Photo from Unsplash.com The Preakness Stakes is more than the second leg of the Triple Crown—it’s a condensed test of form and strategy just two weeks after the Kentucky Derby That tight turnaround creates both clarity and chaos for bettors the 2025 edition offers several sharp angles worth considering before post time One of the most overlooked angles in Preakness wagering is the bounce-back effort Not every Kentucky Derby contender runs to their ability in Louisville A bad trip in the Derby does not automatically disqualify a horse from contending in Baltimore many horses that finish poorly at Churchill Downs show significant improvement in the Preakness This angle becomes especially compelling when a horse with early tactical speed fades in the Derby after pressing a hot pace the slightly shorter distance and tighter field can allow for better positioning and a more measured trip Reviewing race replays and trip notes is essential when hunting for value on a horse that ran below expectations two weeks prior Skipping the Kentucky Derby is not a disadvantage if the connections have circled the Preakness as their primary target Horses that bypass the Derby are often entering with a specific conditioning pattern and fresher legs These entrants should not be dismissed simply because they lack a Derby credential They’ve avoided the physical toll and mental stress of a 20-horse field and now arrive focused look at how these horses have been campaigned If a lightly raced colt has been given a six-week layoff after a strong prep Some barns are known for sending serious threats straight to the Preakness rather than chasing points for the Derby Watch for strong local works and consistent gallop-out reports This angle has produced several upsets over the years ​Pimlico’s unique characteristics—such as its flatter turns and shorter stretch—tend to favor horses with tactical speed particularly those that can secure a forward position early in the race The lack of significant banking on the turns makes it more challenging for horses to accelerate around them giving an advantage to those already leading or near the front the shorter stretch run at Pimlico provides less distance for closers to make a late charge further benefiting horses that can establish and maintain a prominent position throughout the race it’s crucial to consider the pace scenario If the field lacks multiple early speed contenders a horse with tactical speed and an inside post position can control the race tempo horses drawn to the outside may be forced to expend additional energy early to gain position potentially compromising their finishing kick and the projected pace dynamics is essential for making informed wagering decisions at Pimlico The final hour before the Preakness sees a surge in betting volume, with sharp money often reshaping the odds late. Early lines reflect public sentiment, but it’s the late market movement—particularly on horses that were previously overlooked—that signals where informed wagers are landing. For serious bettors tracking the Preakness Stakes odds 2025, these shifts offer critical insight beyond the form guide. This angle doesn’t apply equally across the board. Some odds drops are the result of recreational bettors chasing a name or reacting to TV coverage. Others come from larger bets placed strategically to avoid early market impact. When a horse takes in substantial action just before post and shows improving figures or strong pace compatibility, it becomes a serious betting target. Combining market movement with other angles like pace setup, class, and jockey change can enhance confidence. If you’re considering a mid-tier horse and see that same name begin to firm in the pools late, it may confirm what your handicapping already suggested. In a race like the Preakness, where the field size is typically smaller than the Derby, versatility becomes a critical asset. Horses that can rate just off the lead and adapt to different pace scenarios often have the best chance to strike late. While closers may lack the ability to adjust if the pace is moderate, and front-runners risk burnout if pressured early, stalkers are positioned to take advantage of either scenario. They can press a loose leader or pounce on tiring speed if the fractions get too hot. This angle isn’t about betting on the obvious second choice in the market. It’s about identifying runners with prior success stalking the pace—especially those with strong finishes on the turn and into the lane. When reviewing past performances, look for horses that have closed well into average fractions or shown resilience when passed. These traits point to reliability under pressure. The Preakness has produced consistent success for certain trainers and rider pairings. While bettors often chase breakout stories, the sharper move may be to follow proven connections who know how to target this specific race. Trainers with a strong Preakness record often tailor their spring campaigns with Baltimore in mind. They space races with intention, ship with confidence, and send horses that are peaking at the right moment. Riders familiar with Pimlico’s tighter turns and short homestretch understand how to time their moves more efficiently. That doesn’t mean you bet blindly based on reputation. But when a trusted trainer-jockey combo enters a horse that fits the track and trip profile—and the odds remain reasonable—it becomes a betting angle worth taking seriously. © Casey DunnThe house's utilitarian inspirations of building simply allow for the language of modernity expressed through minimalism. This is present in the single use of materials such as an all-corrugated aluminum exterior, an all-wood living room, and all tile bathrooms. This is also perpetuated by removing lighting and vents from the wood ceiling by hiding them in a steel C-channel "belt" that wraps the bottom line of the vault. that are presented here are a celebration of life itself in its cyclical nature of both good and bad times You'll now receive updates based on what you follow Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors If you have done all of this and still can't find the email Giants rookie edge rusher Abdul Carter wanted to wear No Hall of Famer Lawrence Taylor had a very clear and direct response “Get another number.” Carter is currently eyeing the number he wore at Penn State 11 has been retired for quarterback Phil Simms Simms said he’d be fine with another player wearing No “I told some of my friends and people around me, ‘I’d let him have it in a second,’” Simms said ‘Can you just help it a little and make it better or whatever?’ I think it would be a lot of fun my wife — I don’t know if my family’s said anything ‘Don’t you dare give up that jersey number!’ Well I don’t think Abdul Carter’s gonna ask for it Carter pounced on the opening, tweeting this at Simms: “It would be an HONOR!” It’s unknown whether Carter has officially asked (The Giants may have something to say about it.) Taylor’s message to Carter was that he should be his own player. Implicit in that is Carter shouldn’t want to wear any of the 13 retired numbers; instead That one has been retired for quarterback Y.A A Division of NBCUniversal DISCLAIMER: This site and the products offered are for entertainment purposes only and there is no gambling offered on this site This service is intended for adult audiences No guarantees are made for any specific outcome If you or someone you know has a gambling problem Hitting conditions are ripe for the picking in Sacramento and we're hitting the Over on Luis Severino's earned runs prop That and a look at Luis Ortiz and Brady Singer in tonight's MLB starting pitcher props I’m coming off an 11-3 SU week for over +9 units and looking to keep the pitcher props rolling into the first full week of May There is some rain in the East and solid-hitting conditions in Sacramento.  These are my favorite MLB player props for starting pitchers on Monday The angle: Rain could shorten Luis Ortiz and his K rate is likely an outlier The move: Luis Ortiz Under 4.5 strikeouts (+100 at Caesars) There is the potential for delay in D.C., which is giving some value to the pitcher Unders. Cleveland Guardians starter Luis Ortiz is already projecting for 91 pitches and 4.4 Ks per THE BAT and that could be affected by the potential rain This game could be PPD but that would just void the bet.  Ortiz has been better than a K/inning pitcher this year but looking back at his last three seasons he has just 202 punchouts in 254+ innings pitched He also is a pitcher with a ton of walk issues which drives up his pitch count His four-game stretch of 31 Ks over 21 innings seems more like an outlier than what to expect from the starter today and going forward.  The angle: There are great hitting conditions in Sacramento and Severino is pitching above his number The move: Luis Severino Over 2.5 earned runs (-121 at Caesars) THE BAT is projecting 3.06 earned runs from the home-side starter who could throw 100+ pitches tonight and get his 18 outs.  It’s going to be tough to dodge three or more runs tonight in Sacramento with big winds and mid-80 temperatures. A's right-hander Luis Severino has not pitched well at Sutter Health Park surrendering 14 runs over 24+ innings at the interim home stadium He is 3-1 to the Over at home on this prop His expected metrics are also showing that he might be pitching above his numbers this year.   The angle: Singer has better control away from GABP The move: Brady Singer Under 1.5 walks allowed (+133 at Caesars) This is a very good price for a prop that projects to win at just under 50% today. Brady Singer might be 4-2 to the Over on this prop but all four of those Overs have come at GABP which he is adjusting to in what is his first year with the Cincinnati Reds.  He has made two road starts this season and has allowed just one walk across 11 innings. The Atlanta Braves strike out a lot and have some bad plate discipline numbers which could be the difference tonight on this plus-money prop.  Across Singer’s last four seasons, he is walking just 0.28 batters per inning. This is a better sample than his 2025 numbers, which is where this number for our MLB picks is coming from Not intended for use in MA.Affiliate Disclosure: Our team of experts has thoroughly researched and handpicked each product that appears on our website We may receive compensation if you sign up through our links Josh Inglis is a rising star in the sports betting content space and NFL markets. Since joining Covers in 2018 Josh has focused his betting expertise on player props and derivative markets finding them easier for beating the closing line compared to sides and totals His engaging analysis and content have been showcased on major networks such as TSN and NBC tracking over 2,500 bets annually and he consistently shares his results through monthly transparency reports. At Covers he is renowned for his MLB release shows and NHL Puck Props which are integral parts of the site's live content lineup Josh spent a decade teaching while pursuing sports media on the side He has also contributed to live global senior-level broadcasts for the WBSC Josh advocates for sports bettors to bet early emphasizing the importance of securing better numbers by beating the public to the market He also advises having multiple sportsbook accounts to ensure access to the best possible odds which he favors for its extensive range of player prop markets and live betting options Essential digital access to quality FT journalism on any device Complete digital access to quality FT journalism with expert analysis from industry leaders Complete digital access to quality analysis and expert insights complemented with our award-winning Weekend Print edition Terms & Conditions apply Discover all the plans currently available in your country See why over a million readers pay to read the Financial Times This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page Speaking on CNBC’s Squawk Box program this morning (April 29) the Port of Los Angeles’ Executive Director Gene Seroka forecasted a “precipitous drop” in volumes coming to the port as the impact of the Trump tariffs begins to materialize Seroka was the latest in a series of warnings coming from across the shipping industry of the expected sudden drop in imports and the potential impact on U.S Seroka who at the beginning of April forecasted the port would see a 10 percent decline in volumes in the second half of the year said on CNBC that volumes would be down by more than a third next week compared to 2024 He said the port’s planning tool shows a 35 percent decline next week noting that approximately 45 percent of the port’s volume is made up of shipments from China the Port of Los Angeles is reporting that there are only six containerships on berth While the report shows 44 vessels inbound between Asia but still outside the 40 nautical mile zone the port also reflects that 20 sailings have been blanked by the carriers during May That represents 253,500 TEU of capacity that has been canceled for the month while an additional 10 sailings (117,500 TEU of capacity) have already been canceled for June Seroka told CNBC that the cancellations in May represent approximately a quarter of the usual number of ships arriving in the port It will have direct repercussions on the jobs of the longshoremen and others working in the port as well as the trucking and warehousing industries.  The concerns are starting to ripple across the U.S The Conference Board reported today that consumer confidence plunged to a five-year low reaching levels not seen since the pandemic in May 2020 The report shows that the consumer confidence index fell 7.9 points in April to 86 with growing concerns over the job market and a looming recession Seroka forecasted that consumers would begin to see the impact of the slowdown in imports with reduced choices on the shelves of retail stores Other economists have been more dire in their outlook suggesting that Americans would soon begin to experience shortages and empty shelves rivaling the peak of the pandemic.  Retailers appeared to rush shipments in March in an effort to build inventory The Port of Los Angeles reported that March volumes were up nearly 5 percent for the month it said volumes were up better than 5 percent This led Seroka to forecast on CNBC today that retailers have about five to seven weeks of full inventory left on their shelves The March trade deficit report from the Commerce Department supported the position that retailers rushed imports through the ports last month trade deficit for goods widened to a record high ($162 billion) in March with imports in total soaring to over $340 billion The goods trade gap increased to just under 10 percent or an increase of more than $16 billion creating the imbalance despite a more than $2 billion increase in exports "We're trying to do something on this newest record that we've never really done." Today I sat down with self-proclaimed New Jersey four piece mathy pop punk band In Angles to talk a little about their new album The Light We Can’t Escape and we finally determine what Swancore really is and for an icebreaker how about you guys all give a classic Lambgoat comment you’d leave under this article I play drums and I would comment: “send these whooshy haired freaks back to the 2000s with their tight pants music.” I would say: “bring back Alex Lang.”   and I would say: “these guys are seeming like they're assholes.” In Angles have been a band for about 10 years now What has changed for you guys since you started out Tom: I think the biggest change is when we first started we were trying to write the craziest  guitar shit we could possibly write but by now we're trying to make good songs and kinda dial it back a little bit We were trying to make music that if you had ADD you'd still listen to it If you only gave it the first five seconds We definitely write more in the same room together we're trying to do something on this newest record that we've never really done I think when we started we were heavily associated with Swancore but I think now we're like pop punk/metal or somewhere in between This is your second record working with producer Randy LeBoeuf after Cardinal in 2020 What made you guys want to work with him initially And how did this second time differ from the first Joe: Randy did some local metalcore bands that I fucked with pretty heavily There's a band called Heroes from Staten Island And I had some buddies in the band Illusionist and it felt like a fresh clean take on producing this type of music The biggest difference with this record was the location because they relocated that whole studio and now it's Joe: We knew what we were getting into the second time around and I think the songs are stronger because we wrote more I think we had more this time around to work with you're driving very far to be in the middle of nowhere which is much different than the past people we've worked with where you bang everything out like in a weekend Tom: I would say that Randy kind of gets the best out of us when we're writing and recording with him We came a lot more prepared this time around but we actually had good sounding demos for the first time ever in our history Brian: I was going to say the demos definitely helped I think it being more simple allowed Randy to almost be like the fifth member He was literally tracking on some songs and really giving a lot of concrete ideas that someone who was a writer in the band would give as opposed to just a producer He seemed to have more fun with it than Cardinal; it was just so technical speaking of the record and technical stuff is it difficult to balance your influences There used to be a time where we were trying to balance that out You know like riffs versus pop punk stuff and breakdowns or heavy parts I can sit down and come up with new shit that I know is just In Angles Brian: I think Cardinal is when it started getting a little more flowy and now this record in particular is super flowy I remember sitting in the room and you guys would have parts and then you would consciously say “Okay Let's make it an odd time.” It would be done on purpose as opposed to jamming it out and saying this feels right.” Like purposely making something a little more heavy or math rocky this record feels like the most one record that we've ever made if that makes sense There were a couple songs we deleted because they felt a little bit out there which kind of goes with what you're saying The record really feels like the songs go together Let's talk a little bit about the concept behind The Light We Can't Escape Is there any sort of central theme to the record lyrically Tom: I lost my father about a year and a half ago And that was probably the most impactful event of my life I think there's a back and forth between some of the real grim aspects to losing someone so close to you but then also this hope or this general feel that somehow they're still there and they're still with you and trying to venture into the positive side of celebrating somebody's life and how much they meant to you The Light We Can’t Escape is really about something you'll never be able to escape but it's still a light; it's still something that can be positive in a weird way even though it is losing someone that's the most impactful person in my life If you could pick one song off the new album to show to someone who's never heard you before Joe: I would go “Open Season.” That feels the most OG In Angles to me Brian: I'd probably do “Portrait.” I think that would be a cool one because it's short and it thematically represents the album very well too Nick: I'm trying to think between two right now I think I would say “Unguided.” Lyrically it's a song where you don't necessarily have to even like this type of music at all you kind of listen to the words and then it takes you through it and that's kind of the goal of what we've always been trying to do Tom: I think it doesn't matter who you are It's one of those that I don't think we initially thought would be such a bread winner of the album Even when we try to have a new sound we still get called the throwback band and I guess we're just true to our influences I think this is our most accessible album as far as having choruses and a little more linear song structure I think if you were into anywhere from emo to metalcore-ish adjacent music I think it's for the pop punk person who wants a little more grit to their music It does take a certain kind of person to like it It is that guy who's into those kinds of bands that riff a lot but still have a melodic overtone to them it's definitely going to be for someone who's going through something similar There were a lot of songs where we would kind of find the theme as we were writing it We've had songs about death and all those before but they were just kind of generic and not as specific to an experience It's crazy to sit down and read it but it'll be interesting to get feedback on that part of it What's your single favorite contribution or moment that you created on The Light We Can’t Escape I just wanted to write one more song and it was becoming such mental gymnastics for me to just get one more in We were in an Airbnb and we're trying the whole weekend and I literally just locked myself in the room alone that day for hours trying to get a riff out That became “Backbone,” and that whole experience definitely makes me like that song a lot the way that I laid down the bass made it sound like a heartbeat That song also has a decent amount of dynamics in it and that's one part in particular where Randy and I just kind of looked at each other and we were kind of stoned out of our minds Joe: I was working with Nick on “Two Weeks.” That riff at the end was a joint collaboration He was fucking around with those notes and I was like try it like this” and I would sing the riff but I did want to throw some like bells on it in the studio and then we were all like what the fuck Tom: I think it's gotta be “Trench.” Just the riff that I came up with at like three AM that one night at the Airbnb It just randomly came out and then within 30 minutes it felt like I had a whole song written with Joe I don't even remember you recording them because you must have just been doing it in bits and pieces in the living room and then we sat in your car and listened to the demo and I thought The Light We Can't Escape is going to be coming out in a couple weeks and it's going to be released on Joe's own record label I was just wondering if you guys have any thoughts about keeping it DIY (Do It Yourself) over a decade in Joe: I think everyone in the band feels differently than me but I love doing it DIY and seeing it pay off Even on this tour I'm on right now [playing drums for Floral] A guy was gushing in Vegas last night about how much our music means to him and shit We've done DIY for a long time and it's hard to find a crowd to fit in because DIY typically is twinkle emo bands or hardcore We definitely got the short end of the stick doing DIY sometimes it makes sense because we've done it for so long we have a fanbase that we've carved out from touring and releasing music for 10 years which is nice because it's not a huge amount like we're able to self fund the whole thing pretty much I think you really earn all your shit when you do it DIY It would be cool at the same time to do some other shit too and I think we're all a little sick of playing with twinkly emo two piece bands that we don't fit at all with some of those shows can really not turn into a fun experience It was probably one of the best three weeks that we'll ever have in our lives We'd love to play for as many people as we possibly can That's like part of evolving and chasing things Joe: I was going to say like the industry landscape now It's like a booking agent is almost more important in some ways than a label unless your label is clouted or a tastemaker type thing I think that's cool because he's got us on that Tiny Moving Parts show which will be cool to play to that room in that crowd I'm going to ask the stereotypical interviewer question of: if you could pick any bands current Joe: Are we talking dream tour just as far as musical acts Tom: I go back and forth between that kind of like 90s I mean a lot of people I see make references to them with us because it's like a heavier pop punk guitar focus you know and that's like kind of the only band people go back to when they try to put those things together What were some of the acts that when you were growing up made you want to play in a band Nick: My brother showed me Rufio when I was younger I was like I want to play guitar like that I still think about how I just wanted to be them Tom: I've actually recently reflected on this a little bit like when I got serious into playing guitar  But I think the band that made me even like rock and roll was Linkin Park Nick: They were so sick though back in the day right when pop punk was on the verge of becoming a little more grungy that made me really want to play shows and tour Travis Barker was why I wanted to play the drums then it just kind of evolved to like whatever my friends were listening to Growing up and getting into all the Ferret The early to mid 2000s just kind of made us start playing shit like this You guys mentioned the term Swancore a couple minutes ago how did you escape getting associated with it Tom: What I'll say is I think Swancore is basically Will Swan-core It's spin offs of Dance Gavin Dance and I think it's a shame to me because the early DGD stuff is awesome and was a big part of me being in bands back then I'm not saying that I don't want to be associated I don't think that's like our MO not to be associated with them I get that a lot of kids who like those bands also like us Brian: I think even our early shit was very different from that It became less of what we sounded like and more so who we were associated with We did that one tour with Kurt Travis and then I think we just kind of got lumped in with that genre I think it's just a group of bands that all fuck with each other They're all cool and we kind of got lumped in one way or another I feel like Swancore was west coast post-hardcore of a certain era when Rise Records was doing it big Nowadays the music industry is really weird you know with social media marketing and TikTok virality You guys have been around for about a decade you've seen the end of Myspace and that sort of phenomena to where we are today How do you feel being in a band who pretty consistently releases music and just does the thing without chasing viral moments I'm glad we can still do this and be older It is funny that the guy at the show last night also was like “I love you guys so much and then like I look at how many fans you have on Spotify and I'm like they can't be doing this full time,” and it's like but we get a lot of comments of people saying “why aren't you guys a bigger band?” It's like dude I clearly don't fucking know or else we would be this is actually why we are strategically hiding our content.” I think there's two there's two folds to it though I think you're referring to some of the more onliney bands There's one side that