky lantern releases are spaced 15 minutes apart Shuttle bus routes for Sky Lantern Festival Live entertainment will be provided between sky lantern releases Visitors are also invited to visit scenic spots around Pingxi and enjoy snacks sold by local businesses four large-sized sky lanterns have been created in shapes such as Taiwan Each of these large-sized sky lanterns will be released into the night sky Due to the large crowds expected at the event traffic control measures will be implemented throughout the day of the event People traveling to Pingxi are encouraged to take a shuttle bus from the Taipei Zoo Traffic control measures for Sky Lantern Festival Taipei Zoo mourns passing of 3 of its oldest mammals Taipei Zoo announces name of newborn Malayan tapir Taipei Zoo says tapir died of heat stress on inbound cargo flight Taipei Zoo to remain open on Saturday nights starting next month Malayan tapir dead on arrival in Taiwan after flight from Japan CWA issues cold surge advisory for northern and western Taiwan Cold temperatures pose a health risk for elderly and vulnerable groups 6699TAIPEI (Taiwan News) — Meteorologist Daniel Wu (吳德榮) said Taiwan will be affected by a strong continental cold air mass from Sunday afternoon through Monday morning with radiative cooling causing temperatures to drop to around 5 degrees Celsius The Central Weather Administration (CWA) has issued a cold surge advisory for much of northern and eastern Taiwan. On Sunday, temperatures fell to 7.5 C in New Taipei’s Shiding District, 7.7 C in Miaoli County’s Gongguan Township, and as low as 4.9 C in Kinmen, according to CNA Wu explained that the latest European weather model (ECMWF) indicates the cold air mass will bring sunny conditions leading to slightly warmer daytime temperatures radiative cooling after sunset is expected to result in extreme lows around 5 C The CWA has warned that cold weather could pose fatal risks to the elderly and vulnerable groups, potentially causing cardiac arrest. Since Jan. 1, the National Fire Agency has reported 437 deaths, with a peak of 54 fatalities on Friday, CNA reported Wu said the latest weather model simulations predict sunny and stable conditions will continue from Monday through Tuesday with cold air gradually weakening and temperatures rising significantly each day a new weather front is expected to arrive on Wednesday This front will bring rain to northern and eastern Taiwan along with another drop in temperatures heading into the weekend Taiwan issues sea warning for Typhoon Krathon 6886TAIPEI (Taiwan News) — The “Smile Mountain Line” (微笑山線) website, which lists easily accessible hiking trails around New Taipei City and provides an introduction to each of them, plus a link to its location on the Google map, went online under the New Taipei City Travel website from Monday (Oct The Smile Mountain Line is a curved line formed by mountains that connect the districts of Shulin, Yingge, Sanxia, Tucheng, Zhonghe, Xindian, Shiding, Shenkeng, Pingxi, and other areas in the city, according to a press release issued by New Taipei Tourism and Travel Department on Monday the public can plan their outings based on hiking trails near their homes department director Yang Tsung-min (楊宗珉) said in the press release adding the website lists numerous popular trails He added that fall is the best time to trek into the nation's mountains and forests and the trails listed are suitable for family outings Hikers quoted by the press release said walking provided an ideal getaway from a hectic city life and gave joy because of beautiful scenery and health-enhancing forest phytoncides Japan PM Kishida expresses sympathy with Taiwan after magnitude 7.2 quake Chance of snow on mountains above 2,000 m in north and 2,500 m in central Taiwan Snow and ice seen on Hehuanshan road on Friday 4482TAIPEI (Taiwan News) — A cold front prompted the Central Weather Administration on Friday to issue cold advisories in 13 counties and cities as snow is likely in mountainous areas.  The CWA said many flat areas in Taiwan recorded temperatures below 10 C on Friday morning The lowest was 7.9 C in New Taipei's Shiding District followed by 8.3 C in Miaoli County's Dahe Village and 8.7 C in New Taipei's Fugui Cape.  