Metrics details The quantitative assessment of the carbonate system represents one of the biggest challenges toward the "Sustainable Development Goals" defined by the United Nations in 2015 the present study investigated the Spatio-temporal dynamics of the carbonate system and the effects of the El Niño and La Niña phenomena over the Cabo Frio upwelling area The physical characterization of the site was carried out through data on wind speed and sea surface temperature Water samples were also collected during the oceanographic cruise onboard the Diadorim R/V (Research Vessel) the parameters of absolute and practical salinity The highest average concentration of bicarbonate in S1 (2018 µmol/kg) seems to contribute to the dissolved inorganic carbon values (2203 µmol/kg) and carbonate were higher on the surface of each station (calcite saturation state = 4.80–5.48; aragonite saturation state = 3.10–3.63 The mean values of pH were similar in the day/night samples (7.96/7.97) The whole carbonate system was calculated through thermodynamic modeling with the Marine Chemical Analysis (AQM) program loaded with the results of the following parameters: temperature This manuscript presents original data on the carbonate system and the "acidification" process influenced by the Cabo Frio upwelling which directly depends on the El Niño and La Niña phenomena oscillations in the sea surface temperature This is conditioned to the power of events that affect the tropical and subtropical cyclone and anticyclone systems changing the intensity of the winds nearby the upwelling region and leading to an increase in the SST The influence of these phenomena in the Cabo Frio upwelling region has not yet been fully understood nor have their implications for the carbonate saturation state This experiment is part of an extensive study on the feasibility of implementing a unified protocol in a monitoring program for the acidification of coastal and offshore areas of the Brazilian ocean The present investigation originally elucidates the space–time dynamics of the carbonate system in the Cabo Frio resurgence and assesses La Niña and El Niño in the resurgence phenomenon Study area. Sampling stations are represented by dots and respective numbers (S1, S2, S3, and S4). This map was generated with the ArcMap software v. 10.8.2 (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/about-arcgis/overview) The authors found that when the SASA shifts poleward the SAM was in a positive phase of La Niña the SAM was in a negative phase during El Niño The wind speeds observed across Brazil can also describe this shift in the SASA pattern The data series of SST weekly averages referred to the period between 1994 and 2016 (data from the Admiral Paulo Moreira Marine Research Institute—IEAPM) Trend curves were also obtained relating the average wind velocity with the SST Pearson's R2 coefficient was used to assess data correlation The sampling campaign involved a two-scale analysis. The spatial scale was held perpendicular to the coastline (S1–S4), Fig. 1 The ship was anchored in station 12 for 12 h for the temporal scale Both campaigns were performed on the same day water was sampled from the surface (~ 3 m) between 6:30 and 10:00 h (UTC) using a pump adapted to a hose without forming bubbles The other water samples below the surface were collected through a Niskin bottle of 10 L for the middle (half of the total depth) and bottom (~ 5 m above the seafloor) the surface water samples were collected hourly (12 samples total) while middle and bottom water samples were collected in alternate hours: 13 were performed with a CTD vessel (Midas Valeport) The AQM is a package of thermodynamic equations which can predict the complex composition of the marine carbonate system This package is based on measurements that can be relatively inexpensively (pH reducing the overall costs of ocean acidification monitoring programs The AQM program is available upon request to the corresponding author’s email Non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test was chosen for comparisons between groups All statistical tests were performed using the Statistica 7.0 software (TIBCO) with a significance level set at p < 0.05 A Thermo Scientific Orion Star potentiometer coupled to the Orion glass reference electrode cell model 8102BNUWP was used for potentiometric determinations The pH electrode was calibrated daily with "Tris" buffer (0.04 m) for sample readings (maximum 12 samples per day) Due to the reduced number of samples per day the short period of the oceanographic cruise and the constant working conditions (electricity source we chose to verify the electrode performance at the beginning and the end of the oceanographic cruise The electrode's percent efficiency ranged between 99.49 and 99.54% concerning the theoretical Nernst value (59 mV) More details are available in hydrogen potential (pH) The normalized total alkalinity (NTA) was obtained by the AQM program using the equation: NTA (µmol/kg) = TA (µmol/kg) × 35/Salinity (g/kg) where 35 was assumed to be the representative salinity of the water masses The total pH of the water samples collected during the cruise was determined in the "wet laboratory" as follows: pHT (= − log([H+] + [(HSO4−]/co) where co is the thermodynamic concentration (1 mol/kg-soln) The internal solution of the combined pH electrode was filled up with 0.7 m NaCl to reduce the potential liquid junction. The electrode's electromotive force (emf) was related to the molar concentration of the proton [H+], as shown in Eq. (2) \({lnk}_{B}^{*}\)53 \({lnk}_{Si}^{*}\)54 \({lnk}_{1}^{*}\)(H3PO4)55 \({lnk}_{2}^{*}\) (\({H}_{2}{PO}_{4}^{-}\))55 \({lnk}_{3}^{*}\) (\({HPO}_{4}^{2-}\))55 \({lnk}_{2}^{*}\) (\({CO}_{3}^{2-}\))56 The CO2 flux equation between oceans and the atmosphere is defined between aqueous CO2 and saturated CO2, defined as follows (Eq. 3): Temperature of the longitudinal samples from the surface, middle, and bottom of the water column. Salinity of the longitudinal samples from the surface, middle, and bottom of the water column. Dissolved oxygen in the longitudinal samples from the surface Wind velocity at quadrants SW and NE (blue line) with the respective variation of sea surface temperature (SST) at the Cabo Frio/RJ upwelling area (circle with a vertical bar in red), showing the average temperature and the standard deviation between 09/2006 and 12/2016, according to mild (Weak), and moderate to strong (Mod. to Str.) El Niño and La Niña events. Temperature Grid of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) at the Cabo Frio upwelling obtained by Kriging the SST data (1995–2016) Blue spots (cold): longer-term and intensity of the upwelling phenomenon Red blots (hot): longer-term and intensity of temperature anomalies Ellipse: SST in the period correspondent to the sampling campaign Hachured rectangle: Str—increased wind magnitude period (from 2010 to 2016); Weak—absence of the events of a mild El Niño (from 2012 to 2013); and Mod To Str—moderate to strong winds (from 2006 to 2010) but on a larger time scale as the El Niño periods considering stronger winds responsible for changes in the resurgence process pattern generating reflexes in the resurgence process local The author also found that the Cabo Frio resurgence phenomenon is related to the frequency of the El Niño and La Niña events causing changes in SST and the wind dynamics throughout the seasons affecting the nutrient transport and dispersion from the sea bottom to the surface in the upwelling vicinity Quantile–Quantile plot (QQ-plot) displaying the SST and Wind Velocity data distribution from 2006 to 2016 in the Cabo Frio upwelling area Greenline: NE wind intensity trend curve; blue line: SW wind intensity trend curve pH and Alkalinity of the longitudinal samples from the surface Calcite saturation state (ΩCalcite) and carbonate concentration (µmol/kg) of the longitudinal samples from the water column's surface characterizing the effects of the intense El Niño on the Cabo Frio upwelling system Temporal sampling. Temperature (°C), salinity (psu), aragonite, and calcite saturation state. X-axis: hour–day. Y-axis: coordinates of stations. Z-axis: Depth-m. Data sampled from 1:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m. on the 20th and 21st of January 2016. Dissolved Oxygen (µmol/kg) and Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure (atm) All these authors suggested the corrosive effect of upwelled waters (pH < 7.75 and ΩAr < 1.0) The El Niño Southern Oscillation might affect the upwelling intensity by raising the SST This climate phenomenon influences the carbonate system since these parameters are affected by SACW Calcium carbonate seems responsible for the increased values of TA in all studied stations DIC was influenced by bicarbonate concentrations from upwelled waters the effect of sunlight on the carbonate system parameters over 12 h was not observed the results of our study emphasize the importance of ENOS phenomena and the nodal cycle should be considered in studies of acidification of the oceans in resurgence areas Interdisciplinary studies with the implementation of a specific protocol for temporal and seasonal scales are necessary to understand the effects on biota and support climate change models The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request Inventory of water masses and carbonate system from Brazilian’s northeast coast: Monitoring ocean acidification Variability and transport of inorganic carbon dioxide in a tropical estuary Chester, R. 