you can do corny things or you know make meme posts or whatever there's a lot of great musicians that are posting very high quality videos that everybody sees so fast and those are grabbing a lot of attention We're coming to the realization that if we're not going to be the super online band we at least have to make ourselves accessible and take the time to make a good video that anybody can digest We're just starting to realize that we shouldn't be fighting that part of it you know because you just have great guitar players who aren’t even in bands but they just recorded an awesome little snippet and that gets millions of views we definitely adapted a little bit because we never used to care at all about online presence We've been trying and it is annoying sometimes You see a band just take off or something from one of those like you see bands do a million videos on TikTok of them pretending to sing the song or whatever It's just like an entire TikTok page of the same song clip the time that you would have to spend doing that and it works so easily that we're all just gonna keep doing this if there's a lot of people that get attached to it Brian: Yeah we're really banking on someone finding us in ten years Getting the Furnace Fest ten year reunion money Nick: You gotta hope the records outlast the 30 second videos I don't think that's what people are gonna be looking at or listening to Joe: When we were listening to early mixes of this album we can't ever stop doing this” because I think we all believe in it Whether it's slow and steady or we're just making the music we like I think we're sentenced for life to doing this All of our releases sound pretty different I would be interested to see what it would sound like in five years ten years because I don't think we're ever gonna not be friends So even if it's mostly just one of us contributing it would be pretty fun to hear what comes out of it "We're trying to do something on this newest record that we've never really done." Hopefully that means flipping the van can't wait to listen to the whole album later this week let's go in angles rules can't wait for the record I hope this album takes off they deserve it Love this band so much--and they nail it playing live too I hope they get more attention (that they definitely deserve) so they'll be able to keep at it forever Be one of the first to try our new activity feed Ever hear a yoga teacher insist you should angle your back foot 45 degrees or bend your front knee 90 degrees Picture it: You’ve been looking forward to unrolling your mat for some much-needed yoga Class is underway and going seamlessly until you hear the teacher say “Place your back foot at a 45-degree angle,” or “Bend your front knee to a right angle.” The inclusion of specific angles as a teacher talks you into a yoga pose is intended as a helpful marker not unlike a visual landmark when you’re giving directions to someone But if a teacher or student overly focuses on this aspect of a pose the familiar and well-intentioned cues can derail the entire experience Overemphasizing the precise angle of a knee or ankle not only shifts the focus of the posture from the overall experience to a single isolated component but compelling everyone to conform to a precise angle with no margin of variance doesn’t work for everyone’s physical anatomy But because yoga teachers can’t possibly know the intricate body mechanics of each student in class cueing an angle can be helpful in that it quickly helps the entire class understand the general action and shape that’s needed Does that mean we should stop cueing degrees and angles Can we ditch these specifics without sacrificing the intended function of a pose A teacher’s tendency to cue specific angles is sometimes correlated with the style and lineage of yoga that they practice. Although all styles of yoga are filled with body parts at right angles and 45 degrees, students of Iyengar yoga may be most familiar with this emphasis on precision. In Light on Yoga Iyengar explained how to come into Warrior 1 (Virabhadrasana) by writing “Simultaneously turn the right foot 90 degrees to the right and the left foot slightly to the right Flex the right knee till the right thigh is parallel to the floor and the right shin perpendicular to the floor forming a right angle between the right thing and the right calf The bent knee should not extend beyond the ankle As intermingled as contemporary classes tend to be Iyengar’s well-intended influence reaches well beyond his namesake style of yoga depending on a teacher’s personal experience they may be more rigid or relaxed in terms of cueing specific degrees But fixating on that may contribute to everyone missing the point of the pose. “I tend to interpret those sorts of instructions as mostly a shorthand way of conveying the general shape, rather than about geometrical precision,” says Joe Miller a New York City-based yoga anatomy and physiology teacher That means drawing on the traditional shape as a guide but without taking things literally In order to help practitioners understand the experience of a posture the focus needs to be on more than simply the shape an emphasis on what a pose feels like rather than what it looks like “As a teacher, it’s important for us to be familiar with the classical presentation of a posture so that we can understand what experience that posture is intending,” says yoga instructor Pranidhi Varshney, founder of Yoga Shala West in Los Angeles “It’s also important for us to be able to make that experience accessible to students with limitations We all have some limitation or another.” One cue does not fit all, says Amy Leydon, a yoga instructor and founder of Soma Yoga Center you have to find cues that work for most bodies,” she explains And almost everyone understands what is meant by a 45-degree angle So how can students more realistically interpret these angles Teachers in the classes you take hopefully encourage awareness when coaxing you into a pose. If you hear a cue that includes a specific angle and it simply isn’t happening in your body, the following dos and don’ts can help keep the emphasis where it should be—the larger experience of a posture. (Non-attachment “Anatomy plays a role not only in what your physical body can do, but also what it should or should not do,” says Suzanne Levine a podiatrist and podiatric foot surgeon based in New York City angling the back foot 45 degrees is not just difficult but literally impossible for certain students Each skeleton is unique, explains yoga instructor Gwen Lawrence These variations lead to vast differences in mobility and flexibility making it impossible for everybody to find the same precise angle When you also factor in varying amounts of experience with yoga it becomes even more apparent that not angle will work for everyone “Your first and foremost concern is not to fit in a box,” she says If your body doesn’t move a certain way take it as a suggestion and not a standard Then adjust it to what works for your body “It is much more important to find a position that feels comfortable and sustainable rather than try to fit your body into a predetermined shape,” says Andrew McGonigle, yoga anatomy teacher and author of Supporting Yoga Students with Common Injuries and Conditions prioritize how a pose feels over how it looks You’re still doing Warrior 2 when your front knee isn’t bent all the way to 90 degrees So focus on what works for your body in the present moment—not on what the teacher at the front of the room or the person on the mat alongside you is doing Maybe not even what may have worked for you last week “There is no such thing as universally good or bad alignment Each asana (pose) that is practiced is as unique as the practitioner,” says McGonigle Always feel free to explore a range of shapes in any pose to explore the right angle for you, says Lara Land, a trauma-informed yoga trainer and author of The Essential Guide to Trauma Sensitive Yoga: How to Create Safer Spaces for All The following insights can help you keep sight of how to help all students experience the larger practice of yoga we repeat instructions we’ve heard from teachers before us,” says Land These suggestions can be taken out of context and inaccurately shared as blanket statements They might also bee repeated without an understanding of the intention behind the shape “Rather than trying to match some arbitrary angle find a version that embodies the aspects of the pose you’re prioritizing,” he says “The idea is to ground the back heel so you’re more stable than you would be in He explains that all the pose requires is for the back toes to angle in enough to allow the hips to face somewhat forward is the entire point of the position of the back foot you have a better understanding of how to cue the pose If finding stability in Warrior 1 means you angle your toes more toward the front of the mat as opposed to the front corner If shortening the stance so students can still ground the back heel helps you feel more stable You can also offer High Lunge as an alternative “It all depends on what the priority is,” says Miller you have to be clear that you’re asking for something more or less like that rather than telling them to get out their protractors and make it exactly 45 degrees,” says Miller Encourage students to ease into a pose and include qualifying phrasing such as positioning the foot at “approximately 45 degrees,” positioning the knee “toward 90 degrees,” finding “more or less” a right angle and moving “somewhere in the vicinity of” a particular degree angle That clarifies for students that the angle is a guidepost and not an edict the cue to turn the back foot to 45 degrees can cause the body to strain and other muscles to adapt—and not in helpful ways “If someone had really tight hip flexors, that person would then start to introduce compensatory actions to alleviate tension while trying to maintain ‘good alignment,’” explains yoga instructor Hiro Landazuri that compensation can look like bending the back knee leaning inward and shifting weight toward the arches of the feet “These three things will alleviate the tension felt in the hip flexor but will simultaneously drive tension into other areas,” he says The potential fallout from this includes compression in the lower back taxed ligaments and tendons (especially in the knee) As you pay attention to the entire bodies of your students you’ll start to see when they’re overcompensating A simple encouraging word to adjust their back foot can bring them back to safer alignment The ultimate goal is tuning into sensation Shift your focus to whether a shape can help the student experience stretching or strengthening in the targeted area “Use alignment as a starting point—a framework to the posture not an ideal to reach,” explains Landazuri McGonigle notes that even the term “alignment” is troublesome as it is used to describe how the body “should” be positioned in each pose “We must be open to deviating from it in order to make yoga inclusive to each unique body,” he says Look at the bodies in your classes and you’ll notice that no two Warrior 2s are ever exactly the same There’s no need to coerce a specific angle from all your students is in the best position to determine the expression of the pose which is correct for them,” says Land ”My focus is returning the power back to the student.” Ah the hour-long yoga class. It’s quite luxurious, isn’t it? But let’s be frank—some days, it seems impossible to carve out a large chunk of time for your practice. If you ever feel this way (and who hasn’t?) know this: even a few minutes of movement can make a huge difference in how you approach … Continued Metrics details The reciprocity is a complex endodontic kinematic involving many parameters The most important of these is undoubtedly the selection of clockwise and counterclockwise rotation angles the aim of this study was to determine the influence of clockwise and counterclockwise rotation angles on the mechanical properties of 25/0.06 One Reci reciprocity instruments 5 groups of 10 25/0.06 One Reci instruments were used and each group was associated with a pair of counterclockwise/clockwise rotation angles (CCW/CW) In order to study only one variable at a time one of the two angles was fixed and the second was increased or decreased The distribution of angles was as follows: Group 1: 170°/60°; Group 2: 150°/60°; Group 3: 170°/30°; Group 4: 170°/90°; Group 5: 210°/60° Thanks to a load/unload endodontic protocol carried out on a tensile bench we quantified for each tested pair of angles (i) the cutting efficiency (ii) the screwing effect and (iii) the generated torque Increasing or decreasing one of the two rotation angles influences the mechanical behavior of the instruments our results showed a direct influence of rotation angles on the mechanical behavior of endodontic instruments This study analyzes the influence of clockwise and counterclockwise rotation angles on the mechanical properties of 25/0.06 One Reci reciprocity instruments The results of this work tend to demonstrate a direct influence of rotation angles on the mechanical behavior of 25/0.06 One Reci instruments More than 10 years after the arrival of continuous rotation a new instrumental dynamic is shaking up the protocols of canal shaping is an asymmetrical reciprocating movement involving an alternation of counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) rotation angles In addition to the speed and rotation angles other settings generally not communicated by the manufacturers such as CCW and CW acceleration and deceleration torque or standstill time at each change of direction All these studies showed mechanical improvement of heat treated endodontic files but highlight that many factors can influence mechanical resistance each parameter influencing all the other ones it seems important to test only one parameter at a time The present study aims to analyze the effect of different asymmetrical reciprocating rotation angles on the cutting efficiency and screwing effects of the One Reci instrument (MicroMega The hypothesis of this study is that a single reciprocating setting could not be suitable for all clinical situations A better understanding of this kinematic would certainly improve the conduct and reproducibility of endodontic treatments several CCW and CW rotation angle pairs were evaluated during a load/unload endodontic protocol allowing for the recording of cutting efficiency and screwing effects the torque required for reciprocating motion was measured The curvature angle and the radius of curvature are determined by the red and blue lines 5 groups of 10 25/0.06 One Reci instruments were used in this study. Table 1 shows the used endodontic protocol Each group was associated with a pair of counterclockwise/clockwise rotation angles (CCW/CW) one of the two angles was fixe and the second was increased or decreased All angle pairs are identified in CCW/CW direction All instruments were tested following a load/unload endodontic protocol the resin blocks were explored using a K.10 manual file for reproducibility purposes In order to respect the clinical protocol of the One Reci instruments a glidepath with a 14/0.03 One G (MicroMega France) instrument was used before testing the One Reci instruments Tensile bench and endodontic assembly used for this study The tensile bench is composed of a platform on which the resin block is located This platform is associated with a S2M/50 N load cell with an output signal of 2 mV/V (HBM Germany) and a CS1211-B 0.3Nm torque sensor (TE Connectivity Measurement Specialties The endodontic instrument is insert on an endodontic contra-angle connected to a programmable endodontic motor (Dual Move® The endodontic motor is connected to the column and carries out the up-and-down pecking motions required by the protocol the axis of the tested endodontic instrument can be perfectly aligned with that of the resin block canal The instrument under test is positioned from the occlusal edge of the resin block using an automatic detection tool The instrumental pressure was kept constant and reproducible thanks to our experimental protocol obtained by the association of (i) a constant up-and-down pecking speed controlled by the bench (ii) a constant instrumental kinematics given by the same endodontic motor and (iii) a machining of the same resin blocks with (iv) the same instruments this protocol made it possible to directly analyze the instrumental cutting efficiency and screwing effects here the rotation angles and thus the instrumental kinematics allows testing its influence on the instrumental cutting efficiency and screwing effects during the shaping of the resin block Complete instrumental withdrawal is performed between each cycle allowing (i) a canal irrigation with 1 mL of 96% ethanol to remove debris and (ii) a verification of the apical patency This protocol was established to be reproducible three groups of parameters appropriate to the work of the associated canal section were determined as follow: Canal penetration from 10 to 14 mm, before the curvature (Table 2a) Canal penetration from 14 to 16 mm, in the coronal part of the curvature (Table 2b) Canal penetration from 16 to 18 mm, in the apical part of the curvature (Table 2c) the vertical components of the force and displacement are recorded at a rate of 26 Hz the maximum load and unload values are recorded for each group of cycles Numerical data were analyzed using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests with Dunn’s correction (α = 0.05) for multiple comparisons The results were considered statistically significant for a P value < 0.05 All statistical analyzes were performed using GraphPad Prism® software (San Diego Graphs of the forces and torque obtained during the load/unload endodontic tests at a penetration level of 11 mm. Graphs of the forces and torque obtained during the load/unload endodontic tests at a penetration level of 12.5 mm. Graphs of the forces and torque obtained during the load/unload endodontic tests at a penetration level of 14 mm. Graphs of the forces and torque obtained during the load/unload endodontic tests at a penetration level of 15 mm. Graphs of the forces and torque obtained during the load/unload endodontic tests at a penetration level of 16 mm. Graphs of the forces and torque obtained during the load/unload endodontic tests at a penetration level of 16.5 mm. Graphs of the forces and torque obtained during the load/unload endodontic tests at a penetration level of 17 mm. Graphs of the forces and torque obtained during the load/unload endodontic tests at a penetration level of 17.5 mm. Graphs of the forces and torque obtained during the load/unload endodontic tests at a penetration level of 18 mm The positive forces obtained during the downward pecking motions, corresponding to the loading times, essentially underline the cutting effect of the instruments. Several significant differences are found (Table 3a) The analysis of the load force results shows that: G2 and G5 do not highlight any significant differences; however the results give the following trend: G5 > G1 > G2 Torque represents the energy required by the endodontic motor to maintain a constant rotation speed regardless of the encountered constraint. During the loading times, the analysis of the torque results does not show any real difference (Table 3b) group G5 obtains the lowest load torque values a reduction in the CW angle improves the cutting efficiency (G3 is the best group); an increase in the CW angle reduces the cutting efficiency (G4 is the worst group); the greater the difference between the two angles the greater the cutting efficiency (G5 > G1 > G2); The negative forces obtained during the upward pecking motions, corresponding to the unloading times, essentially highlight the screwing effects which oppose the withdrawal of the instrument. Some significant differences are found (Table 4a) The analysis of the unload force results shows that: the G4 group obtains the worst results in the apical region; G3 and G5 do not highlight any significant differences except at 14 mm and 15 mm where G1 and G2 are significantly worst; however the results give the following trend: G5 > G1 During the unload times, the analysis of the torque results does not show any difference (Table 4b) groups G1 and G2 obtain the lowest unload torque values; group G4 obtains the highest unload torque values in the last millimeter an increase in the CW angle increases the screwing effect during maximum sheathing (G4 is the worst group); a reducing in the CCW cutting angle increases the screwing effect at the beginning of the curvature (G1 et G2 are the worst groups); an increase of range between the two angles linked to a strong increase of the CCW angle seems to slightly reduce the screwing effect (G5); an increase of the CCW angle increases the unload torque (G5 is the worst group) All these reasons could explain the disparities found on the asymmetrical reciprocating motion kinematics in the literature underlining the need for an evidence-based approach The aim of our study was to analyze the influence of the CCW/CW rotation angles on the mechanical behavior of the One Reci instrument we quantified for each tested pair of angles (i) the cutting efficiency linked to the load forces (ii) the screwing effect linked to the unload forces and (iii) the torque linked to the ability of the endodontic motor to maintain a constant rotation speed we can classify the tested pair of angles as follows: 170°/30° (G3) > 210°/60° (G5) > 170°/60° (G1) > 150°/60° (G2) > 170°/90° (G4) a high range linked to a high CCW rotation angle would improve the performance of the instrument 210°/60° (G5) > 170°/60° (G1) - 150°/60° (G2) - 170°/30° (G3) > 170°/90° (G4) They found that the instrument with 240°/120° angles showed fewer screwing forces compared to it homologue with 150°/30° angles it would have been interesting to test an increase in overall range by increasing both the CW and CCW angles to validate these results with the One Reci instrument Our results show that an increase of range linked to an CCW angle increase (G5) tend to decrease the screwing effects It would be interesting to validate this hypothesis during an increase in range linked to a decrease in CW angle the load values are generally consistent regardless of the CCW/CW angle pairs and penetration levels This could be explained by our experimental conditions which involved only a same type of instrument providing better cutting efficiency and easier progression within the canal could potentially explain its lower load torque values For the same reasons related to the experimental conditions the consistency of torque values during unload can also be observed the values obtained for group G4 in the last apical millimeter could be explained by its high 90° CW angle causing tip binding and thus requiring higher unload torque to maintain rotation speed during disengagement G1 and G2 achieve the best lowest unload torque values: the lower the range linked to a low CCW rotation angle It would be interesting to observe if the same results would be obtained for a decrease of range linked to the CW angle we emphasize human intervention during the time of irrigation and verification of the apical patency a fully automated solution could make it possible to propose a reproducible method allowing an evidence-based approach in terms of cutting efficiency and screwing effects the best way to increase the performance of the One Reci instrument seems to be: when high cutting efficiency is desired (G3); to increase the range linked to a high CCW rotation angle when a compromise between cutting effective screwing effect and torque is desired (G5); to avoid an increase of CW rotation angle to prevent screwing effects and unload torque increases (G4); to reduce the range linked to a low CCW rotation angle when a low unload torque is desired (G1 and G2) our results allow to conclude on a direct influence of rotation angles on the mechanical behavior of endodontic instruments The implementation of these data could improve the mechanical behavior of reciprocating instruments Endodontic motors monitoring torque and pressure in real time could be a solution to adapt kinematic and mechanical behavior of instruments according to the different encountered clinical situations The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request A retrospective study of endodontic treatment outcome between nickel-titanium rotary and stainless steel hand filing techniques A comparison of canal preparation with nickel-titanium and stainless steel instruments A comparison of root canal preparations using Ni-Ti hand A comparison of stainless steel and nickel-titanium H-type instruments of identical design: torsional and bending tests Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radio Endod Comparison of stainless steel and nickel-titanium instruments in molar root canal preparation Hand instrumentation in root canal preparation Step-by-step description of a rotary root canal preparation technique A comparison of canal centering ability of four instrumentation techniques An overview of nickel-titanium alloys used in dentistry An initial investigation of the bending and torsional properties of Nitinol root canal files Shaping ability of waveone primary reciprocating files and ProTaper system used in continuous and reciprocating motion Kinematic effects of Nickel-titanium instruments with reciprocating or continuous rotation motion: a systematic review of in vitro studies Assessment of the role of cross section on fatigue resistance of rotary files when used in reciprocation and twisted file nickel-titanium files under continuous rotation or reciprocating motion Effect of mode of rotation on apical extrusion of debris with four different single-file endodontic instrumentation systems: Systematic review and meta-analysis Nickel-titanium rotary systems: review of existing instruments and geometries Effect of master apical file size and taper on irrigation and cleaning of the apical third of curved canals An in vitro comparison of apically extruded debris and instrumentation times with ProTaper Universal Mechanical response of nickel-titanium instruments with different cross-sectional designs during shaping of simulated curved canals Relationship between design features of endodontic instruments and their properties Apical extrusion of debris and irrigants using two hand and three engine-driven instrumentation techniques Canal preparation using only one Ni-Ti rotary instrument: preliminary observations Comparison of hand stainless steel and nickel titanium rotary instrumentation: a clinical study Influence of continuous or reciprocating motion on cyclic fatigue resistance of 4 different nickel-titanium rotary instruments Kinematics of « adaptive motion » under constant torque values Movement kinematics and cyclic fatigue of NiTi rotary instruments: a systematic review A review of instrumentation kinematics of engine-driven nickel-titanium instruments apical debris extrusion and dentinal defects: a critical review Fracture resistance of electropolished rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments The effect of surface treatments of nickel-titanium files on wear and cutting efficiency The effect of electropolishing on torque and force during simulated root canal preparation with ProTaper shaping files Phase transformation behavior and mechanical properties of thermomechanically treated K3XF nickel-titanium instruments Fatigue resistance of rotary instruments manufactured using different nickel-titanium alloys: a comparative study Fatigue and mechanical properties of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments Phase transformation behaviour and bending properties of hybrid nickel-titanium rotary endodontic instruments Comparison between a novel nickel-titanium alloy and 508 nitinol on the cyclic fatigue life of ProFile 25/.04 rotary instruments Role of the Crystallographic Phase of NiTi rotary instruments in determining their torsional resistance during different bending conditions Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Heat Treatments on the Flexibility of NiTi Alloy for Endodontic Instruments Manufacturing Current challenges and concepts of the thermomechanical treatment of nickel-titanium instruments Fracture resistance of K3 Nickel-titanium files made from different thermal treatments Blue thermomechanical treatment optimizes fatigue resistance and flexibility of the reciproc files microstructure and elemental analysis of some contemporary nickel-titanium rotary instruments Mechanical Properties of Various Heat-treated Nickel-titanium Rotary Instruments Bending resistance and cyclic fatigue life of Reciproc Blue and Genius files in a double (S-shaped) curved canal Torsional and bending properties of V Taper 2H Bending resistance and cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne Gold A Comprehensive in vitro comparison of mechanical properties of two rotary endodontic instruments Effect of altering the reciprocation range on the fatigue life and the shaping ability of WaveOne nickel-titanium instruments Influence of different angles of reciprocation on the cyclic fatigue of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments Fatigue life enhancement of NiTi rotary endodontic instruments by progressive reciprocating operation The influence of different angles and reciprocation on the shaping ability of two nickel-titanium rotary root canal instruments Effect of Rotational Modes on Torque/Force Generation and Canal Centering Ability during Rotary Root Canal Instrumentation with Differently Heat-Treated Nickel-Titanium Instruments Experimental and numerical analysis of penetration/removal response of endodontic instrument made of single crystal Cu-based SMA: comparison with NiTi SMA instruments Kinematics of 2 reciprocating endodontic motors: the difference between actual and set values Computer-aided phase identification and frame-to-frame analysis of endodontic asymmetric reciprocation rotation: a preliminary study Kinematic analysis of new and used reciprocating endodontic motors in 2 different modes iroot endodontic motors: a comparison between real and set values.Braz Dent J Evaluation of the rotary kinematics between actual and set speeds of X-Smart Plus Kinematics of a novel reciprocating endodontic handpiece Influence of endodontic motors on the behaviour of root canal shaping instruments: an in vitro comparative study Rationale for the use of low-torque endodontic motors in root canal instrumentation The effect of preparation procedures on original canal shape and on apical foramen shape Download references Départment de dentisterie restauratrice et endodontie Corresponding author: MV; Conceptualization: MV; Methodology: RG; MD; MV; Formal analysis: MV; RG; Investigation: RG; MD; RH; MV; Data curation: RB; Writing—original draft preparation: RG; EM; MV; Writing—review and editing: RG; EM; MD; RH; J-MM; RB; MV; Visualization: RG; EM; MV; Supervision: RH; EM; MV; Project administration: MV All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript The authors declare no competing interests Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41405-025-00327-7 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article would be justified in feeling as if their wealth has been squeezed from all angles in the last few years Fixed deals below 2 per cent had to be swapped for a rate closer to 5 or 6 per cent — just after many Gen Xers had maxed out their borrowing Many are locked in now and may not be able to take advantage of falling rates Then the cost of having children increased: private school fees headed skywards and higher living costs meant that supporting older children through university became even more expensive And last month President Trump upended global trade agreements throwing the stock market into a frenzy and There are no statistics available for this player Thanks for visiting The use of software that blocks ads hinders our ability to serve you the content you came here to enjoy We ask that you consider turning off your ad blocker so we can deliver you the best experience possible while you are here CJ Abrams made his first All-Star Game in 2024 started to look like an above-average Major League player James Wood was sensational during his rookie year after being called up and top prospect Dylan Crews made his debut last season the majority of the future impact arms are still in the lower levels of the minors while the others who could have joined MacKenzie Gore at the top of the rotation are working their way back from injury That caused Mitchell Parker to largely be overlooked coming into the year In a camp battle during the spring to determine if he would even make the Opening Day roster after he posted a 4.29 ERA across 29 starts last season the left-hander wasn't on many people's radars when it came to potential breakout players for this Nationals team Parker has been one of the best stories for Washington in the early part of the campaign sitting with a blistering ERA+ of 153 that's 53 percentage points above the league average While his FIP of 3.80 and expected ERA of 3.69 suggests that some regression could be coming those figures aren't a stark difference from what he has produced thus far It's his unique 60-degree arm angle that is the second-highest release point in Major League Baseball for left-handers giving opposing hitters a different look compared to how others throw the ball His four-seam fastball is his greatest weapon and that has resulted in a poor strikeout rate but he has induced ground balls 44% of the time this season which is above the MLB average of 41.9% What he's been elite at is limiting barrels giving up just a 3.4% barrel rate that is well below the league average number of 7% a lot of that can be attributed to Parker's arm angle Parker was listed as a top 30 prospect in the Nationals' pipeline before he made his debut but he was never considered to be one of the best young pitchers in their farm system compared to others in the organization How he's performed so far this year could change the conversation about his place in the rotation going forward even when some of those star prospects start making their way to the Majors BRAD WAKAI The content on this site is for entertainment and educational purposes only Betting and gambling content is intended for individuals 21+ and is based on individual commentators' opinions and not that of Sports Illustrated or its affiliates All picks and predictions are suggestions only and not a guarantee of success or profit crisis counseling and referral services can be accessed by calling 1-800-GAMBLER Metrics details In order to study nozzle angle on the abrasion resistance of nickel-titanium carbide (Ni-TiC) composites the jet electrodeposited Ni-TiC composite coating was fabricated at nozzle angles of 30° The jet velocity and kinetic energy of the electrolyte at different nozzle angles within the given range of 30°–60° were simulated by means of COMSOL software and abrasion resistance of the Ni-TiC composites prepared at various jet angles were investigated using a scanning electron microscopy The simulation results indicated that at a nozzle angle of 45° the jet speed and spraying pressure of the electrolyte were 3.17 m/s and 3.18 × 104 Pa The Ni-TiC composites fabricated at nozzle angle of 45° had dense and smooth surface morphology with uniform distribution of TiC nanoparticles the composite demonstrated the smallest nanoparticle size (60.8 nm) and the highest TiC content (4.82 wt%) These findings confirm that the nozzle angle plays a crucial role in the distribution and incorporation of TiC nanoparticles directly influencing the abrasion resistance of the composite the Ni-TiC composite deposited at 45° exhibited the lowest friction coefficient and minimal mass loss confirming its superior abrasion resistance they observed a strong correlation between the CeO2 content and the wear resistance of theNi-CeO2 composites These studies concluded that the incorporation of NPs into a nickel matrix significantly enhanced the properties of the resulting composites These findings underscored the parameter optimization and combination of various preparation approach contributed to enhance microstructure and abrasion resistance of metallic composites prevailing literature predominantly centers on the operation parameters of the JE technique for synthesizing Ni-based composites the study about microstructural characteristics and abrasion resistance of Ni-TiC composites fabricated at different nozzle angles were examined utilizing a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and comprehensive friction-wear testing is scant computational simulations employing COMSOL Multiphysics software were also conducted to analyse the jet velocity and kinetic energy characteristics of the electrolyte The outcomes derived from both simulations and experimental characterizations serve to significantly advance the understanding of the deposition mechanisms and enhanced abrasion resistance of Ni-TiC composites the three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is introduced to prepare the nozzle with different angles our study is essential and novel with a combination of electrodeposition and 3D printing technology broadening the technological applications of Ni-TiC composites TEM diagram and XRD pattern of TiC particles. (a) Experimental setup and (b) schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus. (a) Specific size and experimental nozzle with different angles used for fabricating Ni-TiC composites: (b) 30° where K represented the Scherrer constant (0.89) γ denoted the wavelength of X-rays (0.154056 nm) B was the full-width at half-maximum (FMHM) of the diffraction peak where F was the applied load weight under vertical direction and d was the diagonal length of indentation where W1 and W2 was the weight of composites before and after abrasion test, respectively. Schematic illustration for measuring abrasion resistance of Ni-TiC composites Simulated images of (a)–(c) jet velocity and (a')–(c') spraying pressure of electrolyte obtained at different nozzle angles The simulation results revealed that the jet velocity and spraying pressure of the electrolyte reached their minimum values at a nozzle angle of 30° with the jet velocity being 2.81 m/s and the spraying pressure measuring 3.04 × 104 Pa the simulation results indicated that both the jet velocity and the spraying pressure of the electrolyte exhibited an increase at a nozzle angle of 45° with the former increasing by 12.8% to 3.17 m/s and the latter rising by 4.6% to 3.18 × 104 Pa Upon increasing the nozzle angle from 45° to 60° the simulation results demonstrated a rise in both the jet velocity and the spraying pressure of the electrolyte increasing by 7.9% to 3.42 m/s and rising 3.8% to 3.3 × 104 Pa The simulation results of the JE process revealed that both the jet velocity and spraying pressure of the electrolyte exhibited an increase as the nozzle angle was varied from 30° to 60° SEM images of Ni-TiC composites manufactured at various nozzle angles: (a) 30° the high jet speed and spraying pressure unfavorable for growth of composites resulting in small pore emerged on the composite surface TiC Ns sizes of Ni-TiC composites deposited at various nozzle angles: (a) 30° XRD patterns of Ni-TiC composites produced at various nozzle angles: (a) 30° Microhardness values of Ni-TiC composites produced at various nozzle angles: (a) 30° At an optimal jet velocity and spraying pressure—achieved at a 45° nozzle angle—the co-deposition rate of Ni2+ ions and TiC nanoparticles (NPs) was maximised resulting in enhanced dispersion hardening and improved microhardness This high co-deposition rate of Ni2+ ions and TiC NPs resulted in strong dispersion hardening both lower (30°) and higher (60°) nozzle angles led to suboptimal jet velocities and spraying pressures reducing the co-deposition rate of Ni2+ ions and TiC NPs the low jet velocities and spraying pressures generated inferior dispersion hardening the nozzle angle of 60° produced high jet velocities and spraying pressures unfavorable for the co-deposition of Ni2+ ions and TiC NPs This lower deposition efficiency mentioned above resulted in a significant decrease in microhardness for the composites synthesized at these angles Friction coefficients of Ni-TiC composites fabricated at various nozzle angles: (a) 30° which was similar to the frictional coefficient of composites fabricated at nozzle angles of 30° and 60° the composites produced at nozzle angle of 45° owned a sufficient and uniform distribution of TiC NPs in the composites which could effectively reduce plastic deformation of composites under applied load the composites prepared at nozzle angle of 45° had the lowest frictional coefficient indicating outstanding anti-wear performance Worn mass losses of Ni-TiC composites produced at various nozzle angles: (a) 30° Abrasive surface morphologies of Ni-TiC composites built at various nozzle angles: (a) 30° The specific data of Ni-TiC composites fabricated at different nozzle angles is listed in Table 3 the large size of nickel grain (0.51 μm) and low TiC content (2.65 wt%) generated the low microhardness of 598.1 Hv large frictional coefficient of 0.67 and high worn mass loss of 79.5 mg and worn mass loss of Ni-TiC composites reduced to 0.22 while the TiC content and microhardness increased to 4.82 wt% and 863.2 Hv and worn mass loss of Ni-TiC composites increased to 0.37 while the TiC content and microhardness decreased to 3.71 wt% and 741.6 Hv in comparison to the Ni-TiC composites manufactured at nozzle angle of 30° and 60° the one produced at nozzle angle of 45° had the optimal microstructure and abrasion resistance the optimal jet velocity and spraying pressure were determined to be 3.17 m/s and 3.18 × 104 Pa This configuration resulted in a compact and flattened surface morphology with a uniform distribution of TiC NPs emerged on the surface of the Ni-TiC composites In contrast,when the nozzle angle was set to 30° and 60° a coarse and uneven surface morphology were observed characterized by significant agglomeration of TiC NPs on the surface of the composites The XRD analysis revealed that the diffraction peak intensities of Ni-TiC composites fabricated at a nozzle angle of 45° were lower than those of the composites produced at other nozzle angles the TiN content in the Ni-TiC composites manufactured at 45° was significantly higher compared to those produced at 30° and 60° The nozzle angle also had a substantial impact on the abrasion performance of the Ni-TiC composites composites fabricated at a nozzle angle of 45° the Ni-TiC composites exhibited the least wear with minimal mass loss of 37.4 mg and only minor scratches visible on the surface demonstrating superior abrasion resistance The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study 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Microstructure and performance optimization of laser cladding nano-TiC modified nickel-based alloy coatings The influence of Re content on microstructure microhardness and abrasion resistance of electrodeposited Ni-Re alloy coatings Graphene nanosheet as a new particle dispersant for the jet-electrodeposition of high-performance Ni-P-WC composite coatings Characterizations of Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coating by interlaced jet electrodeposition Fabrication and characterization of Ni-Co-TiN/CeO2 composite coating by ultrasonic vibration-assisted jet electrodeposition Optimization of the nozzle structure for enhanced wear resistance of Ni-P-ZrO2 composite coating prepared by jet electrodeposition Synthesis and characterization of Ni-Co/SiC nanocomposite coatings using sediment co-deposition technique Synthesis and characterization of Cu-Ni/Gr nanocomposite coatings by electro-co-deposition method: effect of current density passivation and wear behaviors of electrodeposited Ni-Al2O3-SiC nanocomposite coatings Influence of SiC nanoparticles and saccharin on the structure and properties of electrodeposited Ni-Fe/SiC nanocomposite coatings Simulation and Characterization of Ni-doped SiC nanocoatings prepared by jet electrodeposition Research on the corrosion behavior of Ni-SiC nanocoating prepared using a jet electrodeposition technique Ultrasonic-assisted electrodeposition of Ni/diamond composite coatings and its structure and electrochemical properties Effect of microstructure and micromechanics on wear/wear-corrosion mechanism of laser-repaired Ni-WC coating Effect of sodium lauryl sulphate on microstructure corrosion resistance and microhardness of electrodeposition of Ni-Co3O4 composite coatings Characterization of electrodeposited Ni-Cr/hBN composite coatings Preparation and characterization of AlN/ZrN and AlN/TiN nanolaminate coatings Influences of sand concentration and flow velocity on hydro-abrasive erosion behaviors of HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr and WC-Cr3C2-Ni coatings Effect of pulse current density on microstructure and wear property of Ni-TiN nanocoatings deposited via pulse electrodeposition Download references This work has been supported by the Intelligent manufacturing critical technique research and industrialization of high quality rod stock (Granted No 2023XQ009) and the Natural science foundation of Heilongjiang province (Granted No Mengyu Cao and Chaoyu Li contributed equally to this work School of Mechanical Science and Engineering School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering All authors reviewed the manuscript and M.C Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99090-w Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science It was about as close as one of these decisions could possibly be but the game-deciding bucket was ruled to be off in time just before the red light went on signaling regulation had expired Wow pic.twitter.com/Ex0GrrXb7N Gordon's heroics leveled up the series at 2-2 and regained homecourt advantage for the Nuggets Had the Clippers been able to carry their momentum into overtime it may have been a much different story The putback dunk at the final horn is a pretty rare play and Listen as the life goes out of that building in Los Angeles as something no one expected to happen .. Wow pic.twitter.com/SQxACCepZB THE INSTINCTS.THE TIMING.AG SENDS THE SERIES BACK TO DENVER ALL TIED UP 2-2. https://t.co/LOZxQaH8oq pic.twitter.com/T0ak85ynjf Game 5, which will go a long way in deciding who advances, is Tuesday night. Metrics details Atomically precise coalescence of graphitic nanocarbon molecules is one of the most challenging reactions in sp2 carbon chemistry we demonstrate that two carbon nanotubes with the same chiral indices (n m) are efficiently coalesced into a single (2n 2 m) nanotube with preserved chiral angles via heat treatment at less than 1000 °C 2 m) nanotubes constitute up to ≈ 20%–40% of the final sample in the most efficient case Additional optical absorption peaks of the (2n indicating that the reaction occurs over the entire sample The reaction efficiency strongly depends on the chiral angle implying that C–C bond cleavage and recombination occurs sequentially the reaction occurs efficiently even at 600 °C in an atmosphere containing trace amounts of oxygen These findings offer routes for the structure-selective synthesis of large-diameter nanotubes and modification of the properties of nanotube assemblies via postprocessing m) after the coalescence reaction are expected to be (2n the coalescence reaction of two (6,5) nanotubes into a (12,10) nanotube is shown the realization of efficient coalescence all over the macroscopic nanotube aggregations remains an open issue 2 m) nanotubes enabled using heat treatment After heat treatment at 900–1000 °C under low pressure micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements and aberration-corrected TEM observations were used to verify the chiral-angle-preserving coalescence of (n Optical absorption peaks of the exciton resonance for the (2n 2 m) structures emerged after the reaction whereas the absorption intensity of the original (n the efficiency of the coalescence strongly depended on the chiral angle of the nanotubes; only armchair n = m (θ = 30°) and near-armchair n ≈ m (θ ≈ 30°) types showed efficient coalescence 2 m) nanotubes in the final product reached 20%–40% for the armchair and near-armchair cases as evaluated using optical absorption spectroscopy m) nanotubes with n >> m showed low coalescence efficiency These results can be explained based on the chirality dependence of energy costs for the coalescence reaction originating from geometric factors we found that the coalescence reaction occurs efficiently even at 600 °C when trace amounts of oxygen is introduced into the reaction chamber These findings offer an approach for synthesizing chiral-structure-controlled carbon nanotubes with large diameters as well as an opportunity to modify the physical properties of carbon nanotube aggregates using postprocessing which may be useful for their use as bulk materials in various applications a Schematic of the (6,5) carbon nanotube (left) and a photograph of its dispersion (right) b Photographs of the (6,5) nanotube membrane before and after vacuum heat treatment at 1000 °C where T is transmittance) spectra of (6,5) nanotube membranes before (c) and after (d) the vacuum heat treatment The insets show the RBM features of the Raman spectra The gray filled circles indicate the peaks corresponding to the (6,5) nanotubes e Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images obtained for the samples after vacuum heat treatment at 900 °C Bars with different colors indicates lengths corresponding to diameters of typical nanotubes found in the sample f Comparison of the observed TEM image of the generated nanotube with d ≈ 1.5 nm and simulated one for a (12,10) nanotube g A nanobeam diffraction pattern for the newly generated nanotube with d ≈ 1.5 nm Two sets of diffraction spots are positioned at the apices of regular hexagons (yellow and blue) The gray arrow indicates the direction of the CNT axis Inset indicates the real space TEM image of the observed nanotube Source data are provided as a Source Data file suggesting that the coalescence of three semiconducting (6,5) nanotubes into a single nanotube with triple the diameter can also occur a Map of (n, m) nanotubes examined in this study with optical images of the dispersions of each (n, m) carbon nanotube. b Optical absorption (−logT, where T is transmittance) spectra of the membranes after vacuum heat treatment at 1000 °C (the one for (6,5) is the same as that in Fig. 2d) The filled circles and asterisks indicate the lowest energy exciton peaks of (n The solid arrows indicate the photon energy of the lowest energy exciton peak of (2n The insets show the schematics of nanotubes with two lines showing the chiral angles c Efficiency of the coalescence reaction as a function of chiral angle The error bar for the data at θ = 30° represents the standard error obtained by performing multi-peak fitting to the spectral data of a single representative sample These errors for other chiral angles are negligible and not shown d Schematic depicting the coalescence of the enantiomers of (6,5) and (5,6) nanotubes Optical absorption spectrum of (6,5) and (5,6) nanotube membranes before (e) and after (f) heat treatment The open triangles indicate the expected photon energy corresponding to the first sub-band exciton of (11,11) nanotubes this peak also exists before heat treatment; thus Schematic of the sequential bond cleavage and recombination (SBCR) mechanism from the side (a) and the bottom (b) C-C bonds highlighted in red and blue are those that break and recombine the red and blue highlighted in (b) will now break and recombine (broken lines) Schematics of the three-dimensional arrangement of the zigzag direction of two (10,0) nanotubes (c) and enantiomers of (6,5) and (5,6) nanotubes (e) contributing to cleavage and recombination for the coalescence (red and blue lines in each left panel) Each photograph on the right shows a coalescence reaction in progress demonstrated using a molecular structure model kit (MOL-TALOU®) f Energy difference ΔE of partially coalesced nanotubes relative to that of the initial two nanotubes normalized by the number of carbon atoms NC in the calculation plotted as a function of the number of cleaved and newly formed bonds along the zigzag direction as calculated using molecular mechanics simulations 2 m) nanotubes have lower energy than the initial two (n no constraint was imposed on the axis direction of the two original nanotubes for simplicity The energy change required to increase the number of C–C bonds in the (2n 2 m) structures indicates that the coalescence reaction of zigzag (10,0) nanotubes hardly occurs because of the increasing energy cost to form the next C–C bonds due to the high strain There is no energy stabilization for the (8,3) and (6,5) + (5,6) cases either the energy change due to the formation of one more C–C bond is negative; thus the reaction could sequentially occur as a chain reaction These results are consistent with the experimental results and support the proposed SBCR mechanism where T is transmittance) spectra of (6,5) nanotube membranes after heat treatment at 600 °C in an 1 kPa argon atmosphere (a) with (10 Pa) and (b) without (<10−4 Pa) oxygen gas The filled circles and asterisks indicate the lowest energy exciton peaks of (6,5) and (12,10) nanotubes The filled circles and asterisks indicate the RBM peaks for (6,5) and (12,10) species we demonstrated the efficient coalescence of (n 2 m) nanotubes with doubled diameter and the same chiral angle via heat treatment The coalesced nanotubes exhibited distinct exciton resonance peaks in the absorption spectra indicating that a large number of coalesced nanotubes is generated all over the sample with an electronic structure and optical properties inherent to the (2n In addition to optical absorption spectroscopy the doubled diameters of the coalesced nanotubes were confirmed via the TEM measurements and the emergence of the additional RBM peak at half the wavenumber of that of the original (n The preservation of the chiral angle was also directly observed in the TEM images A distinct chiral-angle dependence of the coalescence efficiency was observed and an SBCR mechanism was proposed based on the results the presence of trace amounts of oxygen was found to enable the coalescence reaction even at more than 1000 °C lower temperature than previously reported These findings provide routes for the structure-selective synthesis of large-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes with well-defined chirality from structure-purified small-diameter nanotubes and for fabricating covalently connected macroscopic nanotube aggregates with modified optical properties and mechanical strength via postprocessing a polycarbonate membrane filter with a pore size of 100 nm (MERCK VCTP02500) and a filter holder with an effective filtration area of 2.1 cm2 (ADVANTECH Each dispersed nanotube solution was diluted to below the critical micelle concentration of each surfactant (0.08%–0.25% (w/v) for DOC and it was filtered at 50–80 kPa for ≈ 30 min hot water (5 mL) was poured into the filtering system to remove excess surfactants the membrane filter with the nanotubes was dried in air at 1–3 kPa for 30 min After cutting the obtained nanotube membrane on the filter to a size suitable for transfer onto sapphire substrates it was immersed in chloroform for 15 min to dissolve the filter The nanotube membrane floating on chloroform was scooped using a sapphire substrate and cleaned using chloroform and even when a minor component is resonant to the excitation laser This striking difference between the semiconducting and metallic nanotubes indicates that the observed change was not merely a consequence of the degradation of the material The change in conductivity might be attributed to sidewall functionalization or the adsorption of residual gas molecules Larger diameter nanotubes formed via coalescence have lower band gaps than the original ones and may be more readily doped The existence of the small amount of tripled (3n 3 m) nanotubes that are always metallic regardless of the (n m) of the original nanotubes may also affect the result Although the detailed mechanism of the observed opposite trend is unclear at this stage these results indicate that the coalescence reaction can be used to control the electrical transport properties of the membranes via postprocessing Diffraction patterns of individual nanotubes were obtained using the same microscope at 80 kV by forming a parallel electron beam with a diameter of ≈ 5 nm Diffraction patterns were processed on DifPACK module of DigitalMicrograph software (Gatan Inc.) to determine a chiral angle of an individual nanotube Calculations were performed for (10,0) (zigzag and (6,5) + (5,6) (near-armchair enantiomers length 42 Å) nanotubes using MMFF94 and MMFF94s as force fields According to the SBCR mechanism proposed in the main text C–C bonds were cleaved and recombined along the zigzag direction from the center of the nanotube and the energy for each step was obtained after structural relaxation Residual and evolved gases during the coalescence reactions were detected using a quadrupole mass spectrometer (CANON ANELVA CORPORATION, M201QA-TDM), which was connected to a quartz tube in an electric furnace. The result is shown in Supplementary Fig. 10 Schematics of carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and their coalesced molecules were drawn using VESTA 340 The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. Source data are provided with this paper Synthesis and X-ray structure of dumb-bell-shaped C120 Diameter doubling of single-wall nanotubes Coalescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes Diameter enlargement of HiPco single-wall carbon nanotubes by heat treatment Raman scattering study of double-wall carbon nanotubes derived from the chains of fullerenes in single-wall carbon nanotubes Magnetic properties of all-carbon graphene - fullerene nanobuds Time-resolved imaging of stochastic cascade reactions over a submillisecond to second time range at the angstrom level Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes: classification Electronic structure of chiral graphene tubules Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubes Atomic structure and electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes Optical properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes Trigonal warping effect of carbon nanotubes High-yield separation of metallic and semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes by agarose gel electrophoresis Opening carbon nanotubes into zigzag graphene nanoribbons by energy-optimum oxidation Universal features of quantized thermal conductance of carbon nanotubes Ultra-narrow-band near-infrared thermal exciton radiation in intrinsic one-dimensional semiconductors and temperature-dependent strength of carbon nanotubes Strength of carbon nanotubes depends on their chemical structures Chirality-specific growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes on solid alloy catalysts Controlled synthesis of single-chirality carbon nanotubes Enrichment of Single-walled carbon nanotubes by diameter in density gradients Advanced sorting of single-walled carbon nanotubes by nonlinear density-gradient ultracentrifugation DNA-assisted dispersion and separation of carbon nanotubes DNA sequence motifs for structure-specific recognition and separation of carbon nanotubes Large-scale single-chirality separation of single-wall carbon nanotubes by simple gel chromatography Industrial-scale separation of high-purity single-chirality single-wall carbon nanotubes for biological imaging Experimental determination of excitonic band structures of single-walled carbon nanotubes using circular dichroism spectra Automatic sorting of single-chirality single-wall carbon nanotubes using hydrophobic cholates: implications for multicolor near-infrared optical technologies Empirical formulation of broadband complex refractive index spectra of single-chirality carbon nanotube assembly Discontinuity in the family pattern of single-wall carbon nanotubes General sum rule for chiral index of coalescing ultrathin nanotubes Radial breathing mode frequency of single-walled carbon nanotubes under strain Benchmark test of accelerated multi-slice simulation by GPGPU Avogadro: an advanced semantic chemical editor VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal Download references and Koichi Okudaira for his assistance with TEM observations in the main text Research Center for Autonomous Systems Materialogy (ASMat) directed the project and wrote the manuscript carried out all the experiments and computational simulations except for the preparation of single chirality enriched nanotube samples and TEM observations contributed to TEM observations and simulations prepared single chirality enriched nanotube samples All authors contributed to the preparation of the manuscript Nature Communications thanks Ye Fan and the other reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56389-6 Metrics details Earth observation data is key for monitoring vegetation dynamics across temporal and spatial scales The most widely used method to estimate vegetation properties from Earth observation data is vegetation indices temporal dynamics in vertical leaf angles can strongly alter reflectance signals and we derive leaf angles from plant photographs to simulate the effect on vegetation indices with radiative transfer models We show that leaf angle dynamics systematically confound widely applied vegetation indices we demonstrate that these effects are not random but tightly linked to abiotic environmental conditions These systematic effects of vertical leaf angles have implications for monitoring plant properties We discuss the related challenges and opportunities to assess spatio-temporal vegetation dynamics with remote sensing and vegetation indices temporal changes in reflectance measured from satellites provide an extremely effective basis for monitoring such plant properties across ecosystems A entirely horizontally oriented leaf corresponds to (0°) and a vertically oriented leaf to (90°) leaf surfaces typically tend to traverse from a horizontal (0°) or oblique to a more vertical orientation (90°) Changes in leaf angle distributions (left) affect reflectance characteristics of plant canopies (right) The presented data is aggregated from daily leaf angle dynamics at the time of satellite overpass (solar noon) of Prunus avium tracked during a vegetation period in Bad Lauchstädt The reflectance data is simulated using radiative transfer models (see “Methods” section) Angles represent a horizontal (0°) and vertical orientation (90°) that leaf angles (here defined as surface angle) typically increase when leaves are hanging Note that other vegetation properties used as input for the reflectance simulation were by experimental design statistically independent from LAD dynamics the partly high correlation of some VIs with LAD dynamics such as for the pigment index MCARI (r = 0.77) or the greenness index kNDVI (r = 0.89) are not caused by actual changes in pigment contents or foliage density but by LAD dynamics alone the temporal dynamics of vegetation indices may not necessarily indicate changes in the biophysical or biochemical properties of interest but might be confounded by the environmental conditions due to their imprint on leaf angles Correlations are measured using (Pearson’s r) and derived for vapor pressure deficit (VPD left) and soil moisture at 0.05 m depth (% The boxes show the interquartile range (IQR) and median while the whiskers extend to the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the IQR By analyzing 124 commonly used VIs across 10 different plant species we show that VIs can be substiantially influenced by variations in vertical leaf angle dynamics posing considerable challenges to their applicability and interpretation The magnitude of this confounding effect varies by VI The impact on VI values varied between 7.93 and 59.54 % of their expected range This implies that when considerable LAD dynamics are expected some VIs should not be used for causal inference of those biochemical or structural plant properties for which they were initially designed or are frequently applied but only with small quantities of LAD observations Using continuous and long-term measurements of LAD dynamics we show that the effect of vertical leaf angle dynamics across 124 VI values is often not negligible Ignoring LAD-VI dependencies may lead to incorrect conclusions about plant trait variation We expect that this effect is particularly crucial at high temporal and spatial resolutions where individual pixels often correspond to individual crowns we expect the imprint of vertical leaf angles to be reduced considerably due to mixed species or land cover types within a pixel A resulting and pressing question for future research is if such VI-based plant physiological assessments are then systematically over- or underestimated a relationship between a VI and plant properties of interest (e.g. pigments) may vary not only through time but also in space depending on the distribution of species or plant functional types and their specific leaf angle behavior This example of the red-edge index family indicates that indices can be designed to be less sensitive to LAD dynamics may help us to understand its implications for ecosystem monitoring with Earth observation data such as water content or chlorophyll content at high temporal frequencies is extremely challenging and costly Future studies could explore the coordination between leaf angles and other plant properties by incorporating extended observation periods the covariance of VIs with LAD dynamics may be both a challenge and an opportunity to monitor ecosystem properties and processes More research is required for exploiting the links between plant movements Vegetation indices derived from reflectance signals acquired with Earth observation satellites provide a pivotal data stream to monitor Earth’s terrestrial vegetation dynamics We found that commonly used vegetation indices are systematically confounded by vertical leaf angle dynamics this effect scales monotonously with the magnitude of change in leaf angle distribution We observed that such leaf angle dynamics are often strongly correlated with abiotic environmental variables Such a change in VIs induced by environmental drivers may be spuriously interpreted as a change in the plant property for which the vegetation index was designed as an indicator - even if this property did not change at all These systematic biases can limit the robustness of VIs for assessing plant properties in time series analysis and environmental monitoring interpreting the temporal patterns of VIs can result in wrong conclusions about plant and ecosystem processes The anticipated rise in the frequency and severity of climate extremes could potentially lead to increased variability in the dynamic of vertical leaf angles and related confounding effects on vegetation indices This is further complicated as leaf angle dynamics vary across species spatial and temporal patterns found in VI products may not indeed indicate an actual variability of a plant property confounded by species-specific LAD and dynamics thereof These findings indicate both challenges and opportunities for VI-based remote sensing Some VIs may not be robust against variation in vertical leaf angles to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of plant properties for which they have been designed red-edge bands or the NIRv index) scale very tightly with changes in vertical leaf angles Corresponding spectral mechanisms may facilitate the development of more robust indices against leaf angle variation or may open avenues to track processes related to leaf angle dynamics (e.g. ecosystem functional properties and fluxes thereof) and top canopy heights ranged from approximately 3.3 to 7.3 m the effect of leaf angle distributions (LAD) on vegetation indices (VI) was determined as the relative difference of VIs derived from actual LAD dynamics and average LADs uncertainties of individual LAD retrievals resulting from wind or illumination effects we modified the LAD input dimension of PROSAIL to 2-degree intervals (43 instead of 13 bins) enabling direct compatibility with the AngleCam-derived LADs these datasets were used to derive empirical correlations among vegetation properties within the above-described ranges Leaf carotenoid content was calculated by dividing leaf chlorophyll by 7 and adding normally distributed noise (SD = 1.1) while leaf anthocyanin content was calculated by dividing  leaf chlorophyll content by 47 with normally distributed noise added (SD = 0.55) Leaf equivalent water thickness was derived from LMA multiplied by 2.4 with normally distributed noise (SD = 0.0023) included For indices that require additional parameters the latter were set to values as reported in their primary studies (e.g The impact of LAD dynamics on VI values (onward ΔVI) was determined as the difference of (i) VI values simulated from daily LAD dynamics of a given camera and (ii) VI values simulated from a static mean LAD of the entire period of the same camera (Eq. (1) To facilitate the comparison of LAD sensitivities of the different VIs ΔVI values were normalized to relative values (%) using the obtained value range of the respective index (0.01–0.99 quantiles) These ranges were derived from indices without considering LAD dynamics To ease the interpretation of ΔVI of the different VIs we grouped all VIs according to common application domains the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index representing VIs designed to track leaf water status such as Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) or Disease Water Stress Index (DSWI1) representing VIs for tracking vegetation health VIs that do not fit into the above-mentioned categories (e.g Near-Infrared Reflectance of Vegetation Index that these groupings were chosen heuristically while indices may be used for different applications we compared ΔVI% values with respect to the complexity of VIs that is how many bands or arithmetic operations are used in the formulation of an index where RH is the relative humidity and es is the saturation vapor pressure in millibars. es can be approximated by the Tatens equation (3): Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article The AngleCam method (computer vision-based estimation of vertical leaf angles) is openly available at https://github.com/tejakattenborn/AngleCAM. All other code for reproducing the results, including the code for simulating reflectance spectra, calculating the 124 vegetation indices and the statistical analytics are available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12775222 Optical vegetation indices for monitoring terrestrial ecosystems globally Review of optical-based remote sensing for plant trait mapping Mapping foliar functional traits and their uncertainties across three years in a grassland experiment Significant remote sensing vegetation indices: a review of developments and applications Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation A standardized catalogue of spectral indices to advance the use of remote sensing in earth system research Previsual symptoms of xylella fastidiosa infection revealed in spectral plant-trait alterations Where are global vegetation greening and browning trends significant Inferring plant functional diversity from space: the potential of sentinel-2 and vegetation fractional cover from atsr-2 imagery Vegetation indices: advances made in biomass estimation and vegetation monitoring in the last 30 years Identifying multiple spatiotemporal patterns: A refined view on terrestrial photosynthetic activity Spatial patterns of vegetation activity related to enso in northern south america The harmonized landsat and sentinel-2 surface reflectance data set Land surface phenology from modis: characterization of the collection 5 global land cover dynamics product Characterizing canopy biochemistry from imaging spectroscopy and its application to ecosystem studies Prospect-d: towards modeling leaf optical properties through a complete lifecycle Differentiating plant functional types using reflectance: which traits make the difference Structural complexity biases vegetation greenness measures Identifying the main drivers of the seasonal decline of near-infrared reflectance of a temperate deciduous forest Difference in seasonal peak timing of soybean far-red sif and gpp explained by canopy structure and chlorophyll content F.The Power Of Movement In Plants (John Murray On the relevance and control of leaf angle Leaf morphology correlates with water and light availability: what consequences for simple and compound leaves The Radiation Regime And Architecture Of Plant Stands (Springer Science & Business Media Divergent abiotic spectral pathways unravel pathogen stress signals across species Spectral response of architecturally different wheat canopies Estimation of canopy structure of field crops using sentinel-2 bands with vegetation indices and machine learning algorithms A practical approach for estimating the escape ratio of near-infrared solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence Potentials and limits of vegetation indices for lai and apar assessment Effects of crop leaf angle on lai-sensitive narrow-band vegetation indices derived from imaging spectroscopy Sources of variability in canopy reflectance and the convergent properties of plants Crop nitrogen monitoring: recent progress and principal developments in the context of imaging spectroscopy missions Leaf angle as a leaf and canopy trait: rejuvenating its role in ecology with new technology Anglecam: predicting the temporal variation of leaf angle distributions from image series with deep learning Coupled soil–leaf-canopy and atmosphere radiative transfer modeling to simulate hyperspectral multi-angular surface reflectance and toa radiance data Text mining uncovers the unique dynamics of socio-economic impacts of the 2018–2022 multi-year drought in germany Mycorrhiza in tree diversity–ecosystem function relationships: conceptual framework and experimental implementation Detecting the human fingerprint in the summer 2022 west-central european soil drought Prospect+ sail models: a review of use for vegetation characterization From spectra to plant functional traits: Transferable multi-trait models from heterogeneous and sparse data Try plant trait database–enhanced coverage and open access A unified vegetation index for quantifying the terrestrial biosphere Canopy near-infrared reflectance and terrestrial photosynthesis Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the modis vegetation indices Optimization of soil-adjusted vegetation indices The sensitivity of the osavi vegetation index to observational parameters Vegetation canopy par absorptance and the normalized difference vegetation index: an assessment using the sail model A whole-plant perspective of isohydry: stem-level support for leaf-level plant water regulation Assessment of photosynthetic radiation-use efficiency with spectral reflectance Assessment of red-edge vegetation indices for crop leaf area index estimation Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species Chlorophyll content estimation in an open-canopy conifer forest with sentinel-2a and hyperspectral imagery in the context of forest decline An architectural understanding of natural sway frequencies in trees From flowering to foliage: accelerometers track tree sway to provide high-resolution insights into tree phenology Measuring tree properties and responses using low-cost accelerometers Tree water status affects tree branch position Field-based robotic leaf angle detection and characterization of maize plants using stereo vision and deep convolutional neural networks Leaf size and angle vary widely across species: what consequences for light interception Investigating the consequences of climate change under different land-use regimes: a novel experimental infrastructure fapar and the relation between fapar and ndvi in a semi-arid environment using in situ measurements Canopy structure explains the relationship between photosynthesis and sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence in crops Canopy structural changes explain reductions in canopy-level solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence in prunus yedoensis seedlings under a drought stress condition Mapping functional diversity from remotely sensed morphological and physiological forest traits Remotely sensed spatial heterogeneity as an exploratory tool for taxonomic and functional diversity study A generalizable normalization for assessing plant functional diversity metrics across scales from remote sensing About the link between biodiversity and spectral variation Remote sensing of phenology: Towards the comprehensive indicators of plant community dynamics from species to regional scales Remote sensing of tundra ecosystems using high spectral resolution reflectance: opportunities and challenges The spectral variability hypothesis does not hold across landscapes Is spectral pixel-to-pixel variation a reliable indicator of grassland biodiversity a systematic assessment of the spectral variation hypothesis using spatial simulation experiments Download references was partially funded by the Flexible Funds Program for junior scientists of the University of Leipzig (project number 232201582) received further funding from the German Research Foundation (DFG) under the projects BigPlantSens (project number 444524904) gratefully acknowledge the support of iDiv funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG- FZT 118 acknowledge support by the DFG (Ei 862/29-1) was supported by the international research training Group TreeDì (GRK2324) jointly funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG German Research Foundation) - 319936945 and the University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS) Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL Faculty for Environment and Natural Ressources Institute for Earth System Science and Remote Sensing Claudia Guimarães-Steinicke & Hannes Feilhauer German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity conceived the ideas and designed the methodology and maintained the MyDiv experimental site assisted in the sensor installation and maintenance applied AngleCam on the MyDiv data and performed the reflectance simulations implemented the procedures for the VI calculation contributed critically to the drafts and gave final approval for publication Communications Earth & Environment thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01712-0 It can be difficult to contextualize just how unusual James Wood’s offensive profile really is the Nationals outfielder put 198 balls into play Only five of them were fly balls to the pull side Of the 403 batters who put at least 100 balls in play last season That seems like a promising avenue for further investigation The kind of batted ball that turns into an extra-base hit at roughly the same rate that dentists recommend If Wood could figure out how to pull the ball in the air with any sort of regularity And yet here we are a month into the season: Wood has not at all figured that out and somehow he’s one of the game’s great sluggers anyway He’s running a 153 wRC+ and a top-10 isolated slugging percentage because his prodigious power allows him to get the absolute most out of one of the least optimized profiles in the game Wood was one of the most powerful players in the game from the moment he debuted last season but he has increased his 90th-percentile exit velocity by two full ticks and his hard-hit rate by four percentage points Wood pulled exactly zero fly balls or line drives but he was still just two home runs off the league lead because although he hits the ball harder to the pull side like everyone else he hits it hard enough to get it over the fence in any direction he pleases Wood is far from the lead when it comes to individual months but that’s the company he’s keeping right now When he lifts the ball even the tiniest bit I could keep going with the wild stats. Wood’s average line drive travels 302 feet, one foot behind Byron Buxton for the farthest in baseball this season he hits his average line drive 4.6 mph harder than Buxton his line drives have a much lower launch angle than Buxton’s do which has a different definition of line drive rate than Statcast says that Wood is actually running the lowest line drive rate in baseball right now Here’s why I really wanted to talk to you about all this 7.6% of his balls in play were fly balls or line drives to the pull side Would you like to see how that went for him Wood’s pulled air ball rate is now at 3.9% I’ve combined Wood’s Statcast launch angle charts from the last two seasons I’d like to point out that Wood is breaking the chart There isn’t enough space for three digits at the top so the 1 and the H are right on top of each other Next, I’d like you to notice all that lonely red at the top and bottom. Wood has not popped out once this season! Only one player, Brice Turang has put more balls in play without a single popout Wood has not yet hit a ball at or below -50 degrees this season but he did it eight different time last season Wood still hits tons of balls on the ground but he has narrowed his launch angle distribution considerably and is doing a much better job of avoiding the very worst batted balls That small step has allowed him to drop his ratio of groundballs to fly balls from 2.50 to 1.84 and it has everything to do with his skyrocketing production The last thing I’d like you to notice is smaller One good way to judge a player’s swing path is to see where they hit the ball their absolute hardest Wood’s swing seems to be geared less toward the ground now Wood’s average exit velocity has increased across the board he’s swinging at more fastballs and fewer breaking balls and his patience is forcing pitchers to hit the middle of the strike zone more often But the biggest difference is coming when he puts the ball in the air Wood’s hard-hit rates on groundballs and fly balls are more or less unchanged It’s too soon to hop all the way on the bandwagon Wood is a fascinating player for any number of reasons but it very much remains to be seen whether he can turn that into even decent defense He’s quite possibly too passive at the plate with one of the game’s lowest zone swing rates and all that loud contact very clearly indicates that he’s not exactly missing his pitch to hit he’s got this amazing gift for scalding the ball It’s extremely fun when he pulls the ball in the air — he hits the ball so hard that veteran announcers can’t help but laugh — but he’s shown that he doesn’t necessarily have to do so in order to be productive He just needs to hit the ball in the air every once in a while It’s the least important thing in a great article but I suspect you were going for a “4 out of 5 dentists recommend” reference and instead wound up with (at least as I’m reading it) a “Dentists recommend a ratio of brushing your teeth similar to as often as Wood pulls a fly ball or someone needs to check to make sure they aren’t going to a dentist licensed by the Online Extension division of the University of East Bumblenuts School of Faith-Healing Orthodontics… Japan is the only non-European country ranked Baseline quality and widespread access to drinking water enabled other trends to emerge in my conversations including the role of consumer preferences collected through atmospheric water generation in the Amazon Rainforest The brand advertises drinking the water as an experience “through the lush canopy of the Amazon where the whispers of ancient trees converge into the invisible rivers of the air.” This sense of discovery through consuming premium water is entirely unlike what one would find in an average retail setting The differentiated positive health impacts of certain sources of water have been largely well known throughout history Think even of the popularized Slovakian proverb: Pure water is the world’s first and foremost medicine the instances where poor drinking water led to disease outbreak have been much more documented the general populations’ water came from wells often contaminated by excreta of dense populations of animals I had the opportunity to meet with Wolfgang Gruber head of staff unit management systems at Vienna Water who explained that the city decided in 1864 to pipe its water from springs located in the alpine region outside the city where the imperial family had traditionally sourced their water which is still in use today over 150 years later they provide for 90% of Vienna’s water A constitutional provision in this law safeguards the sources of clean water for future generations and prevents sell-out of the “white gold.” The provision labels water as a service of general interest maintained by the municipality which should reject profit maximization and focus only on fees for cost coverage one key principle is preventing water from becoming a luxury item contrasting the premiumization of bottled water Vienna Water works with the Department of Forestry to closely manage land use surrounding sources even purchasing plots surrounding the springs This careful land management means that most water is simply aerated and filtrated only adding chlorine or UV light treatments when deemed necessary Around half of the facilities currently are also softening the water by removing calcium in HOFORs drinking water treatment The success of Vienna Water and HOFOR in providing clean drinking water to large populations demonstrate the value that many European utilities place on strict management of land use and protection of water sources preventing initial contamination can also help reduce treatment loads decreasing overall costs and risks to population health concerns surrounding adaptation to climate change came up particularly in how shifting weather patterns could test outdated drinking and wastewater infrastructure land use management will become more difficult as growing populations require greater agricultural output and living space as seen now in the struggle with “forever chemicals,” it is crucial to prevent source contamination whenever possible rather than paying the dear price of trying to fix it While smart meters can be a crucial tool against water scarcity the price tag at around 100 euros still excludes many smaller-budget utilities or municipalities When smart meters become more financially feasible on a larger scale I could see them being useful for many of the utilities in Latin America that struggle with high leakage rates which is a biannual campaign in which the organization pushes for maximum citizen scientist participation over 4,500 people helped to measure the quality of their surrounding waterways Woods cited concerns for wildlife reproduction and motility impacts of consistent low dose exposure on antimicrobial resistance Woods explained that the quality of freshwater bodies will indirectly impact drinking water as a more contaminated body of water will require greater effort to convert it into a potable drinking water resource there are several organizations working to fortify drinking water resources to serve growing populations amidst climate uncertainty questions of how to improve end-user experience are being asked at each step in the water process to informed consumerism in the bottled water industry one thing is clear: the water field is much more complex than providing clean and safe drinking water Kaitlin Spiridellis graduated summa cum laude from Vanderbilt University in May 2024 she worked for three years in Vanderbilt’s Drinking Water Justice Lab where she studied the impact of drinking water contaminants on human body organ systems within community water systems in the United States Keegan Traveling Fellowship in 2024 with a proposal to expand the efforts of the Drinking Water Justice lab globally she is traveling across six continents conducting semi-structured conversations and site visits with researchers development firms and municipalities to gain a better understanding of the disparities in how people experience drinking water She is writing about her experiences on her Substack @spiroadventures and in a column for WaterWorld Please select what you would like included for printing: Copy the text below and then paste that into your favorite email application Annie Elizabeth “Sis” McDaniel Angle 94 of Bowling Green passed peacefully surrounded by her family on Saturday The Warren County native was a daughter of the Clay and Cordie Hunt McDaniel She was preceded in death by her siblings and their spouses Elizabeth was a member of Eastwood Baptist Church she was a retired rural carrier for the U S Postal Service and a nurses aide at the Medical Center Elizabeth loved family time and her quilting She was able to enjoy her last years at her home in the care of her children and caregiver Kathy Neighbors Leaving to cherish her memory are her children Joe Angle and Larry Jones (Sue); eight grandchildren Dylan Angle (Leah) and Pixie Jarvis (Jim); seven great grandchildren Kyle and Katie King and Gage Buken; one great great granddaughter Charlotte who will arrive in September and several nieces and nephews Bowling Green Chapel with burial in Fairview Cemetery Mrs Elizabeth’s wish was in lieu of flowers donations be made to Kelly Autism Program Enter your phone number above to have directions sent via text This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply Service map data © OpenStreetMap contributors Metrics details The wetting characteristics of fluids play a crucial role in various fields of interface and surface science Contact angle serves as a fundamental indicator of wetting behavior accurate quantification of wetting phenomena even at the macroscale often poses challenges particularly due to the hysteresis between receding and advancing contact angles The complexity increases further at the nanoscale where the significant volume of the interphase region causes ambiguity in defining the “dividing surface.” In this study we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the wetting dynamics of a “cylindrical nanodroplet” and an argon nanofilm Through analysis of microscopic density distribution maps and tension tensor distributions within the Gibbs framework we identified equimolar and tension surfaces at both liquid-gas and liquid-solid interfaces Our results show over 10% discrepancies between equilibrium contact angles calculated for equimolar surfaces and those based on tension surfaces in the case of the cylindrical nanodroplet We observed a clear dependence of wetting contact angles on the cross-sectional radius of cylindrical droplets with a straight three-phase contact line the differences between contact angles at equimolar and tension surfaces increase these differences diminish and become negligible the characteristic dimensions of nanoscale objects can be comparable to the transition region thickness This gives rise to fundamental difficulties in attempting to uniquely determine the position of the dividing surface as a mathematical surface of zero thickness it is essential to consider the context when defining the dividing surface in nanoscale systems distinguishing it from the transition region between adjacent phases of the thermodynamic system they use the difference in the position of the Gibbs dividing surfaces focusing on the two layers closest to the solid surface where the density of the droplet’s liquid sharply increases from a zero This corresponds to the nearest boundary the liquid molecules can reach during thermal motion Since the thermodynamic equilibrium of heterogeneous systems apart from thermal and chemical equilibria it is appropriate to use the surface of tension for calculating WCA it is proposed that the contact angle should be understood as a dihedral angle at the three-phase line of tension between surfaces that are tangential to the respective surfaces of tension Calculating the position of the surface of tension often more efficient when using a combined approach involving the Tolman length This length is defined as the difference between the positions of the equimolar dividing surface (radius \(\:{R}_{e}\)) and the surface of tension: we define it as the position of the equimolar surface adjusted by the Tolman length δ: a key feature of the equimolar surface is that its position within the systematic error of MD calculations closely aligns with the contour where the density equals half of the volumetric density of the liquid phase the position of the equimolar surface can be accurately determined if one of its main sections is known to have the shape of a circular arc where \(\:J={c}_{1}+{c}_{2}\:\) and \(\:K={c}_{1}{c}_{2}\)are the Euler and Gaussian curvatures respectively \(\:{{\uplambda\:}}^{{\upalpha\:}}\) and \(\:{{\uplambda\:}}^{{\upbeta\:}}\) are such that \(\:n\left(\:{\uplambda\:}{\:}^{{\upalpha\:}}\right)\:={n}^{{\upalpha\:}}\) and \(\:n\left({{\uplambda\:}}^{{\upbeta\:}}\right)={n}^{{\upbeta\:}}\) and the function \(\:{n}^{{\upalpha\:}{\upbeta\:}}=\left\{{n}^{\alpha\:},\:\:\lambda\:<0;\:{n}^{\beta\:},\:\:\lambda\:>0\right\}\) those whose thickness is significantly less than the radius of curvature of the dividing surface (\(\:{\uplambda\:}{\:}^{{\upbeta\:}}\:\:-\:{\uplambda\:}{\:}^{{\upalpha\:}}\ll\:R\)) when substituting variables in the integral of expression \(\:\left(3\right)\): the same expression is obtained as for calculating adsorption in the case of a flat dividing surface of a single-component two-phase system: where \(\:{\Gamma\:}\:\left(\:Z\:\right)\) is the adsorption calculated for the dividing surface at the point with coordinate \(\:Z\) \(\:n\left(z\right)\) is the substance concentration of the real system at the point with coordinate z \(\:{n}^{{\upalpha\:}}\) is the equilibrium concentration of the liquid phase of the reference system \(\:{n}^{{\upbeta\:}}\) is the equilibrium concentration of its vapor phase \(\:{Z}_{{\upalpha\:}}\) is the coordinate corresponding to the point in space where the concentration becomes equal to the bulk concentration of the liquid phase \(\:n\left({Z}_{{\upalpha\:}}\right)\:=\:{n}^{{\upalpha\:}}\) and \(\:{Z}_{{\upbeta\:}}\) is the space coordinate where the concentration is equal to the bulk concentration of the vapor phase \(\:n\left({Z}_{{\upbeta\:}}\right)\:=\:{n}^{{\upbeta\:}}\) The position of the equimolar dividing surface \(\:{Z}_{e}\) is determined from the condition of zero adsorption \(\:{\Gamma\:}\left(Z\right)\) on the left side of equation \(\:\left(5\right)\) by setting \(\:{\Gamma\:}\left({Z}_{e}\right)=0\) By rearranging the terms on its right side the following convenient expression is obtained: To determine the location of the curved surface of tension \(\:{Z}_{s}\) it is customary to use expressions for the thermodynamic surface tension and shear energy: Similar mechanical quantities are found using the formulas: are defined by the following expressions: \(\:{\upchi\:}={\left(1-\lambda\:H\right)}^{2}-{\lambda\:}^{2}{D}^{2}\) \(\:\widehat{\varvec{L}}=\left(1-2\lambda\:H\right){\widehat{\varvec{I}}}_{S}+\lambda\:\widehat{\varvec{b}}\) The values \(\:\:H\:\) and \(\:\:D\:\)represent the mean and differential curvatures and are defined in terms of the principal curvatures \(\:{c}_{1}\) and \(\:{c}_{2}\): \(\:H=\left({c}_{1}+{c}_{2}\right)/2\) These parameters describe the shape and curvature of the phase interface the tensors \(\:{\widehat{\varvec{I}}}_{S}\) and \(\:\widehat{\varvec{b}}\) are mutually orthogonal but do not form a complete set of basis tensors The curvature tensor \(\:\widehat{\varvec{b}}\) can be expressed as a linear combination of these tensors and it is decomposed into its trace \(\:H{\widehat{\varvec{I}}}_{S}\) and deviator \(\:D\widehat{\varvec{q}}\) as shown in the equation: \(\:\widehat{\varvec{b}}=H{\widehat{\varvec{I}}}_{S}+D\widehat{\varvec{q}}\) determining the position of the surface of tension requires accounting for these curvatures ensuring accurate modeling of the mechanical and thermodynamic properties in the interfacial region between phases which is usually used to calculate the surface tension \(\:{\gamma\:}_{{\upalpha\:}{\upbeta\:}}\) at the flat boundaries between adjacent phases: where \(\:{P}_{N}={P}_{N}\left(z\right)\) and \(\:{P}_{T}={P}_{T}\left(z\right)\) are the normal and tangential components of the pressure tensor in the real system The condition for the equality of the momentum of force acting on an elementary cross-section that normally intersects the interphase region in the real system and the momentum of force acting on a similar cross-section in the reference system: Considering expressions \(\:\left(9\right)\) and \(\:\left(10\right)\) \(\:{Z}_{s}\) is determined by the formula: Similar to expression \(\:\left(1\right)\) the difference between \(\:{Z}_{e}\) and \(\:{Z}_{s}\) is the Tolman length δ: To investigate the wetting characteristics and the size dependence of the contact angle we modeled nanodroplets of various sizes placed on an ideal solid substrate in equilibrium with the vapor of the same liquid as the droplet To eliminate the influence of the curved three-phase contact line we selected droplets in the shape of cylindrical segments which also simplified the procedure for calculating density profiles and pressure tensor components To better understand the behavior of the substance in the interfacial region without edge effects we also modeled a nanofilm that wets the same substrate as the droplet and is in equilibrium with its saturated vapor This choice allowed us to set the simulation temperature to the triple point of argon (83.8058 K) thus accurately representing the equilibrium conditions of the system This choice was crucial for studying the contact angle of wetting it is possible to apply an alternative method for adjusting the potential parameters for interactions between the fluid and the solid substrate This approach allows for accurate adjustment of interaction parameters based on macroscopic wetting measurements which provides an adequate representation of interfacial properties without the need for additional assumptions regarding combining rules This method can be successfully used for more complex multicomponent systems The argon fluid was modeled in mechanical and chemical equilibrium with its saturated vapor with the equilibrium maintained by an external inhomogeneous force field that simulated the substrate (see further in the text Eq \(\:\left(13\right)\) and (S1) see Supplementary Material Given that we used a canonical ensemble (NVT) the pressure was not directly controlled but instead emerged naturally from the system’s equilibration process The Gibbs canonical ensemble was selected for molecular dynamics modeling as it simplifies the MD calculations of the profiles of density and pressure-tensor components by maintaining constant volume and temperature throughout the simulation To ensure the accuracy of these simulations particular attention was given to modeling the substrate as it plays a critical role in the interaction dynamics of the nanodroplets and nanofilms with their surrounding environment the numerical density of solid argon was assumed to be approximately 0.021357 Å−3 Due to specific technical requirements of the MD simulations, the potential well depth was set at two lattice periods from the bottom wall of the simulation box. The resulting potential is illustrated in Fig. 1 (a): The parameter \(\:{\upepsilon\:}\) was used to control the degree of wettability of the substrate and 120% of 1.032 meV to simulate varying degrees of surface interaction For a detailed mathematical derivation of the potential field refer to the supplementary material (see Section A This subsection presents the results of the MD simulations of the wetting phenomenon by an argon nanofilm on a virtual solid substrate represented by a wall potential \(\:\left(13\right)\) that mimics the interactions at the solid-liquid interface a specific unit of measurement used for the simulation (thermochemical kilocalories This means that the corresponding energy in kilocalories must be divided by Avogadro’s constant (b) The distribution of numerical density values n(z) along the z-direction averaged over the x- and y-directions during 5 ns of the simulation (c) The average hydrostatic pressure ⟨P(z)⟩ of the vapor-liquid system The rectangular areas highlighted in (c) are further detailed in Figs Modeling of the argon nanofilm for details) (d) Schematic representation of the argon nanofilm atoms’ position in the thermalized configuration after reaching equilibrium at a temperature of 83.8058 K the system was heated from 1 K to the triple point temperature during 1 ns and thermalized for 6 ns The resulting thermalized configuration allowed us to proceed with the analysis of the wetting behavior of the argon nanofilm under equilibrium conditions with the total simulation time lasting 10 ns The calculated values of the equimolar surface position (\(\:{Z}_{e}\)) and the surface of tension (\(\:{Z}_{s}\)), along with the corresponding Tolman length (δ), are presented in Table S1 The results indicate that for the liquid-solid interface These values highlight the varying behavior of the surface tension correction across different interfaces Surface tension for the flat interfaces was calculated using Bakker’s formula \(\:\left(9\right)\) which integrates the difference between the normal and tangential components of the pressure tensor across the interfacial region The calculated surface tension values for the flat interfaces were found to be γls = 15.6 ± 0.2 mJ/m² for the liquid-solid interface and γlg = 13.7 ± 0.2 mJ/m² for the liquid-gas interface These results indicate that the surface tension is slightly higher at the liquid-solid interface compared to the liquid-gas interface The “cylindrical droplet” stabilization was achieved by establishing periodic boundary conditions (in the simulation box) through its infinite periodic extension along the cylinder axis Schematic representation of thermalized configuration (right and left in the upper part of the figure) of the cylindrical argon droplet for two different sizes and with different numbers of atoms Maps of averaged distributions of numerical density (left) and pressure (right) along the axis of cylindrical argon droplets and (c) depict the smallest droplet in the series (2535 atoms) and (f) illustrate the largest droplet (45375 atoms) The left side insets in each panel show the variation of numerical density along the Z-axis (height) of the droplet indicating how the density distribution changes from the base to the top of the droplet The right side insets display the corresponding pressure profiles showing the variation of pressure across the Z-axis which helps in understanding the stress distribution within the droplet f) correspond to potential well depths of 80% representing the corresponding levels of substrate wettability To simplify calculations, we assume that the equimolar surface and the surface of tension are equidistant and coaxial surfaces in the region where the density oscillations caused by the substrate field do not exceed the value of density fluctuation over the entire cross-section considered (see side inserts on the left in each graph of Fig. 3) the position of the equimolar surface was determined by approximating it with a circular arc along which the values of the number density fall within the range [0.009; 0.011] Å−3 It approximately corresponds to half liquid phase density The radius of the nanodroplet surface is calculated by adding to the radius of the equimolar surface the value Tolman’s δ The interfaces of the fluid-solid contact are flat so their position is easily determined by Eqs \(\:\left(6\right)\) and \(\:\left(11\right)\) and the magnitude of the Tolman length for the respective dividing boundary is calculated according to expression \(\:\left(12\right)\) Using Eq. \(\:\left(6\right)\) and \(\:\left(11\right)\) one can calculate the positions of the flat equimolar dividing surface and the surface of tension, just as demonstrated in the previous section for the argon nanofilm. Fig. S6 (see Supplementary Material Section C.) shows the arithmetic area under the curve at the solid substrate-liquid dividing boundary giving the value of the respective component of the surface tension tensor just as in the case of the liquid-gas boundary Using the obtained values of the positions of the dividing surfaces by formula \(\:\left(12\right)\) the value of the Tolman length δ = 7.0 ± 1.8 Å was calculated means that the surface of tension is at a distance of 7 Å from the equimolar dividing surface in the direction of the fluid which is consistent with known literature results it was established that the surface of tension at the liquid-substrate boundary is closer to the liquid phase by approximately 5.5 ± 0.7 Å For the cylindrical nanodroplet, analyzing the narrow region near the axial section perpendicular to the base of the droplet (see examples in Fig. 4), similar calculations were made as for the nanofilm. The value of the Tolman length within the margin of error is the same as the one obtained for the liquid-gas interface of the nanofilm. MD calculation results of the difference between the normal and tangential components of the pressure tensor tangent to the narrow part of the surface of the smallest (a and b) and largest droplets (c and d) Schematically shown are the positions of the equimolar surfaces constructed using the Gibbs method (left) in the reference system and the corresponding surfaces of tension (right) in the case of the smallest nanodroplet in the second series of calculations (1215 atoms) The distances between the respective dividing surfaces and the angles between them are indicated The over 10% discrepancies between the contact angles determined for the equimolar surface and the surface of tension reflect fundamental differences between these two approaches The equimolar surface defines the geometric phase boundary where the number of particles on both sides is equal making it useful for describing the spatial characteristics and shape of the droplet the surface of tension is a thermodynamically defined boundary that ensures the equilibrium of interfacial forces making it more relevant for analyzing interfacial energy interactions and mechanical equilibrium in the system These discrepancies indicate that both approaches capture different physical aspects of wetting For studies focusing on droplet shape and geometry for analyzing wetting in the context of thermodynamic equilibrium between phases the surface of tension provides a more accurate representation The values of the cosine of the contact angle for sessile nanodroplets with different radii of the surface of tension. The angles are calculated between the surfaces of tension. The values of the cosine of the contact angle for sessile nanodroplets with different radii of the equimolar surface The angles are calculated between the equimolar surfaces where \(\:{\gamma\:}_{lg}\left(R\right)\) is the surface tension for a droplet with radius \(\:R\) \(\:{{\gamma\:}_{lg}}^{{\infty\:}}\) is the surface tension for a flat surface Using Young’s equation for the macroscopic contact angle (θ) at the three-phase boundary (liquid where \(\:{{\upgamma\:}}_{sg}\) is the surface tension between the solid and gas \(\:{{\upgamma\:}}_{sl}\) is the surface tension between the solid and liquid and \(\:{{\upgamma\:}}_{lg}\) is the surface tension between the liquid and gas Considering the modified Tolman approximation \(\:\left(14\right)\) Young’s equation can be modified for nanoscale droplets by accounting for the size-dependent surface tension Dependence of the cosine of the contact angle cos(θ) on the droplet radius R with approximations \(\:\left(16\right)\) for different Tolman length values δ Green points: cosine values of contact angles versus the radius of the surface of tension Blue points: cosine values of contact angles versus the radius of the equimolar dividing surface (a) Red curve: approximation according to the model with δ = 41 ± 4 Å Blue curve: approximation according to the model with δ = −17 ± 2 Å The value of cos(θYoung) for both curves is 0.108 ± 0.005 (b) Red curve: approximation according to the model with δ = −24.8 ± 0.8 Å Blue curve: approximation according to the model with δ = 2.2 ± 1.7 Å The value of cos(θYoung) is − 0.162 ± 0.006 for the red curve and − 0.162 ± 0.007 for the blue curve (c) Red curve: approximation according to the model with δ = −6.9 ± 0.5 Å Blue curve: approximation according to the model with δ = −0.4 ± 0.7 Å The value of cos(θYoung) for both curves is − 0.399 ± 0.007 the values of the Tolman length obtained as a fitting parameter for this model based on simulation data do not match the values of the Tolman length calculated as the distance from the equimolar surface to the surface of tension in the case of a flat interface This discrepancy indicates that a model accounting solely for the size dependence of surface tension needs to be revised to accurately describe the obtained data not solely related to the size dependence of surface tension such as line tension or the influence of molecular structure at the phase boundary could be a potential cause of these discrepancies the ambiguity in defining the location of an interface is related to the interfacial layer (interphase transition region) which has a thickness on the order of the characteristic linear dimensions of the system itself Such difficulty is often the reason to explain the uncertainty in determining wetting contact angles which are key parameters for understanding wetting phenomena This study highlights the importance of selecting an appropriate dividing surface at the nanoscale for accurately describing the wetting behavior The Gibbs dividing surface method provides a mechanically equivalent representation to the natural physical system and allows accurate determination of the contact angle as the dihedral angle at the three-phase line of tension between the tangents to the respective tension surfaces The positions of the Gibbs surfaces were determined using MD simulations of cylindrical argon nanodroplets and nanofilms determined at the triple point temperature of argon corresponding to about a quarter of the surface tension radius for the nanodroplets This study also allowed the calculation of contact angles defined both between the equimolar surfaces and between the tension surfaces for the cylindrical nanodroplet These results contribute to a better understanding of wetting dynamics at the nanoscale and illustrate the complex aspects associated with interpreting contact angles in such small systems a dependence of the wetting contact angles both between equimolar surfaces and tension surfaces on the cross-section radius of the cylindrical droplet with a straight three-phase contact line was found the nature of the size dependence of the contact angle cannot be solely related to the size dependence of surface tension within the Tolman approximation This dependence may be caused by the presence of line tension or adsorption It was established that the differences in the contact angle values between equimolar surfaces and tension surfaces increase with decreasing cross-sectional radius of the nanodroplet and become negligible for macroscopic sizes the observed differences between contact angles measured for equimolar surfaces and surfaces of tension may depend on the measurement technique would capture the wetting angle based on the equimolar surface reflecting the droplet’s geometric properties would measure wetting characteristics based on the surface of tension focusing on the thermodynamic equilibrium of the system This distinction highlights the importance of considering the features of the experimental approach when interpreting wetting phenomena at the nanoscale All data generated from the molecular dynamics simulations and analyzed during this study will be available upon reasonable request to the primary corresponding author Probing surface wetting across multiple force Contact angles: history of over 200 years of open questions Features of the contact angle hysteresis at the nanoscale: a molecular dynamics insight Line tension and Drop size dependence of Contact Angle at the Nanoscale Temperature- and curvature-dependent surface tensions and Tolman lengths for real fluids: a mesoscopic investigation Body forces drive the Apparent Line Tension of Sessile droplets The Tolman length: is it positive or negative The Effect of Droplet size on Surface Tension The statistical mechanical theory of surface tension Rowlinson, J. S. & Widom, B. Molecular theory of capillarity. Dover Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/0368-1874(84)87080-X (1982) Molecular Theory of Surface Tension in liquids The density profile and surface tension of a drop Density profiles and surface tension of spherical interfaces Numerical results for nitrogen drops and bubbles The surface tension and Tolman’s length of a drop Thermodynamic expressions for the Tolman length A coherent picture of water at extreme negative pressure Size-dependent surface Free Energy and Tolman-Corrected Droplet Nucleation of TIP4P/2005 water Energetic and entropic components of the Tolman length for mW and TIP4P/2005 water nanodroplets Tolman length and rigidity constants of the Lennard-Jones fluid Size dependence of the surface tension of a free surface of an isotropic fluid Surface tension and surface energy of curved interfaces and membranes Soft contact: measurement and interpretation of contact angles in Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik vol Contact angles and wettability: towards common and accurate terminology Basic interfacial thermodynamics and related mathematical background Physical Chemistry of Surfaces (A Wiley-Interscience Publication On the Water – Carbon Interaction for Use in Molecular Dynamics simulations of Graphite and Carbon Nanotubes Origin of line tension for a Lennard-Jones nanodroplet Drop size dependence of the Contact Angle of Nanodroplets Contact angles of Lennard-Jones liquids and droplets on planar surfaces The impact of line tension on the contact angle of nanodroplets Interpretation of Young’s equation for a liquid droplet on a flat and smooth solid surface: mechanical and thermodynamic routes with a simple Lennard-Jones liquid Interfaces of Moderate Curvature: Theory of Capillarity Theory of curved interfaces and membranes: mechanical and thermodynamical approaches Minimization of the Free Energy of arbitrarily curved interfaces New General Formula for the curvature dependence of Surface Tension of droplets Curvature-dependent surface tension and nucleation theory The curvature dependence of surface tension of small droplets The generalized Laplace equation of capillarity I Thermodynamic and hydrostatic considerations of the fundamental equation for interfaces The interfacial bending moment: thermodynamics and contributions of the electrostatic interactions Micromechanical description of curved interfaces Particles at Fluid Interfaces and Membranes Attachment of Colloid Particles and Proteins to Interfaces Evaluation of the grand-canonical partition function using expanded Wang-Landau simulations Impact of combining rules on mixtures properties Inadequacy of the Lorentz-Berthelot combining rules for accurate predictions of equilibrium properties by molecular simulation Efficient tuning of potential parameters for liquid–solid interactions LAMMPS - a flexible simulation tool for particle-based materials modeling at the atomic Computer simulation of the liquid–solid–vapour contact angle Molecular dynamics simulation of heterogeneous nucleation at a structureless solid surface General formulation of pressure and stress tensor for arbitrary many-body interaction potentials under periodic boundary conditions Effect of Surface Nano-Texturing on Wetting properties: Molecular Dynamics Study Download references This research was supported by the ANR project “PROMENADE” No as well as by the European Commission within the scope of FP Horizon 2020 (Project “EHAWEDRY” Molecular simulations were conducted using HPC resources from GENCI-TGCC and GENCI-IDRIS (No Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv LEMTA – Université de Lorraine – CNRS UMR 7563 Department of Macrokinetics natural disperse systems Ovcharenko Institute of Biocolloidal Chemistry CRediT Author Statement: BS: Writing - Original Draft Investigation; BS and MI: Conceptualization; YS and BS: Visualization Writing - Review & Editing; LB: Methodology Writing - Review & Editing; DL and MI: Resources Writing - Review & Editing; MI: Resources Project Administration.All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82683-2 2026 Kia EV4 Arrives at New York Auto ShowKia's EV4 debuts at the 2025 New York Auto Show 1 of 31KiaKia's new EV4 electric sedan made its North American debut this week at the 2025 New York Auto Show will be a more affordable entry point for drivers looking to make the EV switch next year 3 of 31KiaUnlike the rest of the Hyundai Motor Group's EV's we've seen so far the EV4 is based on a front-wheel drive configuration with a single 150 kW motor powering the wheels 4 of 31KiaThe EV4 will also arrive in the States with a standard NACS charging port which enables native access to the Tesla Supercharger network 5 of 31KiaInside, the EV4 features a familiar dashboard, inheriting its triple-screen configuration from the larger EV9 6 of 31KiaThere are two 12.3-inch screens serving as the digital instrument cluster and infotainment displays as well as a small 5-inch climate control screen 7 of 31KiaThe EV4 will feature version 3.0 of the automaker's i-Pedal braking system which enables dynamically adjusting regenerative braking or a one-pedal driving mode 8 of 31KiaIn the EV4 Wind FWD configuration the electric sedan is expected to cruise for up to 330 miles between charges 9 of 31KiaCheck out our first look at the 2026 Kia EV4 for more details The reassembled Strokes followed with Angles (2011) and Comedown Machine (2013) the albums moved the band farther away from the stripped-down rock by which it had made its name and they were met with largely mixed reviews Metrics details Flat bands have empowered novel phenomena such as robust canalization with strong localization the spatial symmetry protection in photonic or acoustic lattices naturally forces flat bands to manifest in pairs aligned at an inherently specific angle resulting in a fixed bidirectional canalization we report an acoustic flat-band metasurface allowing not only unidirectional canalization at all in-plane angles but also robust tunability in band alignment and skew angles of the bilayer metasurface can be flexibly controlled to break both in-plane and out-of-plane spatial symmetries These features can thereby turn arbitrary twist angles between bilayers into ‘magic angles’ while maintaining all unidirectional canalization and band alignment tunability This work may significantly contribute to pushing twisted moiré physics into higher dimensions and facilitate the application of advanced acoustic or optical devices the magic-angle-induced flat band has exclusively maintained mirror-symmetrical bidirectional polarization These imperfections significantly limit the flexibility and diversity of bilayer moiré systems in practical applications we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate a bilayer acoustic moiré system incorporating nonlocal hyperbolic metasurfaces The spatial symmetry of the bilayer moiré system is tailored by adjusting the introduced tilt and skew angles along both in-plane and out-of-plane directions The broken symmetry eliminates the sole dependence on the twist angle and creates a more intricate interlayer coupling mechanism thus enabling the tunability of canalization direction and orientation a Schematic of the symmetry-broken bilayer moiré system with unidirectional sound propagation The inset shows an enlarged diagram of the supercell b Evolution process regarding the in-plane and out-of-plane symmetry breaking c–e Patterns of canalization at the magic-angle-induced flat band for the bilayer moiré system with varying levels of symmetry breaking: none Due to the magic angle \((\theta \approx 23^\circ )\) within \(0^\circ \sim 90^\circ\) It is noted that three additional magic angles are also obtained due to the mirror symmetry β and γ for each monolayer will modulate the in-plane wavevectors as follows: a–d Conventional topological transition from hyperbolic to elliptic f Multiple bidirectional flat bands generated by breaking in-plane symmetry where θ is unchanged and \({\beta }_{1}\) and \({\beta }_{2}\) is changed to tune the direction of the flat bands h Multiple unidirectional flat bands generated by breaking both in-plane and out-of-plane symmetries There is only one curve in the flat band after adding γ The top of each subpanel shows the dispersion shape predicted by the theory model while the bottom shows the predicted curve on the upper surface of the system the introduction of γ alters the hybridization mode to a “ghost mode” between surface and volume modes while others continue to propagate along the surface This pattern partially pushes the flat band out of the surface and partly keeps it within This clearly elucidates the construction of multiple unidirectional flat bands with in-plane canalization in any desired direction e The schematics on the bilayer moiré system with three levels of symmetry breaking: none b Pressure field and Fourier spectra at different θ d Pressure field and Fourier spectra at different β f Pressure field and Fourier spectra at the same γ and different β The green curves are the dispersion curves calculated using the theoretical bilayer model The dashed curves indicate the dispersion curves of the upper and lower metasurfaces The simulations are frequency domain simulations f) are the air surrounding the metasurface with the metasurface structure modeled as a hard boundary unidirectional propagation with tunable canalization is further achieved showing good consistency with theoretical results The negligible influence further highlights the potential for manipulating acoustic waves using symmetry-broken bilayer moiré acoustic metasurfaces a Photograph of the fabricated sample with in-plane symmetry breaking The inset shows the enlarged views of the low-symmetry supercell b Measured pressure fields and Fourier spectra with multiple canalization c Photograph of fabricated sample with both in-plane and out-of-plane symmetries breaking d Measured pressure fields and Fourier spectra with multiple unidirectional canalization The green curves present the dispersion curves calculated by the theoretical model It can be clearly observed that the direction of highly concentrated canalization after hybridization is precisely controlled through the introduced \({\beta }_{1}\) and \({\beta }_{2}\) the propagation shifts significantly left for \({\beta }_{1}={\beta }_{2}=45^\circ\) and shifts right for \({\beta }_{1}={\beta }_{2}=-45^\circ\) compared to \({\beta }_{1}={\beta }_{2}=0^\circ\) We also fit the Fourier spectra of the three propagation directions to the dispersion curve This alignment with the deflection of the flat band as \(\beta\) changes further validates the effectiveness of the theoretical model This is beneficial for broadening the operating bandwidth of unidirectional canalization thus offering a versatile platform for extreme manipulation of energy flow Their unidirectional resonance mainly focuses on the far-field radiation characteristics where the propagation direction and polarization state of light in the far field can be controlled solely by twisting the bilayer metamaterials our research focuses on achieving unidirectional canalized propagation of sound waves within the plane but we also achieved efficient unidirectional canalized propagation in all directions within the plane This design demonstrates unique advantages in acoustic devices significantly expanding the practicality and flexibility of bilayer systems In the field of light waves or elastic waves we recommend using columnar nanostructures By tilting and skewing each columnar structure it may be possible to tune wave propagation to achieve similar phenomena The presented work opens new avenues for twisted moiré systems and offers insights for future research in unidirectional flat bands in other fields All relevant data are available in the main text and Supporting Information, and can be obtained from the authors upon request. Source data are provided with this paper Strange metal in magic-angle graphene with near Planckian dissipation Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices Electric field switching of two-dimensional van der Waals magnets Pressure controlled magnetism in 2D molecular layers Van der Waals heterostructure polaritons with moiré induced nonlinearity Photonic crystals for nanolight in moiré graphene superlattices Chern mosaic and Berry-curvature magnetism in magic-angle graphene Quantum critical behaviour in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene Correlated Hofstadter spectrum and flavour phase diagram in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene Dipolar localization of waves in twisted phononic crystal plates Terahertz spin-conjugate symmetry breaking for nonreciprocal chirality and one-way transmission based on magneto-optical moiré metasurface Flat bands in magic-angle bilayer photonic crystals at small twists Superfluidity in topologically nontrivial flat bands Van der Waals quaternary oxides for tunable low-loss anisotropic polaritonics Multiple and spectrally robust photonic magic angles in reconfigurable α-MoO3 trilayers Origin of magic angles in twisted bilayer graphene Correlated electronic phases in twisted bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides Dirac revivals drive a resonance response in twisted bilayer graphene Tunable correlated states and spin-polarized phases in twisted bilayer–bilayer graphene Stacking dependent magnetism in bilayer CrI3 Moiré-driven topological transitions and extreme anisotropy in elastic metasurfaces Nonlocal acoustic moiré hyperbolic metasurfaces Spectroscopy of a tunable moiré system with a correlated and topological flat band Magic angle hierarchy in twisted graphene multilayers Emergence of correlations in alternating twist quadrilayer graphene Interface nano-optics with van der Waals polaritons orbital magnets and correlated states in magic-angle bilayer graphene Strong interlayer coupling and stable topological flat bands in twisted bilayer photonic moiré superlattices Modeling the optical properties of twisted bilayer photonic crystals On-chip light trapping in bilayer moiré photonic crystal slabs Superconductivity and strong correlations in moiré flat bands Configurable phonon polaritons in twisted α-MoO3 Topological photonic phase in chiral hyperbolic metamaterials Topological polaritons and photonic magic angles in twisted α-MoO3 bilayers Topological Lifshitz transition in twisted hyperbolic acoustic metasurfaces Molding broadband dispersion in twisted trilayer hyperbolic polaritonic surfaces Discovery of a weak topological insulating state and van Hove singularity in triclinic RhBi2 Highly crystalline rubrene light-emitting diodes with epitaxial growth Ghost hyperbolic surface polaritons in bulk anisotropic crystals Real-space nanoimaging of hyperbolic shear polaritons in a monoclinic crystal Hyperbolic hybrid waves and optical topological transitions in few-layer anisotropic metasurfaces Extremely anisotropic van der Waals thermal conductors Bulk viscosity and compressibility measurements using acoustic spectroscopy Magic configurations in moiré superlattice of bilayer photonic crystal: almost-perfect flatbands and unconventional localization Three-dimensional reconfigurable optical singularities in bilayer photonic crystals Topological nature of radiation asymmetry in bilayer metagratings Download references acknowledge support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant No the Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant No the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [Grant No acknowledges the support of China Scholarship Council [Grant No 202406080122] and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [Grant No acknowledges support from the Science Center Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Education These authors contributed equally: Chenglin Han School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Key Laboratory of Vibration and Control of Aero-Propulsion System Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education) Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures carried out the theoretical analysis and simulations wrote the manuscript with contributions from the other authors All of the authors have made a substantial contribution to the paper Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work Reprints and permissions Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-55937-4 By submitting the above I agree to the privacy policy and terms of use of JTA.org remembering Hall of Fame boxing journalist Michael Katz This article was originally created as a newsletter. Sign up for the weekly Jewish Sport Report here After a lifetime of saying “Next year in Jerusalem,” two-time World Series champion and Team Israel coach Kevin Youkilis finally made it to Israel last week who has been increasingly vocal about his Jewish heritage since Oct visited Israel as part of a solidarity trip with Boston’s Jewish federation that was organized by Dan Kraft son of New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft “It has been one of the most eye-opening trips I’ve ever had in my life,” Youkilis told the Jerusalem Post “From everything that Israel is about and stands for it was truly a special trip to come here for my first time.” Youkilis shared photos from Masada, the Western Wall and, of course, eating falafel Snoop Dogg (left) and Tom Brady star in a Super Bowl ad calling out hate as the Philadelphia Eagles look to deny the Kansas City Chiefs’ bid for an unprecedented three-peat There won’t be any Jewish players on the field in New Orleans there are Jewish storylines to watch ahead of and during the big game not long after the Eagles’ narrow loss to the Chiefs I think that reflects well on who I am and where I come from.” the NFL has loose rules on who receives a Super Bowl ring who appeared in three regular season games for the Chiefs this season Firkser played only 51 snaps this season with the Chiefs none of them in the playoffs (for reference star Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce has logged over 1,000 snaps this season) But Firkser remains on the Chiefs practice squad and could potentially end up with some bling if they win NOT JOSHING AROUND. Speaking of the Kraft family, Josh Kraft, Robert’s third-born son, officially launched his campaign for Boston mayor this week The 57-year-old would be Boston’s first Jewish mayor He spent 12 years as the CEO of the Boys & Girls Clubs of Boston and is currently the president of the New England Patriots Foundation and maybe some kids at school or college being quiet about their Judaism hopefully it’ll give them a sense of pride,” Kraft who serves as the co-chair of the Massachusetts Task Force on Hate Crimes ‘I’M DEFINITELY NOT A NAZI.’ Days after UFC fighter Bryce Mitchell denied the Holocaust and made pro-Hitler comments on his podcast — which drew the ire of UFC president Dana White — the featherweight apologized on Instagram “I’m sorry I sounded insensitive,” he wrote last Saturday “I definitely was not trying to offend anybody I know that a lot of people died in the Holocaust and definitely do not condone any of the evil things Hitler did.” WHAT DOES THE FOX SAY? New York Rangers star Adam Fox spoke with The Hockey News about his Jewish upbringing and what it means to him to represent Jewish fans in the NHL “I think it’s something where there are not too many Jewish hockey players so something for young kids to look up to,” Fox said “I think representation is always important MAY HIS MEMORY BE A BLESSING. Hall of Fame boxing journalist Michael Katz, who was known for his humor and chutzpah, died Jan. 27 at 85 years old Katz wrote for The New York Times and The Daily News In response to an antisemitic comment by Mike Tyson “You’ve turned your back on too many people who were kind to you who got you out of the ghetto and tried to get the ghetto out of you You call them ‘Jews in suits,’ which offends me Salz has one year of NCAA eligibility remaining Zach Hyman and the Edmonton Oilers host the Colorado Avalanche Friday at 9 p.m Jack and Luke Hughes and the New Jersey Devils face the Montreal Canadiens Saturday at 1 p.m Jordan Harris and the Columbus Blue Jackets host Adam Fox and the New York Rangers Saturday at 7 p.m Jakob Chychrun and the Washington Capitals host Utah Sunday at 12:30 p.m Deni Avdija and the Portland Trail Blazers face the Minnesota Timberwolves Saturday at 8 p.m and the Sacramento Kings host the New Orleans Pelicans Saturday at 10 p.m Amari Bailey and the Iowa Wolves host the Stockton Kings Friday and Saturday Manor Solomon and Leeds United host Millwall Saturday at 7:15 a.m Leeds United is in first place in the EFL Championship — if they finish the season in the top two David Lipsky and Max Greyserman are all competing in the Phoenix Open this weekend in Scottsdale Auburn basketball coach Bruce Pearl has partnered with the organization Athletes for Israel to support programming that blends sports and Jewish pride more than 120 Jewish high school students from Florida New Jersey and Pennsylvania visited the No 1-ranked men’s team to participate in acts of community service a Jewish basketball tournament and an “All-Star game” against local high school students JTA has documented Jewish history in real-time for over a century Keep our journalism strong by joining us in supporting independent I accept the Privacy Policy Metrics details The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different Angle printing on the model on the printing platform and whether it affects the later transfer accuracy Ten bracket transfer models were printed on the platform of the 3D printer in four ways: 0° without support rod Transfer guide plates for transfer brackets were made using PVS The linear and angular discrepancies were determined digitally by measuring six different dimensions The best performance was achieved at 90° with a support bar with mesiogingival wing center point gap and diogingival wing center point gap of 0.169 and 0.176 The linear deviation of groups A and B in the vertical direction was highest (0.285 (P < 0.001) and 0.283 (P < 0.001) respectively) when the transfer guide plate was made by PVS for the transfer bracket followed by the proximal and distal direction The best performance was achieved in the Orovestibular The printing angle of the 3D indirect bonding slot transfer model on the printing platform significantly impacts the transfer accuracy with the accuracy of the 45° and 90° bracket models having the least impact A minimum transfer error of 90° since 90° 3D printed bracket transfer models with support rods have the best reliability and is widely used in dentistry and other fields clinicians can precisely plan the layout of brackets and buccal tubes based on the position of the tooth roots and materialize these designs through 3D printing offering unprecedented design flexibility and manufacturing precision Polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) plays a pivotal role in this process not only in the manufacturing of traditional IDB trays but also in ensuring two core elements of the trays: the precise planning of bracket positioning and the accuracy of their transfer This high level of precision in positioning and transfer ensures the effectiveness and safety of orthodontic treatments reducing the need for adjustments during treatment and discomfort for the patient we particularly emphasize the importance of utilizing 3D printing technology to precisely manufacture bracket transfer models Choosing the appropriate printing angles is crucial for improving the accuracy and surface quality of the models as it directly affects the performance of the final products 3D printing technology not only simplifies the process of fine-tuning bracket positions but also addresses challenges inherent in traditional methods this study will explore how printing angles impact the surface morphology of models and how these changes in surface morphology affect the accuracy of IDB trays and their acceptability in clinical settings Through ongoing research and optimization of the design and manufacturing processes of IDB trays we anticipate significant enhancements in the efficiency and effectiveness of orthodontic treatments providing patients with more personalized and comfortable treatment options The further development and application of these technologies suggest that orthodontic treatment is moving towards greater precision and personalization shows the working flow chart of IDB made by PVS and the transfer accuracy flow of the position deviation of bracket SHINING 3D™ printer software was used to design group A (0° without support) For the pre-treatment model selection in this study a digital impression of the upper jaw of an elderly patient suffering from periodontal disease was chosen The digital impression was captured and analyzed using OrthoAnalyzer™ software by 3Shape Effect diagram of the unsupported bracket transfer model after 3D printing and superposition with the preoperative virtual model in 3D Measurement Software (PolyWorks MS 2022 Severely deformed traction hooks for the cusps and molars of the unsupported trusses transfer model in 3D Measurement Software (PolyWorks MS 2022 Surface collapse of proximal and distal gingival wing of incisor in group A bracket transfer model caused by the ladder effect of the surface. The solid green line is the actual position of the design bracket. Green shows the excess adhesive in 3D Measurement Software (PolyWorks MS 2022 C and D’s bracket transfer model after 3D printing and superimposed with the preoperative virtual model in 3D Measurement Software (PolyWorks MS 2022 Canada).Red and blue represent low overlap with more green areas indicating higher overlap Continuous variables with a normal distribution were presented as means ± standard deviation whereas those with a non-normal distribution were reported as median[interquartile range (IQR)] (P25 The overall significant difference in transfer deviations between the four tooth groups (incisors premolars,molars) was assessed by the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis H multipair comparison the differences between the two transfer methods were determined using the Mann–Whitney test The p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v26.0 the accuracy improved with increasing printing plane angles with the best performance observed at 90° with supports The discrepancies in the center points of the mesial and distal gingival wings of the incisors at this angle were 0.169 (P < 0.05) and 0.176 (P < 0.05) Similar findings for other tooth positions were noted in Groups B free-end support significantly impacted printing accuracy necessitating different support structures to prevent detachment from the build platform during printing it remains unclear whether errors on the printing platform affect transfer accuracy with precise bracket and buccal tube placement planned based on the virtual positioning of tooth roots this method only provided a theoretical basis measured deviations were within this range there was no significant difference in transfer accuracy between Groups C and D The curing material was a major factor affecting accuracy, as any excess bonding material could be forced into spaces around the bracket, affecting the precision of bracket placement (Fig. 6) found that the accuracy of angular dimensions and tipping was lower than that of linear dimensions primarily due to excessive bonding material most studies lack an explanation for these results increasing the thickness of the silicone rubber and coordinating four-handed care was highly beneficial suggesting that differences in crown lengths between incisors and molars could affect guide thickness and the same upper jaw model was chosen for consistency in vitro studies lack the soft tissues present in in vivo studies and the trays and brackets cannot move gingival tissue to achieve correct bracket placement and patient cooperation were not considered.The post-curing process and its impact on the mechanical integrity of the IDB tray considering the sustainability in clinical application discussing the relationship between the support structure density and material loss whether the curing technology or material variability will also affect the accuracy remains to be further studied PVS can be used to make the classic IDB guide plate the 90° model provides the least linear and angular transfer errors The 3D printed bracket transfer model of 90 with support rod has the best reliability in clinical use in vivo studies are needed to confirm the accuracy of the clinical results The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request A comparative assessment of transfer accuracy of two indirect bonding techniques in patients undergoing fixed mechanotherapy: A randomised clinical trial Transfer accuracy of two indirect bonding techniques-an in vitro study with 3D scanned models Comparison of three-dimensional printing guides and double-layer guide plates in accurate bracket placement A novel digital technique for measuring the accuracy of an indirect bonding technique using fixed buccal multibracket appliances The herbst appliance combined with a completely customized lingual appliance: a retrospective cohort study of clinical outcomes using the american board of orthodontics objective grading system The indirect bonding technique in orthodontics-a narrative literature review Comparison of the transfer accuracy of two digital indirect bonding trays for labial bracket bonding Comparison of two 3D-printed indirect bonding (IDB) tray design versions and their influence on the transfer accuracy Accurate bracket placement with an indirect bonding method using digitally designed transfer models printed in different orientations-an in vitro study Accuracy of indirect bonding trays—A measurement algorithm Two-step strategy for constructing hierarchical pore structured chitosan-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering An investigation on dimensional accuracy of 3D printed PLA PET-G and ABS samples with different layer heights Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 37(2) 3D printing review in numerous applications for dentistry Accuracy of 3D printed models created by two technologies of printers with different designs of model base The effects of additive manufacturing technologies and finish line designs on the trueness and dimensional stability of 3D-printed dies Three-dimensional digital superimposition of orthodontic bracket position by using a computer-aided transfer jig system: An accuracy analysis Three-dimensional evaluation of the transfer accuracy of a bracket jig fabricated using computer-aided design and manufacturing to the anterior dentition: an in vitro study Accuracy of digital light processing printing of 3-dimensional dental models Effect of printing direction on the accuracy of 3D-printed dentures using stereolithography technology Effect of printing direction on stress distortion of three-dimensional printed dentures using stereolithography technology The effect of layer thıckness on the accuracy of the dıfferent ın-house clear alıgner attachments Bracket transfer accuracy with two different three-dimensional printed transfer trays vs silicone transfer trays Accuracy (trueness and precision) of 3D printed orthodontic models finalized to clear aligners production and curing influence dimensional accuracy and flexural properties of stereolithographically printed resin and microbial adhesion of 3D-printed resins with various printing orientations Surface quality of 3D-printed models as a function of various printing parameters Measurement and comparison of bracket transfer accuracy of five indirect bonding techniques Download references This work was supported by the Healthentalent plan of Taihu Lake in Wuxi (Double Hundred Medical Youth Professionals Program) from Health Committee of Wuxi (No General Project of Wuxi Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning (M202240) Clinical Research and Translational Medicine Research Program Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (LCYJ202223) (LCYJ202346) The funding bodies were not involved in the design of the study or interpretation of the data and writing the manuscript Yufeng Gao and Yannan Cao contributed equally to this work Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University FY Z: wrote the main manuscript text; MC H: concept and design of the study; YN C: extract data from the collected literature and analyze the data; LP Y XM F: have drafted the work or substantively revised it All authors approved the final version of the manuscript All persons named as authors warrant that they have reviewed and approved the manuscript prior to submission Ethical approval was obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University in October 2022 (approval number: LS2022106) Written informed and oral consent was obtained from the study participants Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-90328-1 Metrics details The fuel-air mixing is of paramount importance in hypersonic air-breathing vehicles and its performance is closely related to the fuel injection angle This article presents an investigation into the influence of the injection angles on the flow and mixing processes in a supersonic combustor at low Mach supersonic inflow Detailed flow characteristics are compared and analyzed with a focus on instantaneous and average flows several significant mixing parameters are thoroughly depicted relatively strong fuel fluctuation is presented on the leeward side in comparison to the windward side in the near field for the inclined injection the counter-rotating vortex pairs (CVP) are constricted by the inclination of the injection giving rise to a decrease in jet-cavity interaction Although inclined injection exhibits favorable performance in backpressure resistance at low Mach supersonic crossflow it presents a greater challenge in terms of ignition thus necessitating meticulous design considerations resulting in notable advancements in flow structures (e.g. flow dynamics and unsteady characteristics mixing efficiency and total pressure recovery efficiency) The Planar laser Mie scattering is used to visualize the injectant the jet plume size and the mixing performance are considerably improved with the increase of the boundary layer While some research has been carried out on inclined injection it is primarily focused on moderate Mach crossflow There is a dearth of research at low Mach supersonic crossflow which is a significant gap in the existing literature and a key focus of this paper To further improve mixing and combustion in a supersonic combustor a large recirculation zone generally exists which creates a localized low-speed region within the high-speed crossflow This region then allows for the prolonged residence of the fuel as well as facilitating mixing and combustion When the JICF is combined with a downstream cavity a basic flow configuration with practical scramjet applications is then constructed and the counter-rotating vortex pairs (CVP) are strongly coupled to the cavity shear layer and the recirculation zone The interaction between the JICF and the cavity may have a significant impact on the flow and mixing properties as well as the influence of the injection angle This constitutes another major point of this work an in-house high-resolution large eddy simulation (LES) is conducted to unravel the effects of injection angles on the flow structures and mixing properties in a supersonic cavity combustor at low Mach supersonic crossflow A transverse injection (90°) and a streamwise inclined injection (45°) upstream of the cavity are both numerically investigated at a Mach 1.5 crossflow and fluctuating properties are highlighted and detailed compared for different injection angles The analysis encompasses both mean and instantaneous properties Some significant flow and mixing parameters are evaluated and compared Combustor model and basic flow features In consideration of the present crossflow condition and cavity configuration the estimated residence time is about 0.8 ~ 2.0 milliseconds the inflow parameters at the inlet and fuel jet are illustrated which results in a jet/crossflow momentum flux ratio of 4.8 and a total equivalence ratio of 1.0 the quantities presented in this paper are dimensionless results The simulations are conducted using 480 central processing unit cores It takes about 400 h to obtain quasi-steady and average results for each case Density gradient magnitude and the isosurface of the fuel mass fraction colored by the longitudinal velocity Instantaneous nearfield flow structures for different injection angles at the spanwise middle plane LS: Lambda Shock; BS: Bow Shock; BaS: Barrel Shock; MD: Mach Disk; RS: Reflected Shock; LCS: Large Coherent Structures; R1/R2/R3/R4: Recirculation Regions; HV: Hovering Vortex Average fuel distributions at the spanwise middle plane and the streamwise planes. The streamwise positions are designated as x = 40, 90, 140, 190, and 240, respectively. RMS fuel distributions at the spanwise middle plane and the streamwise planes The streamwise positions are designated as x = 40 Turbulent kinetic energy distributions at the spanwise middle plane and the streamwise planes. The streamwise positions are designated as x = 40, 90, 140, 190, and 240, respectively. Streamlines colored by react jet mass fraction (Yr) and average pressure distribution at the bottom wall and side plane Average flow structures in the near field for different injection angles Comparisons of flow and mixing properties for different injection angles Left: the mixing efficiency and their difference; Middle: the pressure coefficient and Mach number; Right: the flammability efficiency high-resolution LES is performed to investigate the influence of the injection angles on the flow and mixing processes in a supersonic combustor at low Mach supersonic crossflow The detailed instantaneous and average flow characteristics and significant mixing parameters are presented The results demonstrate that the inclined injection configuration exhibits a relatively strong fuel fluctuation on the leeward side in comparison to the windward side in the near field the CVP are restrained by the injection’s inclination leading to a reduced jet-cavity interaction While inclined injection demonstrates favorable characteristics with regard to resisting high backpressure particularly at low Mach supersonic crossflow it does present a more significant challenge in terms of ignition further works should be conducted to determine the optimal injection angle at low Mach supersonic flows reactive flows and elaborate experimental observation All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article Effects of injection angle and pressure on mixing performance of fuel injection via various geometries for upstream-fuel-injected scramjets Research progress on mixing enhancement using streamwise vortices in supersonic flows Supersonic mixing in airbreathing propulsion systems for hypersonic flights Application of the sparse-lagrangian multiple mapping conditioning approach to a model supersonic combustor Effects of inflow velocity on transverse jet injection in a supersonic cavity combustor Impact of fuel injection distribution on Flame Holding in a cavity-stabilized Scramjet Combustion characteristics of a dual-mode ramjet engine with a supersonic aerodynamic ramp injector Large eddy simulation of supersonic mixing layers using a compressible filtered mass density function method Flow field around a spanwise-inclined jet in supersonic crossflow Liquid jet in a subsonic gaseous crossflow: Recent progress and remaining challenges Large-Eddy Simulation of Jet Mixing in Supersonic Crossflows Time evolution and mixing characteristics of hydrogen and ethylene transverse jets in supersonic crossflows Effects of oblique and transverse injection on the characteristics of jet in supersonic crossflow Design considerations for efficient spanwise-inclined air-jet vortex generators for separation control in supersonic and hypersonic flows Numerical Investigation of transverse jets through multiport injector arrays in a Supersonic Crossflow Using shock generator for the fuel mixing of the extruded single 4-lobe nozzle at supersonic combustion chamber The influence of elliptical and circular orifices on the transverse jet characteristics at supersonic crossflow Effect of tabs on transverse jet instabilities Structural and stability characteristics of jets in crossflow Influence of extruded injector nozzle on fuel mixing and mass diffusion of multi fuel jets in the supersonic cross flow: Computational study Influence of the non-equal aligned nozzles for fuel injection inside the supersonic combustion chamber Computational modeling of the rectangular non-aligned multi-injector for efficient fuel mixing in a supersonic combustion chamber Numerical studies of flow patterns and fuel distribution of tandem-arranged multi jets in a hypersonic crossflow Experimental study of parallel injections with different distances into a supersonic crossflow Turbulent mixing and trajectories of jets in a supersonic cross-flow with different injectants The flow features of transverse jets in supersonic crossflow flame structure and near-wall burning in transverse hydrogen jets in supersonic crossflow Large-Eddy simulations of transverse jet mixing and Flame Stability in Supersonic Crossflow Near-field evolution and scaling of shear layer instabilities in a reacting jet in crossflow Interaction of chemical reactions and turbulence in a jet in supersonic crossflow Mixing and Penetration Studies of Sonic Jets in a Mach 2 Freestream Study of Sonic injection from circular injector into a supersonic cross-flow using large eddy simulation On the origins of transverse jet shear layer instability transition Effect of boundary layer thickness on transverse Sonic jet mixing in a supersonic turbulent crossflow A study on supersonic mixing by circular nozzle with various injection angles for air breathing engine LES of an inclined Sonic jet into a turbulent crossflow at Mach 3.6 Effect of air jet vortex generators on a shock wave boundary layer interaction Influence of jet spacing in spanwise-inclined jet injection in supersonic crossflow An energy-consistency-preserving large eddy simulation-scalar filtered mass density function (LES-SFMDF) method for high-speed flows A conservative and consistent scalar filtered mass density function method for supersonic flows Statistically-derived subgrid scale kinetic energy model for large-Eddy simulation of turbulent flows Numerical investigation of mixing models in LES-FMDF for compressible reactive flows An adaptive central-upwind weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme Non-reacting flow visualization of supersonic combustor based on cavity and cavity–strut flameholder Computational fluid dynamics analysis of cavity flame-holders for scramjets In 33rd Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Ten questions concerning the large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows Shock train and pseudo-shock phenomena in internal gas flows Download references Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88987-1 Say goodbye to solar panels - Japan is revolutionizing solar energy with photovoltaic spheres called "Sphelar by Kyosemi" that capture light from all angles Until now, when we thought about solar energy, the image was always the same: flat, rigid panels, looking for the sun like metallic sunflowers. But Japan has just broken the mold. The company Kyosemi Corporation has presented something that could change everything: the world’s first solar spheres, known as Sphelar. These small spheres capture light from any angle without needing to chase the sun like traditional panels do An idea so simple and at the same time so revolutionary that it could open the door to a new way of harnessing clean energy The short answer: because that is how they were designed in laboratories. For decades, engineers created panels for testing conditions where the sun was an immobile lamp And this is where the problem with flat panels comes: they only perform at their maximum for a very short time considering the energy challenges we have ahead was the one who asked the big question: why do we keep making flat panels if the sun does not stay still his team started experimenting in Japan’s microgravity tunnel (JAMIC) There they achieved something that seemed like science fiction: melting and crystallizing silicon into perfect spheres A technology that not only changes the way light is captured but the way we understand solar energy The big advantage is that you do not need to tilt them or mount expensive solar tracking systems This means they work in places where a normal solar panel would hardly function: in windows or half hidden: Sphelar works at its own pace Sphelar competes against traditional panels Making electrical connections on a curved surface is much more complicated than doing it on something flat the process is still not cheap enough to take over the market The major pending task is large-scale production But Kyosemi is already investing money in automation with the idea of lowering costs and bringing this technology everywhere While Korea experiments with “invisible” solar panels Japan bets on another path: accepting that the sun does not behave like in a laboratory and designing something that adapts to real life Sphelar not only wants to be more efficient: it wants to change the rules of the game It proposes a new way of thinking about clean energy The arrival of Sphelar spheres marks a before and after No more depending on panels that only work at full performance for a little while each day Japan reminds us that sometimes the best solutions are born when we stop insisting on fitting nature into artificial molds Maybe the future of solar energy will not be flat dynamic… and capable of harnessing every ray of sunlight the universe gives us Eos the night sky burst into a churning sea of colorful aurorae people from Florida to New Zealand marveled at the unusually widespread atmospheric light show for about 48 hours These serene aurorae arose from chaotic explosions on the Sun days earlier an area of the Sun with a temporarily elevated magnetic field spewed a stream of charged particles and radiation into the solar system before disappearing in late June Some large solar events can disable electrical components on spacecraft and rain charged particles onto planetary bodies—which sometimes affects power grids and satellite communications on Earth In tandem with instruments aboard a constellation of other spacecraft it has provided scientists with a way to view regions of the Sun throughout its 27-day rotation for the first time “It’s enabling us to do this type of research that was not available 5 or 6 years ago.” “It’s enabling us to do this type of research that was not available 5 or 6 years ago,” said George Ho a space physicist at the Southwest Research Institute Stitching together observations from both sides of the Sun scientists vigilantly tracked the active region gaining new insights into how powerful particles fire off the Sun’s surface and wreak havoc within Earth’s magnetic field Active regions can produce geysers of plasma known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs); explosions of radiation called solar flares; and shotgun blasts of high-speed particles A single active region can spit out any number of these hazards when one hyperactive zone repeatedly fired off CMEs and flares “It was quite an intense and prolific active region,” Lario said and solar storms can affect our planet more strongly when they occur on the Earth side of the Sun but their effects are not completely absent when they occur on the Sun’s farside Hanging off the Sun are tentacles of magnetism called magnetic field lines When these tentacles latch onto Earth’s own magnetic field particles can spiral energetically along the field lines toward our planet’s poles solar particles can also reach our planet through other paths that are less understood This full suite of spacecraft exposed the active region’s churnings for two full rotations including the eruption of a powerful solar flare on 20 May The Solar Orbiter allowed scientists to link the particles flooding out of the Sun’s farside with those being observed by spacecraft closer to our planet similar to observing both the source of a flood and its downstream effects its source region was positioned so far from Earth that the Sun’s magnetic field lines likely wouldn’t have strongly bridged the region to our planet the instruments detected charged particles near Earth The researchers propose that instead of traveling along field lines the energetic particles slowly pushed their way across the magnetic field lines heading toward Earth This particle path gives scientists more to consider when imagining all the ways our star can affect—and even harm—Earth Solar Orbiter has documented even stronger events than those observed in May and June but they occurred at times when Earth was not in the Sun’s crosshairs “I guess we can say we dodged the biggest bullet,” said Ho —Collin Blinder (@collinblinder) Metrics details a new technique for active control of the flow around a corner is proposed and a key parameter dominating the flow deflection angle is proposed a microjet array is used for controlling the deflection of the flow at 33 m/s ~ 54 m/s around the 25-degree corner with a small downstream-facing step the surface of which is lined with the micro-orifices from which jets are injected into the flow The flow velocities around the corner are measured using a PIV (particle image velocimetry) technique under each condition for injecting the microjets into the flow The results reveal that a vortex is produced by the microjet array and the flow past the corner is pulled into the low-pressure region near the vortex core the flow that has passed the corner deflects downward to the vortex The results also reveal that the flow deflection angle