During the day, the CWA predicts highs in the north will reach 12 to 14 C and 17 to 21 C in eastern The CWA has issued an orange cold advisory for New Taipei A yellow cold advisory has been issued for Miaoli County with the chance of temperatures below 10 C The weather bureau forecasts that the north and mountainous areas in the west could see showers and Matsu will see sunny to partly cloudy skies.  There is a chance of snowfall in mountains above 2,000 m in the north and northeast and 2,500 m in central Taiwan Northern Taiwan to see temperatures drop to 10 C Cold temperatures expected for next 10 days in Taiwan North Taiwan could dip to 6 C over weekend Some north Taiwan plains areas could see 6 C over weekend Northern Taiwan temperature drops to 7.3 C Taiwan expects mild Christmas and New Year’s Eve 9194TAIPEI (Taiwan News) — The New Taipei City Government released shuttle bus and activity information for the 2023 Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival in a press release on Wednesday (Jan The release of hundreds of lanterns will take to the sky at the Shifen Sky Lantern Square from 6-8:30 p.m The events will feature over 100 4-foot rabbit-silhouetted lanterns to celebrate the year of the rabbit three art installations will be displayed from Jan 28 at the Jingtong Electronic Sky Lantern Hall and the entrance to the Shifen Scenic Area The mountain city of Pingxi has a diverse ecological landscape and local delicacies and snacks that are worth savoring The New Taipei City's Tourism and Travel Department has teamed up with local groups to roll out the "599 Pingxi/Shifen Experience Tour" on Feb The tour will take participants to explore places such as the Jingtong Japanese-style dormitories The tour also includes interesting DIY activities and the opportunity to release rabbit-silhouetted sky lanterns or pink heart sky lanterns The limit on the number of participants for the 599 Pingxi/Shifen Experience Tour is 1,000. Registration for the tour began at 12:00 p.m. Wednesday on the 2023 Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival website traffic control measures will be enforced from 10 a.m Departure shuttle bus services will be provided from 9 a.m and the return bus service will end at 11 p.m The bus fare for getting on the shuttle bus from the Taipei Zoo is NT$50 while the bus fare will be NT$15 from stops within Pingxi District The shuttle bus service will be provided for free at Shuangxi Railway Station from 12 p.m.-8 p.m. and the return bus service for this route will end at 8:30 p.m For more information, check the official event website Man wades through flooded Taipei street on July 10 8959TAIPEI (Taiwan News) — Taipei’s Daan and Xinyi Districts experienced heavy rain on Wednesday (July 10) leading to temporary flooding on Songren Road and Wuxing Street From 1 p.m. to 3 p.m., the Central Weather Administration (CWA) issued flash flood and thunderstorm alerts for Taipei The CWA advised residents in those cities to stay away from the waterside.  Taipei upgraded its Emergency Operations Center to Level 2 in the afternoon, reported CNA There was flooding on some road sections in Xinyi District The weather bureau also issued a heavy rain alert for mountainous areas including New Taipei's Xizhi and Shiding districts and Taipei's Shilin District Fuzhoushan in Taipei's Daan District had 103 mm of rain Taipei Municipal Luguang Junior High School in Xinyi District recorded 126.5 mm of rain over three hours Flooding was also seen in the Xinyi Road Section 5 underpass It was temporarily closed as water accumulation reached a depth of 50 cm.  According to the Taipei City Fire Department flooding on Lane 243 of Songren Road subsided by 2:30 p.m water leaked from the ceiling of the Taipei Metro's Zhongxiao Fuxing Station Staff used buckets to catch the water and cordoned off the area An orange heavy rain advisory remains in place through the evening for Taipei A yellow heavy rain advisory is in effect through the night for Taoyuan The yellow alert is also in place for mountainous areas of Yunlin County Typhoon Gaemi postpones full reopening of Taiwan train services Tainan experiences substantial flooding in downtown district Taiwan donates NT$6 million to Brazil state for disaster relief Taiwan donates US$50,000 to Brazilian state for disaster relief Taiwan issues heavy rain advisories for 11 counties 2 weather fronts to bring rain to Taiwan this week Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker