Ukraine is also grateful for your personal commitment," President Volodymyr Zelensky said  (Updated:  May 6, 2025 2:23 am)Drones target Moscow second night in a row, Russian official claims. Debris from one of the drones reportedly fell on the Kashirskoye Highway The reported attack comes just days before Russia's Victory Day parade and three-day "truce." MPs will be able to ask questions and learn more about the details of the agreement in meetings with Economy Minister Yulia Svyrydenko May 6-7 MP Serhii Sobolev told the news outlet Suspilne The ratification vote is scheduled for May 8 Attacks against the border villages of Bilopillia and Vorozhba damaged civilian infrastructure and triggered emergency evacuations the regional military administration reported "I look forward to working with President Erdogan on getting the ridiculous war between Russia and Ukraine ended — now!" U.S Putin's Victory Day truce "doesn't sound like much if you know where we started from," Trump told reporters at the White House on May 5 Far-right Euroskeptic candidate George Simion head of the Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) Bucharest Mayor Nicusor Dan placed second with 20.99% of the vote and the candidate from the ruling coalition "It requires the continuation of contacts between Moscow and Washington which have been launched and are now ongoing," Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov said set to operate within the Council of Europe will focus on Russia's political and military leaders up to 20 Russian soldiers were killed and their equipment destroyed The move represents an apparent violation of United Nations Security Council resolutions passed in the wake of North Korea's intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) tests "We are ready to deepen our contribution to the training of the Ukrainian military," Czech Prime Minister Petr Fiala said on May 5 by Kateryna DenisovaThe view on the Dnipro River from a destroyed building on an island in Kherson (Viacheslav Ratynskyi/Anadolu via Getty Images)Russian troops are storming the Kherson direction in an attempt to gain a foothold on some islands in the Dnipro River delta the spokesperson for the Ukrainian military's Southern Command Russian forces are trying to conduct attacks near the Kozatskyi and Kruhlyk islands His comments came after Kherson Oblast Governor Oleksandr Prokudin told the Financial Times that Russia "wants to launch another offensive" in the direction of Kherson Kherson and other regional settlements west of the Dnipro River have been subjected to near-daily Russian strikes since Ukraine liberated the area in November 2022, and Russian troops were pushed to the river's east bank Russia has assembled "300 boats to cross the river" Prokudin said in an article published earlier on Dec The estimated advance of Russian forces in Kherson Oblast as of Dec (DeepState/OpenStreetMaps)Voloshyn confirmed this claim adding that Moscow's attack attempts have failed and resulted in losses "Their goal is to capture a certain foothold, hold it and bring as much of our forces and means as possible," he said Russia is now training its forcing assault groups in occupied territories of Zaporizhzhia and Kherson oblasts Moscow's troops are practicing how to cross water obstacles and transfer landing groups "There has not been a single successful attempt at this assault or enemy crossing in a month. The Ukrainian Defense Forces are now reliably defending the city of Kherson and Kherson Oblast, and the entire right bank," Voloshyn told Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Ukraine has faced a challenging situation in its defense of the front line where Russia has consistently concentrated its offensive potential Ukraine has also been building heavy fortifications near the southern city of Zaporizhzhia in preparations for a potential Russian offensive in the region. Kateryna Denisova works as a News Editor at the Kyiv Independent. She previously worked as a news editor at the NV media outlet for four years, covering mainly Ukrainian and international politics. Kateryna holds a bachelor’s degree in journalism from Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv. She also was a fellow at journalism schools in the Czech Republic and Germany. Volume 12 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1301435 We studied the development of commercial and recreational fishing on the Kakhovske Reservoir (aka Kakhovka) and the Dnipro (aka Dnieper) River lowlands in 2020–2023 The fish assemblage of the Kakhovske Reservoir is under consideration for the period 1956–2021 The dynamics of the fish population transformation and the emergence of new invasive species are given The losses in Kakhovske Reservoir’s ecosystem services as a result of the Kakhovska Hydroelectric Power Plant’s (HPP) Dam explosion in June 2023 are analyzed The states and prospects for local recreational and commercial fishing development are assessed By field research and monitoring observations of the Kakhovske Reservoir and the Dnipro River lowland using the Earth remote sensing data it was established that 2 months after the accident the area of the remained reservoir water surface was ∼430 km2 (about 19% of the initial which do not have a water connection between each other The draining of the Kakhovske Reservoir caused an ecological disaster for about 40 species and subspecies of fish The total monetary losses of commercial fishing are about $5.5 million annually Losses in fishery from the vanishing of spawning grounds are estimated at 20,000 tons of fish resources (∼$40 million) The negative consequences of the loss of the Kakhovske Reservoir aquatic ecosystems will affect the socio-economic development of the entire South of Ukraine for a long time Among the major ecosystem services lost is the cessation of water supply Ukraine’s priority issues are the post-war rehabilitation of the country One of the urgent problems will be the feasibility of reconstruction of the Kakhovska HPP’s Dam and restoration of the Reservoir Biodiversity is a basis for the efficient and sustainable ecosystem functions that provide many ecosystem services and it should be considered for the post-war recovery and development of Ukraine 543 conflicts were recorded in which 285 times water was used as a trigger The majority of these recorded cases are in the Russian-Ukrainian and Palestinian-Israeli wars Figure 1. World statistics on water conflicts and their forms (according to Water Conflict Chronology, 2024) It should be noted that in the history of the Ukrainian state, there has already been a case of destruction of a large hydroelectric facility. To impede the movement of German troops during World War II, the Dnieper Dam was blown up in 1941 (Figure 2) at the height of the war and during the post-war reconstruction period the impact of the reservoir’s emptying on the loss of ecosystem services and ecological catastrophe for the environment was hardly investigated The fortunate choice of the location of the hydrosystem site within the canyon-type area did not cause significant flooding in the area compared to other plain-type reservoirs Industrialisation and rapid post-war development of the country’s economy made it possible to rebuild the hydraulic structure and restore the reservoir within a short period of 4 years (1944–1947) An overview map of Ukraine and general characteristics of the Dnieper Reservoir Cascade Ecological disasters due to the explosion of the Kakhovska HPP Dam may lead to significant changes in the structure of communities not only of fish but also of their parasites How this may affect the fishery’s ecosystem services cannot yet be predicted The volume of commercial fishing in the Dnipro Reservoirs Cascade declined in half and in the Black and Azov Seas by more than 80% All this has led to negative consequences in recreational and commercial fishing and therefore in the food that freshwater ecosystems provide humans as an ecosystem service reproduction activities and resource use become more complicated The purpose of our research is to study the consequences of the Kakhovske Reservoir drainage and preliminary assess the loss in fishery and ecosystem services of the Dnipro River Delta and the area of the former reservoir In 2020–2023, we studied the development of industrial and recreational fishing in the Kakhovske Reservoir and the lowlands of the Dnipro River. The research was based on theoretical (retrospective review, comparative analysis, mathematical modeling, and forecasting), field, and experimental methods. Official data from the Departments of the State Agency of Land Reclamation and Fisheries of Ukraine (State Agency, 2023) were used During the assessment of environmental consequences and economic losses caused to the fishery the following research methods were used: analytical–a collection of information from official sources of enterprises and institutions that carried out economic activities control and monitoring observations of the reservoir; hydrobiological–determination of the species composition of fish and other hydrobionts; statistical–qualitative and quantitative assessment of industrially valuable ichthyofauna and the economic losses caused to the fishery; geo-informational–assessment of the modern hydrological regime of the river within the reservoir; to determine the spatial layout quantitative and qualitative characteristics of water bodies which were formed after the drainage of the reservoir; predictive–assessment of the potential transformation of the biodiversity in the ecosystems over time under various conditions of further development of the water management industry in Ukraine According to the UN document « Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: Synthesis» (2005) a variety of ecosystem services (ES) that people obtained from the Kakhovske Reservoir and which were lost as a result of its destruction in 2023 Research on the state of recreational fishing was conducted in the following directions: a) accounting of recreational fishers (fishing trips); b) collection of information on qualitative and quantitative indicators of catches (Lockwood et al., 1999; Grati et al., 2021; Buzevych et al., 2022) The number of fishing trips was recorded at different times of the day The fishers who were fishing simultaneously during the accounting period in the studied area of the reservoir were subject to accounting In addition to our observations, the interview method of field survey (Giovos et al., 2018; Novitskyi et al., 2022) was used to collect primary information and study some social aspects of recreational fishing The number of fishing trips for a certain period (month, season, year) was calculated according to the average daily indicator for the given period and the number of days in the period Formula (1): One completed fishing trip corresponds to one recreational fishing effort applied by one recreational fisher and is evaluated in fishing hours. One fishing effort covers the time from arrival at the fishing site to departure. Fishing hours reflect the total amount of time in hours spent on fishing by amateur fishers for a certain period on the reservoir (or its area) (Maksymenko, 2015) The fishing effort of recreational fishing was calculated according to Formula (2): E–the fishing effort of recreational fishing calculated for the period p (fishing hours); h¯–average duration of completed fishing (hours) The assessment of losses in industrial and recreational fishing in the Kakhovske Reservoir due to the complete drainage of littoral areas and the loss of spawning grounds, biotopes for the feeding period of young fish, and feed base for the development of fish farming was carried out according to the following methods. Following the well-described methods (Methodology, 1995) the calculation of spawning productivity for a specific type of fish was made based on the expected industrial return from the ratio: Psp–fish productivity of spawning grounds by industrial return kg/ha; B–total industrial stock for 2023 tons; d–coefficient that takes into account the share of breeders in the industrial stock; Q–average fertility thousands of eggs; k–industrial return from caviar $; Fi–damage area of spawning grounds ha; W–cost of 1 kg of fish at market prices in the region in June 2023 The calculation was based on the condition that Fi = Fsp It should be noted that today the continuation of military activities in the southern and eastern parts of Ukraine on the left bank of the Dnipro River within Kherson and part of Zaporizhzhia regions and in the Dnipro River’s estuary is the limiting factor for the field research It makes having direct access to the entire water area and conducting thorough comprehensive research impossible The Kakhovske Reservoir was built and filled with water in 1955–1958 it was the second largest (after Kremenchutske one) with an area of 2,155 km2 and more than 18 km3 of fresh water The throughput capacity of the Kakhovska HPP was 2,600 m3/s water exchange of the reservoir occurred 2–3 times a year the recent water exchange of the Kakhovske Reservoir in some years was less than 1 time per year On 6 June 2023, the Kakhovska HPP Dam was destroyed. According to the Ukrainian Hydro-meteorological Institute of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kakhovske Reservoir, 2023) on 17 June 2023 the total water surface area of the remained shallow areas in the Kakhovske Reservoir together with the restored watercourse of the Dnipro was 655.9 km2 (31.8% of its initial area) the complete emptying of the reservoir and the full stop of further intensive discharge of water through the destroyed Kakhovska HPP was recorded The use of the LandViewer of the EOSDA portal allowed us to monitor the water area of the Kakhovske Reservoir and the lowlands of the Dnipro River employing Earth remote sensing data (RSE). It was established that 2 months after the accident, the area of the remained water surface of the reservoir was ∼430 km2 (about 19%) from the initial, including the restored watercourse of the Dnipro River (Figure 3) a significant part of it falls on disconnected water bodies of the former reservoir which occupy an area of about 300 km2 and continue to decrease and vegetation is actively developing in the reservoir bed Drainage of the Kakhovske Reservoir near the city of Zaporizhzhia (12 July 2023 1 month after the destruction of the HEP dam) Recreation and ecotourism are the most valuable cultural services Main losses of ecosystem services in the former Kakhovske Reservoir Structural and functional characteristics of fish assemblage in the former Kakhovske Reservoir The catch and sale of aquatic bioresources from the Kakhovske Reservoir in the pre-war period provided no less than 22% of freshwater fish harvest (Novitskyi and Horchanok, 2022) on the market of Ukraine. In terms of commercial fish catch, the Kakhovske Reservoir took second place in the overall harvest in the Dnipro Reservoirs Cascade (after the Kremenchutske Reservoir) (Figure 6) Harvest of aquatic biological resources in the Dnipro Reservoir Cascade Commercial fishing (fishery) was based on 20 industrially valuable fish species, among which the main share of Golden carp and herbivorous fish–Silver carp and Spotted silver carp (Figure 7) Average long-term share of Golden carp and herbivorous fish in the commercial catches at the Dnipro Reservoir Cascade Following the above-mentioned methods of loss calculating in the fishing industry it was established that the average long-term commercial catch of fish in the Kakhovske Reservoir was in the range of 2,500–3,000 tons per year Taking into account the current prices for fresh fish in Ukraine in 2023 the total loss in monetary value amounts to about $5.5 million per year Losses of fisheries from the disappearance of spawning grounds are estimated at 20,000 tons of fish (∼$40 million) recreational fishing–40%–45% and illegal fishing–at least 25%–30% of the total harvest Thus, recreational fishing is a powerful factor to be considered in nature management, competing with industrial freshwater fishing in Ukraine. Our study notes that recreational fishers caught 34 species in the Kakhovske Reservoir. The ratio of the main commercial fish species in commercial and recreational fish catches is presented in Figure 8 Golden (Prussian) carp was found as dominant in amateur catches Main fish species in the catches at the Kakhovske Reservoir: (A) commercial catch Proportion of catch of main fish species in the Kakhovske Reservoir: (A) commercial catch According to the obtained data on the upper and middle parts of the Kakhovske Reservoir the largest number of fishing trips per year is concentrated in the 1 section of the reservoir (41%) and floodplains (35% of the total number of trips) The upper part of the Kakhovske Reservoir is up to 28% of the reservoir water surface area but this part of the reservoir has the largest number of fishing trips–53% of the total accounted number (3.2 fishing trips/ha) The lowest number of trips falls on the lower part of the reservoir–19% Indicators of recreational fishers visits to the Kakhovka Reservoir in 2000–2021 The average duration of completed fishing at the Kakhovske Reservoir depending on the season and place The destruction of the Kakhovske Reservoir Dam in June 2023 caused an ecological disaster for about 40 species and subspecies of fish. In general, more than 11,000 tons of fish were lost due to the impact of sudden drainage, and estimated losses from disruptions of ecosystem services reach about $270 million (State Agency, 2023) data on the ecological losses in the Kakhovske Reservoir from the destruction of the fishery including in financial terms are presented Summarized data on ecological losses in the fishing at the Kakhovske Reservoir It should be noted that the research covered shallow water areas of 9,313 ha throughout the reservoir which ensures their high reliability and representativeness the obtained results can be extrapolated to the entire water area of the reservoir and partly to the Dnipro River Delta He also claims that the sudden desalination of significant water masses in the Dnipro estuary could contribute to the destruction of rare species populations protected by the Red List of Ukraine and the IUCN which lived there and in the Dnipro-Buh estuary ecosystem in general On 18 June 2023, the complete emptying of the reservoir and ending of further intensive evacuation of water through the Kakhovska HPP was recorded. The death of hydrobionts continues in the newly-formed isolated lakes: part of the Balabinsk Bay, lakes in the Khortytsia Island floodplain, parts of the rivers Sukha Moskovka, Mokra Moskovka, Yanchekrak, Konka, Karachekrak and others (Figure 12) Fish mortality in the Kakhovske Reservoir near the village of Lysogirka on the 10th day after the HPP destruction) which increases significantly the number of potential losses of fish farming in the Kakhovske Reservoir Calculations of feed base losses in the reservoir may also be underestimated because it is impossible to calculate the exact amount of zoobenthos species loss. In 1996–2000, the reservoir was classified as medium or highly nutritious in terms of the level of forage zoobenthos development. The average fish capacity in the Kakhovske Reservoir assessed by zoobenthos was 632.7 kg/ha (Report, 2001) These species can displace native flora and fauna leading to a loss of natural local biodiversity A significant social-economic problem of increasing water salinity in the water system of the Dnipro-Buza estuary region may cause a change in the water management status of the Dnipro outflow According to the annual reports of the Department of Ecology and Natural Resources in the Kherson region, on average, about 1,035 million m3 of Dnipro water is used for drinking, sanitary and hygienic, production, agricultural and other needs (Korzhov and Kucheriava, 2018) Water from the outflow of the Dnipro is ly used for water supply in more than 30 settlements it will take at least 10–12 years to restore stocks of the main commercial aquatic biological resources to the state that preceded the disaster special attention is paid to such an ecosystem service of the Kakhovske Reservoir as recreational fishing which is a type of active recreation on the water and is also a powerful factor in nature management The scale of recreational fishing in the water area of the Kakhovske Reservoir and the lowlands of the Dnipro can be evidenced by the following fact: before 24 February 2022 about 55,000 small-sized fleet vehicles (boats and cutters) were registered in the state registration authorities in the Zaporizhzhia region Before the explosion of the Kakhovska HPP dam, recreational fishers caught 800–1,100 tons of fish annually in the Kakhovske Reservoir (Novitsky, 2015) which was at least 25%–33% of the commercial fishery The draining of the Kakhovske Reservoir will make it impossible or reduce drastically recreational fishing and yachting for almost 800,000 fishers in the Zaporizhzhia These annual losses of fishery ecosystem services can reach millions of dollars The post-war restoration of Ukraine, its degraded lands, territories, and water areas, and ensuring food security are today’s top priority issues. 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