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Plankton trophic structure and particulate organic carbon production during a coastal downwelling-upwelling cycle. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07458 (2008) Allemand, D., Tambutté, É., Zoccola, D. & Tambutté, S. Coral calcification, cells to reefs. in Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition 119–150 (Springer Netherlands, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0114-4_9 The Omega myth: What really drives lower calcification rates in an acidifying ocean Proton channels in algae: Reasons to be excited Ocean acidification as a multiple driver: How interactions between changing seawater carbonate parameters affect marine life Calcium carbonate saturation state: On myths and this or that stories An inter-laboratory comparison assessing the quality of seawater carbon dioxide measurements Component-specific dynamics of riverine mangrove CO2 efflux in the Florida coastal Everglades Seasonal variability of the effect of coral reefs on seawater CO2 and air-sea CO2Exchange The partial pressure of carbon dioxide and air–sea fluxes in the northern South China Sea in spring On the seasonal variation of air–sea CO2 fluxes in the outer Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary Variability of the gas transfer velocity of CO2 in a macrotidal estuary (the Scheldt) Observations of pCO2 in the coastal upwelling off Chile: Spatial and temporal extrapolation using satellite data Download references or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript Postgraduate Program in Dynamics of Oceans and Earth Thaise Machado Senez Mello & Nicole Silva Caliman Monteiro Anderson Araújo Rocha & Raimundo Nonato Damasceno Sedimentary and Environmental Processes Laboratory (LAPSA) Admiral Paulo Moreira Marine Research Institute Ricardo Coutinho & Lohengrin Dias de Almeida Fernandes Ecosystems and Global Change Laboratory (LEMG) International Laboratory of Global Change (LINCGlobal) All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript All authors read and approved the final manuscript The authors declare no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31479-x Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science Below are the main opportunities that have been announced ANTAQ published the tender for the first block of port terminals to be leased in 2024 REC09 and REC10) are located in the Recife Port (Pernambuco) the RDJ06 terminal is located in the Rio de Janeiro Port and the RIG10 terminal is in the Rio Grande do Sul Port Each terminal will be leased under the simplified model with a maximum term of 10 years and no possibility of extension the total amount to be invested in these areas is BRL 89.7 million a) The Port Authority responsible for managing public ports in the state of Rio de Janeiro published two tenders with the aim of identifying legal entities—under public or private law—interested in presenting projects to be implemented at Porto do Forno (Tender No both located in the state of Rio de Janeiro The aim of the tenders is to identify the potential uses for those port areas in order to assist the Port Authority in preparing future tender procedures and suggestions for improving the technical and legal documents relating to the tenders for the lease of port terminal VDC04 The auction in question will have the highest grant value as a criteria with an investment forecast of BRL 13 million and has a 10-year contract with no possibility of extension ANTAQ approved the opening of a public consultation and public hearing for port terminals RDJ07 The public consultation for RDJ07 (located in Rio de Janeiro Port state of Rio de Janeiro) will be from March 25 to May 8 and will receive an investment of BRL 101.7 million during the course of the 25-year contract There is still no forecast for the opening of the public consultation for MCP01 (Santana Port which will move and store solid vegetable bulk A total of BRL 84.6 million will be invested over 25 years The public consultation period for MUC04 (Fortaleza Port Ceará) will be from March 21 to May 19 in addition to the 16 lease bids by the federal government—totaling BRL 8.2 billion—ANTAQ plans to hold tenders for three projects in Paranaguá the Ministry of Ports and Airports expects to hold 35 auctions The most awaited projects are the mineral dry-bulk terminal in Itaguaí (Rio de Janeiro) with BRL 2.73 billion; the Itajaí (Santa Catarina) port with BRL 2.87 billion in investments; and the dredging of the Paranaguá (Paraná) access channel with more than BRL 1 billion in investments Analysis of fishery data and interviews with artisanal fishers confirmed replacement of large species by others that are less valuable commercially and 37 species were considered overfished (dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus; photo: Diego Delso/Wikimedia Commons) By Karina Ninni  |  Agência FAPESP – In an article published in the journal PLOS ONE Brazilian scientists show that one of the effects of overfishing in Arraial do Cabo is the replacement of valuable large species by smaller species for which there used to be little demand the decline in stocks of Pomatomus saltatrix (bluefish) Caranx hippos (crevalle jack) and Seriola fasciata (lesser amberjack) has been followed by an increase in the capture of less commercially valuable but more abundant species Aluterus monoceros (unicorn leatherjacket) and Priacanthus arenatus (Atlantic bigeye) the authors note that fishers have to spend longer at sea to obtain the same yields as in the past and that the youngest are switching to other sources of income such as tourism and are often encouraged by their families to quit fishing Concentrating on large-bodied fish can cause the decline of top predators such as groupers and even lead to local extinction of some species a researcher at the Federal University of Santa Maria’s Marine Macroecology and Conservation Laboratory Also signed by Vinicius J. Giglio Fernandes, a researcher at the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) with a postdoctoral scholarship from FAPESP the article confirms the existence of a well-known trend scholars refer to as fishing down the food web “The decline in stocks of higher trophic-level species [larger species and apex predators] leads to more fishing of smaller-bodied species at a lower trophic level Overfishing eventually leads to concentration on the smallest species at the bottom of the food chain we had already highlighted the decline in several mesopredator species [mid-level carnivores] by combining local fishers’ knowledge and landing data we’ve shown how upper-level species are being overfished in Arraial do Cabo and the average size of landed species is decreasing,” said Mariana G who heads UFSM’s Marine Macroecology and Conservation Laboratory and is last author of the article the researchers used mean trophic level (MTL) as a metric and set out to estimate its decline in a 16-year time series it’s a sign that we’re fishing many more low-level species,” Fogliarini said “We had some difficulty with MTL because it’s a general metric that takes into account the mean trophic level of landed biomass and its variation over time So we divided MTL into four categories: all landed species; species from a trophic level [TL] above 4; TL equal to 3.5 or higher; and TL below 3.5.” The researchers observed a downtrend in MTL and landings of species with a TL above 4 and with a TL equal to 3.5 or higher “Catches with a TL above 4 tended to rise and then fall sharply,” Bender said “This means landings of species with a TL above 4 were indeed declining and they tended to be replaced by species with a lower TL.” The study also suggests that assessing changes on the basis of a single indicator may mask results and that the use of several approaches The researchers interviewed 155 artisanal fishers in Figueira corresponding to 10.3% of the artisanal fisher communities concerned They classified the interviewees into four groups: less experienced (under 20 years of experience) “Fishers with more years of experience recognized a significantly larger number of overfished species than those with fewer years of experience,” Fogliarini said “We observed the same pattern for the number of species recognized as target species the more species mentioned as new targets of local fishing.” The researchers identified 37 species as being overfished led by bluefish in all experience categories (45%) but grouper and crevalle jack were most cited by the most experienced group “They’ve fished grouper in the region for many decades and it’s important to the local economy Grouper and crevalle jack have always been highly valued there but both species are increasingly scarce,” Bender said Beltfish ranked second among overfished species and first among new target species “According to the most experienced fishers the species initially had no value and was buried in the sand when landed as bycatch but a market gradually emerged for the species which became a new target and was eventually overfished,” Fogliarini noted The second most cited species among new targets was gray triggerfish followed by Argentine conger (Conger orbignianus) crevalle jack and lesser amberjack was confirmed by the landing data we were able to access,” Fogliarini said “We also found that the younger fishers reported new target species more than the older ones and this also matched the most recent landing data we had.” the reasons for overfishing were rising numbers of fishers and fishing boats the presence of industrial fishing vessels in the area and unsustainable fishing techniques such as trawling and purse seining Marine fishery data from the Rio de Janeiro Fishery Monitoring Project for the period January-June 2020 shows that 59.9% of the artisanal catch in Arraial do Cabo was obtained by purse seining with a skiff hauling out the net from the fishing boat to surround the fish they use several skiffs and pull the net to the beach where they surround the fish and haul them to the beach This is highly predatory because it catches a lot of pregnant females,” Fogliarini said the monitoring project data analyzed by the researchers was for too short a period (16 years and more recent data exists but they did not have access to it More assertive public policy is needed to assure continuous monitoring as well as data production and availability in the sense that it isn’t done everywhere and it isn’t continuous It should ideally be periodic [once a month for example] and include inspection of landings at various points of the coast because catches vary in terms of composition from one place to another,” Bender said it should be based on species and be as detailed as possible avoiding the use of common or popular names which is the current methodology and makes it hard to construct stock scenarios for the entire coast There may be several species in a generic category such as ‘grouper’ which anyway refers to different species in Bahia and Santa Catarina states Common names can change from one region to another.” “Few initiatives try to reach the consumer and yet it’s demand that determines what’s caught,” she said A lot remains to be done to reach a reasonable level of awareness about fish consumption.” Painel Mar, an organization funded by FAPESP, among others, published a handbook on the topic in 2020 (Guia de Consumo Consciente de Pescado da Costa do Descobrimento) The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) published a similar document in 2017 December 26, 2021JPEG December 26, 2021JPEG Beachgoers in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro contended in late 2021 with unwelcome ocean-dwelling visitors countless microscopic phytoplankton amassed along the coast The bloom—known as a red tide or harmful algal bloom (HAB) event—was unusually widespread and long-lived Phytoplankton blooms are common this time of year in Rio but they typically contain species that are beneficial to the ecosystem harmful algal blooms can show up any time of year usually spurred by sewage effluents and heat waves; they tend to be small and last no longer than a few days This red tide event spanned more than 200 kilometers of the coastline and lasted more than eight weeks “It is very worrying,” said Priscila Lange of the Department of Meteorology Some species in a red tide can produce toxins but those species have not been observed in the Rio bloom Lange called the bloom “worrying” because of its likely impact on the marine food web From September to January of most years (spring and summer in South America) nutrient-rich water wells up from the depths of the ocean off Arraial do Cabo replacing surface waters that have been pushed offshore by winds and the Coriolis effect The abundance of nutrients and sunlight at the ocean surface triggers blooms of diatoms and other phytoplankton which are soon consumed by zooplankton and fish larvae Marine currents push the upwelled water masses west toward the city of Rio de Janeiro blue water off Rio usually turns cold and dark green Lange and colleagues think six weeks of cloudiness and rain hampered the usual growth of diatoms and small flagellates leaving the waters off Rio transparent and brimming with nutrients When the skies finally cleared in early November ample sunlight and low turbulence set the stage for the red tide etc.—bloomed like crazy!” Lange said The first visual observations of red tide were made on November 3 then confirmed by water samples taken from a beach in Rio on November 16 The water off Rio’s beaches quickly became very dark In early December, the red tide reached Arraial do Cabo and “darkened the waters of Rio’s most pristine scuba dive paradise,” Lange said. Satellite images from December 5 show the red-brown water spanning the length of the coastline between the two cities By late December, the bloom was fading but remained visible to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite which acquired these images on December 26 The bloom shows up in the natural-color image (left) as a faint dark swirl of water extending away from the coast An even fainter patch is visible to the left of the swirl The bloom is more distinct in the false-color image (right) shades of green depict concentrations of chlorophyll-a the primary pigment used by phytoplankton to capture sunlight The darkest shades of green show areas with the greatest chlorophyll concentrations Lange and colleagues will continue to observe how the bloom progresses the process of decomposition by bacteria can deplete the water of oxygen (hypoxia) and cause fish kills the red tide species can replace other phytoplankton species that usually support a region’s fish and marine food webs NASA Earth Observatory images by Lauren Dauphin, using MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview. Story by Kathryn Hansen View this area in EO Explorer long-lived phytoplankton bloom off the coast of Brazil plant-like organisms reproduce abundantly when there are sufficient nutrients Extreme blooms of certain species can become harmful to marine animals and humans Shades of green and blue blend in subtle swirls in this photo-like image of a phytoplankton bloom off the west coast of Iceland taken on June 24 The ad-free version is ready for purchase on iOS mobile app today we couldn't find that page";var n=e.querySelector("h2");return n&&n.remove(),{staticContent:e,title:t}},d=function(e){var t=document.createElement("button");return t.innerText=e,t.classList.add("error-page-button"),t},f=function(e){var t=document.createElement("div");t.id="recirculation-404",t.classList.add("brand-hint-bg");var n="\n \n \n \n \n \n '.concat(e,' Tick here if you would like us to send you the author’s response Today’s Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a satellite view of a harmful algal bloom (HAB) The clear waters along the coast appear to be dark red as a really of the unusually widespread phytoplankton event.  phytoplankton blooms are common this time of year in Rio de Janeiro but (unlike this particular outbreak) they typically contain species that are beneficial to the ecosystem The red tide consumed more than 200 kilometers of the coastline and persisted for more than eight weeks an expert in the Department of Meteorology at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro said the red tide event is “very worrying” due to its potential impacts on the marine food web She and her colleagues believe that weeks of cloudiness and rain triggered the event.  the red tide reached Arraial do Cabo and “darkened the waters of Rio’s most pristine scuba dive paradise.” The false-color image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite on December 26 By Chrissy Sexton, Earth.com Staff Writer Nossos serviços estão apresentando instabilidade no momento Algumas informações podem não estar disponíveis 2022 10h00 AM | Last Updated: December 27 The tsunami occurred in Tonga Archipelago after a volcanic eruption in the Pacific Ocean on January 15 was detected 17 hours later in Brazil In the IBGE´s Tide Gauge Station located in Arraial do Cabo (RJ) a rise in the sea level in the Brazilian coastline was detected at 6:20 PM (Brasília time) “There was a significant gap between the astronomical forecast of the tide and the height of the local sea level,” states Everton Gomes dos Santos “The temporary disturbance was of 8 centimeters the sea began to return to the normal level,” adds the technician Besides Arraial do Cabo (RJ), the IBGE maintains five other active tide gauge stations, located in the cities of Imbituba (SC), Salvador (BA), Fortaleza (CE), Belém (PA) and Santana (AP). However, they did not detect the phenomenon. The set of six stations comprise the Geodetic Permanent Tide Gauge Network (RMPG) The information produced by the RMPG are useful for a number of applications like the reduction of drilling for the conservation and capacity expansion of ports and waterways and study of possible measures to adapt and mitigate the impact of the rise in the average sea level the network contributes to the Global Sea Level Observing System and to the Caribbean Tsunami Warning Program of the Unesco´s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission which significantly lacked information from the South Atlantic Besides the violent eruption of the Hunga Tonga Hunga Há’apai volcano which devastated islands and destroyed houses in Tonga similar phenomenons have already been captured by the RMPG before was detected one day after by the Tide Gauge Station of Macaé (RJ) The propagation of major earthquakes in 2010 in Chile have also been registered The data are available to the public and can be downloaded in daily updated files on RMPG © 2018 IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística Nós utilizamos cookies para melhorar sua experiência de navegação no portal. 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