increases with the supply pressure the deflection angle increases with the jet Mach number a parameter in the form of a momentum coefficient is introduced for data reduction by considering that the flow deflection is induced by a Rankine’s combined vortex the relationship between the momentum coefficient and the streamline slope is expressed by a single linear relation regardless of the flow speed which suggests that the flow deflection angle is controllable precisely by using the microjet array when the angle of the corner between the roof and the slant surface of the car is small the size of the separation region along the slant rear surface is relatively small whereas the downward driving force becomes so strong as to generate a pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices having a high vorticity in the case of a large angle of the corner the size of separation region is larger although the downward driving force to generate the vortex pair is smaller because the flow does not deflect much downward These facts suggest that the deflection angle of the flow at the corner has an optimal value to minimize the drag force of the car It is preferable for further optimization to control the flow deflection angles not only at the corner between the roof and slant rear surface but also at the other two corners which are formed between a side of the car and slant rear surface these approaches limit the concepts of car design and comfortability in the car it is too difficult for these approaches to optimize the flow structures under each driving condition These problems are solved by employing a technique of active flow control because this technique does not need to change remarkably a car shape only small devices are mounted in or attached on the car Such a technique also can respond to various driving conditions the flow deflection angle was not discussed in these studies If the flow deflection angles at individual corners can be controlled independently under each driving condition it might be easy to optimize the flow structures behind the vehicle so that the drag force is minimized This study proposes a method for controlling the flow deflection angle at the corner by using the array of the microjets injected into the flow parallel to the slant wall surface the microjets are acted on the flows around the corner of a model the velocities of which range between 33 and 54 m/s The speed of ~ 30 m/s (~ 110 km/h) corresponds to the speed of the car running on the expressway It is expected that car’s speed is raised to ~ 55 m/s (~ 200 km/h) if autonomous driving technology is established and there is a possibility that the technique of active flow control at this speed may become necessary although the autonomous driving technology has not been established yet cars have no speed limit in the German Autobahn The velocity fields around the corner of the model are measured by a PIV (particle image velocimetry) technique changing the condition for injecting the microjets into the flow a key parameter for determining the flow deflection angle is suggested based on a simple flow analysis and the appropriateness of the parameter is confirmed by the experimental results Each orifice is drilled 1.5 mm below the surface of the slant wall upstream of the step One of the orifice centers is placed in the central plane of the model the arrangement of the orifices is symmetric with respect to the central plane of the model where x and y are taken along the streamwise and height directions The origin of the system is placed at the downstream end of the horizontal surface One is contained in the central plane of the model The other denoted by plane II is placed between the centers of the two orifices adjacent to each other one of which is on the central plane of the test model The size of the final interrogation window is 8 × 8 pixels2 with 50% overlap Eight hundred pairs of images are captured per experimental run at each condition in the same setting of the measurement system In order to estimate the uncertainties in the measured velocities ten experimental runs are conducted in the selected cases of no jet and the microjet injections at p0 = 240 kPa (Mj = 1.19) for U∞ = 54 m/s and then the standard deviations in the velocity data of ten experimental runs are calculated The standard deviations are confirmed to be within 2 m/s Incoming velocity profiles (x = –20 mm) Streamlines with jets for U∞ = 33 m/s. Streamlines for microjets and no jet are depicted by solid and broken lines, respectively. Plane containing the orifice center is denoted by plane I. Plane between the centers of two orifices adjacent to each other is denoted by plane II. Streamlines for microjets and no jet are depicted by solid and broken lines Plane containing the orifice center is denoted by plane I Plane between the centers of two orifices adjacent to each other is denoted by plane II the velocity of air entrained into the jet) becomes remarkably high at ~ 4 mm (~ 10d) downstream from the orifice the large amount of air containing the particles starts to be entrained into the jet in the vicinity of this location owing to the unstable behavior of the jet It is found from Figs. 4a–c and 5a–c (streamlines on plane I) that the flow deflection angle becomes large as the jet Mach-number Mj increases (the pressure ratio p0/pb increases) It is also found that the flow deflection angle for U∞ = 33 m/s is larger than that for U∞ = 54 m/s under the same jet Mach-number the flow deflection angle for U∞ = 43 m/s is between the angles for U∞ = 33 m/s and U∞ = 54 m/s although the streamlines for U∞ = 43 m/s are not shown In the case of Mj = 1.19, the streamlines on plane I are compared with those on plane II as shown in Fig. 4c,d for U∞ = 33 m/s and Fig. 5c,d for U∞ = 54 m/s No remarkable difference is observed in streamlines between the two planes for both freestream velocities although a high velocity region resulting from the microjet injection is observed in plane I This finding implies that the microjets affect the flow almost uniformly along the spanwise direction Color of each vector represents the absolute value of the flow velocity The above discussion suggests that the deflection angle of the flow around the corner can be increased by injecting the microjets into the flow because the flow is sucked toward the low-pressure region of a vortex which is driven by the microjets Assuming the vortex to be a Rankine’s combined vortex the pressure at the vortex center p becomes low as the circumferential velocity uθ increases This velocity is regarded in this study as the velocity at the boundary between the forced and free vortices Here, p∞ is the pressure at a place located sufficiently far from the vortex, which corresponds to the freestream pressure (i.e., atmospheric pressure), and ρ is the density. The circumferential velocity uθ is assumed to be proportional to the jet velocity Ujet because the inside part of the vortex is forced by the jet. Equation (1) is thus written using constant C as Putting a cube above the vortex center as a control volume the pressures at the upper and lower surface of which are p∞ and p the vertical velocity component v is caused in the flow inside the cube by the difference in pressure p∞ − p The momentum equation provides the following relation Equations (2) and (3) provides the following relation the angle of the flow deflection θ occurring in the cube is given by Equation (5) suggests that the slope of a streamline is linearly proportional to the ratio of the jet momentum \(\rho{{U}}_{{jet}}^{2}\) to the dynamic pressure of the primary flow \(\rho{{U}}_{\infty}^{2}/2\) the slope of a streamline varies linearly to a parameter in the form of momentum coefficient expressed by varies linearly to the parameter Cμ and written using two constants C1 and C2 as Plots of streamline slope versus parameter Cμ The result also warrants that the flow deflection angle can be set at an intended value by adjusting the jet momentum \({\dot{{m}}}_{\text{jet}}{{{U}}}_{\text{jet}}\) (i.e. the flow deflection angle is precisely controllable a new technique for actively controlling the flow around the corner has been proposed the microjet array is used for controlling the deflection angle of the flow around the corner whose incoming speed is set at 33 m/s The flow velocities around the corner have been measured using a PIV (particle image velocimetry) technique under each condition of microjet injection The experimental results reveal that the flow around the corner is effectively controlled to deflect downward by injecting the microjets into the flow and the flow deflection angle increases with the jet Mach number under the same freestream velocity It is observed in the PIV results that a vortex is produced owing to the shearing force caused by the microjets and the flow is pulled toward the low-pressure region around the core of the vortex a parameter in the form of momentum coefficient is introduced for data reduction with respect to the flow deflection angle by considering that the flow deflection is induced by a Rankine’s combined vortex It is found through such data reduction that the relationship between the introduced parameter and the streamline slope is expressed by a single linear relation regardless of the freestream velocity This finding suggests that the flow deflection angle is precisely controllable by adjusting the momentum of microjets (i.e. by adjusting the pressure supplying to the microjets) Effects of rear slant angles on the flow characteristics of Ahmed body Drag and lift reduction of a 3D bluff body using flaps Separation flow control on a generic ground vehicle using steady microjet arrays Control of salient flow features in the wake of a 25° Ahmed model using microjets Drag reduction of the 25-deg Ahmed model using fluidic oscillator Flow control using MEMS pulsed micro-jets on the Ahmed body Experimental study on synthetic jet array for aerodynamic drag reduction of a simplified car Drag reduction on a three-dimensional model vehicle using a wire-to-plate DBD plasma actuator Comparison of sweeping jet actuators with different flow-control techniques for flow-separation control Effects of sweeping jet actuator parameters on flow separation control Feasibility study of controlling supersonic boundary-layer flows using jets flapping at several tens of kilohertz Sliding mode control applied to a square-back Ahmed body Drag mitigation by blowing and Coanda effect on a square back Study on supersonic rectangular microjets using molecular tagging velocimetry Study on the collapse length of compressible rectangular microjets Experiments on free and impinging supersonic microjets Investigation of the structure of supersonic nitrogen microjets affordable and accurate digital particle image velocimetry in MATLAB Download references Department of Advanced Science and Technology conducted the experiments and analyzed the experimental results constructed the measurement system and conducted the experiments operates the wind tunnel and conducted the experiments guided the research and edited the manuscript guided the research and wrote the main manuscript text Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85244-3 Suggestions or feedback? Superconducting materials are similar to the carpool lane in a congested interstate electrons that pair up can bypass the regular traffic moving through the material with zero friction how easily electron pairs can flow depends on a number of conditions including the density of pairs that are moving through the material This “superfluid stiffness,” or the ease with which a current of electron pairs can flow is a key measure of a material’s superconductivity Physicists at MIT and Harvard University have now directly measured superfluid stiffness for the first time in “magic-angle” graphene — materials that are made from two or more atomically thin sheets of graphene twisted with respect to each other at just the right angle to enable a host of exceptional properties including unconventional superconductivity This superconductivity makes magic-angle graphene a promising building block for future quantum-computing devices but exactly how the material superconducts is not well-understood Knowing the material’s superfluid stiffness will help scientists identify the mechanism of superconductivity in magic-angle graphene The team’s measurements suggest that magic-angle graphene’s superconductivity is primarily governed by quantum geometry which refers to the conceptual “shape” of quantum states that can exist in a given material The results, which are reported today in the journal Nature represent the first time scientists have directly measured superfluid stiffness in a two-dimensional material the team developed a new experimental method which can now be used to make similar measurements of other two-dimensional superconducting materials “There’s a whole family of 2D superconductors that is waiting to be probed and we are really just scratching the surface,” says study co-lead author Joel Wang a research scientist in MIT’s Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) The study’s co-authors from MIT’s main campus and MIT Lincoln Laboratory include co-lead author and former RLE postdoc Miuko Tanaka as well as Thao Dinh along with Kenji Watanabe and Takashi Taniguchi of the National Institute for Materials Science in Japan Since its first isolation and characterization in 2004 graphene has proven to be a wonder substance of sorts atom-thin sheet of graphite consisting of a precise This simple configuration can exhibit a host of superlative qualities in terms of graphene’s strength and ability to conduct electricity and heat Jarillo-Herrero and colleagues discovered that when two graphene sheets are stacked on top of each other the twisted structure — now known as magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene or MATBG — exhibits entirely new properties rather than repelling each other as they do in everyday materials These so-called Cooper pairs can form a superfluid meaning they could move through a material as an effortless “But even though Cooper pairs have no resistance to get the current to move,” Wang explains “Superfluid stiffness refers to how easy it is to get these particles to move scientists can measure superfluid stiffness in superconducting materials through methods that generally involve placing a material in a microwave resonator — a device which has a characteristic resonance frequency at which an electrical signal will oscillate If a superconducting material is placed within a microwave resonator it can change the device’s resonance frequency its “kinetic inductance,” by an amount that scientists can directly relate to the material’s superfluid stiffness such approaches have only been compatible with large The MIT team realized that to measure superfluid stiffness in atomically thin materials like MATBG would require a new approach the typical superconductor that is probed using resonators is 10 to 100 times thicker and larger in area,” Wang says “We weren’t sure if such a tiny material would generate any measurable inductance at all.” The challenge to measuring superfluid stiffness in MATBG has to do with attaching the supremely delicate material to the surface of the microwave resonator as seamlessly as possible you want to make an ideally lossless — i.e. superconducting — contact between the two materials,” Wang explains the microwave signal you send in will be degraded or even just bounce back instead of going into your target material.” Will Oliver’s group at MIT has been developing techniques to precisely connect extremely delicate with the goal of building new types of quantum bits for future quantum-computing devices and their colleagues applied these techniques to seamlessly connect a tiny sample of MATBG to the end of an aluminum microwave resonator the group first used conventional methods to assemble MATBG then sandwiched the structure between two insulating layers of hexagonal boron nitride to help maintain MATBG’s atomic structure and properties “Aluminum is a material we use regularly in our superconducting quantum computing research aluminum resonators to read out aluminum quantum bits (qubits),” Oliver explains why not make most of the resonator from aluminum which is relatively straightforward for us and then add a little MATBG to the end of it like cutting through layers of a cake with a very sharp knife,” Wang says “We expose a side of the freshly-cut MATBG onto which we then deposit aluminum — the same material as the resonator — to make a good contact and form an aluminum lead.” The researchers then connected the aluminum leads of the MATBG structure to the larger aluminum microwave resonator They sent a microwave signal through the resonator and measured the resulting shift in its resonance frequency from which they could infer the kinetic inductance of the MATBG When they converted the measured inductance to a value of superfluid stiffness the researchers found that it was much larger than what conventional theories of superconductivity would have predicted They had a hunch that the surplus had to do with MATBG’s quantum geometry — the way the quantum states of electrons correlate to one another “We saw a tenfold increase in superfluid stiffness compared to conventional expectations with a temperature dependence consistent with what the theory of quantum geometry predicts,” Tanaka says “This was a ‘smoking gun’ that pointed to the role of quantum geometry in governing superfluid stiffness in this two-dimensional material.” “This work represents a great example of how one can use sophisticated quantum technology currently used in quantum circuits to investigate condensed matter systems consisting of strongly interacting particles,” adds Jarillo-Herrero Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering A complementary study on magic-angle twisted trilayer graphene (MATTG) conducted by a collaboration between Philip Kim’s group at Harvard University and Jarillo-Herrero’s group at MIT appears in the same issue of Nature MIT physicists have measured kinetic inductance for two layers of stacked and twisted graphene and found that the superconducting current is much “stiffer,” meaning it resists change more than predicted by any conventional theory of superconductivity reports Karmela Padavic-Callaghan for New Scientist The findings could do more than “shed light on why graphene superconducts – they could also reveal key properties required for room-temperature superconductors.” This website is managed by the MIT News Office, part of the Institute Office of Communications Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Avenue Metrics details There are no regulations for the flyball box angulation the box turn is deemed to represent the greatest injury risk to competitors The aim of this study was to understand the influence of box angle on kinematic variables during a flyball turn by comparing dogs turning on three different angulations of flyball box (45° 60° and 83°) to allow for recommendations to be made regarding the most appropriate box design in terms of limiting risk of injury across the sport to increase both wellbeing and safety for competitors Turning on a 45° box generates significantly more flexion in the forelimbs and carpus whereas turning on an 83° box generates greater degrees of extension in the elbow What our 3D analysis has shown is that the relationship between box angle and the physical demands placed on the dog are complex and related mainly to asymmetrical nature of the sport and as such no one angle may be more or less suitable for training and competition whereas direction of turn may be fundamental in generating the potential for injury Five different angulations of flyball box A 180° change of direction at speed to negotiate the flyball box requires the dog to judge its flight arc in relation to the box surface reduce its velocity to zero whilst retrieving a ball and generate propulsive forces through the hindlimbs whilst rotating its body in readiness to land squarely in preparation to re-accelerate back to the start/finish line is regarded as when a dog makes box contact with all four limbs with the torso at an angle of approximately 45° behind the vertical This allows for a fast turn similar to that seen in human swimming potentially avoiding injury from contacting the box head-on It could be hypothesised that angles closer to the vertical ensure that a dog slows down prior to take-off reducing impact forces and giving time to perform an optimum turn but this can only be confirmed via experimentation Understanding the amount of flexion and extension of the major joints of the limbs during a flyball turn would allow us to define the risks of injury but more importantly formulate a hypothesis regards methods of reducing harm and improving welfare for canine participants The aim of this study was to understand the influence of box angle and direction of turn (differences between inner and outer limb on the box turn) on 3d kinematic variables during a flyball turn We hypothesised that biomechanics demands will be higher on the contact with boxes that are closer to 90° than 45° A video of one flyball box turn can be seen in Supplementary video 1 and one 3d video analysis of a flyball turn can be seen in Supplementary video 2 An overview of the main effects and interactions of box angle’, ‘obstacle’ and ‘limb’, as well as the covariance caused by the random effect is shown in Table 1 we acknowledge that interaction driven main effects do not necessarily need to be reported we have opted to describe them for clarity the 45 degrees angle box has elicited more flexion in the carpus (p < 0.001) Whilst the 83° box caused more significant increases in joints extension on elbow (p = 0.01) the contact phase had the largest number of significant findings elbow (p < 0.001) and shoulder (p < 0.001) extension and higher flexion of the shoulder (p < 0.001) elbow (p < 0.001) and hock (p < 0.001) amongst the phases The push-off phase has shown the most significant effects on hindlimb extension with the highest extension on hock (p < 0.001) Hindlimb flexion overall was higher during approach with hock (p < 0.001) stifle (p < 0.001) and hip (p = 0.022) more flexed during this phase Landing phase only elicited a higher shoulder flexion (p < 0.001) along with contact carpal was more extended (p < 0.001) on inner limb whilst shoulder joint was more extended on the outer limb during the contact and turn and elbow joint was more flexed (p = 0.019) in the trailing limb compared with the lead limb hock and hip joints were more extended on the lead limbs (p < 0.001) whilst hock was more flexed on the trailing limb compared with lead limb (p < 0.001) The interaction term in a linear mixed model (LMM) allows for the possibility to study the interaction of two factors. If the p-value for the interaction term is greater than 0.05, then the interaction is not significant (Table 1) the elbow was more extended on contact than take-off and push-off It was also more flexed on contact than take-off for boxes 45° and 60° (p = 0.011) carpal joint was more extended whilst in the contact phase (p < 0.001) On the 45° box the shoulder was less extended on take-off than other phases (p < 0.001) but it was more flexed on contact and landing (p < 0.001) the shoulder was also more flexed on the contact and landing phases Hock was more extended on approach and take-off on the 60° and 83° boxes whilst only on approach on the 45° box (p = 0.017) the 45° and 60° boxes showed a higher stifle flexion on both approach and contact (p = 0.025) We found increased values in the trail versus lead forelimbs for carpal extension (p < 0.001) and stifle flexion on the 45° box (p = 0.045); hock flexion (p < 0.001) and shoulder extension (p = 0.024) on the 60° box; and as well as greater shoulder extension on the 83° box carpal flexion (p < 0.001) and shoulder extension (p = 0.024) were higher in the lead hindlimb on the 83° box The inner carpus (p < 0.001) and both shoulders (p = 0.002) were more extended on contact when compared with the other phases The trailing hock was less extended on take-off (p = 0.006) Lead/outer elbow was more flexed on contact than TO (p = 0.014) whilst lead/outer shoulder (p = 0.028) was more flexed on contact and landing We found that the lead/outer hock flexed (p = 0.014) more on approach and contact than other phases whilst the trailing hock extends more (p = 0.006) on push off and TO compared to other phases the trailing stifle was more extended (p = 0.021) on contact and approach Analysis of variance (repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman’s test) was applied to understand better the individual kinematics variables across box angles The data which presented a statistically significant difference between box angles can be found on supplementary Tables S1-S6 A common element found is the 60° box showing more consistently less maximum flexion or extension during the turn Five flyball boxes angles to illustrate relative distance dog has to reach over the box to collect the ball between 83° (background) versus 45° (foreground) the greatest amount of flexion was in the lead/outer hock suggests this is as a consequence of the trail limb needing to extend to generate rotation for the swimmers turn we could find no evidence of approach kinematics changing depending on box angle or any variation between inner and outer limb This would suggest that each dog has a standard approach technique regardless of the box that is presented to them which is in line with our previous results which showed a low degree of intra-dog variability on approach to the box Our linear mixed model did not find any significant main effects during take-off, but both the LMM and the analysis of variance found that the greatest amount of extension is generated in the trail hock and is greater during take-off towards the 45° and 60° box angles (Fig. 3). whilst at the same time preparing for rotation of the trunk to affect a swimmers turn An interesting result is that during take-off towards the 45° box the lead hip has a higher amount of extension but the shoulder has the least amount when compared to the 83° angulation We now hypothesise that this is due to the ball being further away and effectively lower at 45° than 83° This means the dog has to travel further during take-off but at the same time limit extension of the lead shoulder and elbow to be able to lower its head and reach the ball whereas at 60° and 83° the ball is effectively closer and therefore easier to reach Stifle extension on the inner limb was lower during take-off towards the 45° angle Taking ball distance into account would also explain why stifle extension is greater on the outer hind at 45° as due to the slight rotation needed to achieve a swimmers turn the outside limb has to travel further to contact the box surface which gets closer as the box angulation increases towards 83° Dog at point of contact with a 60° flyball box Rearview of a dog at point of contact with a flyball box with inner hindlimb (yellow) making contact prior to outer hindlimb (green) Results also indicate that flexion of the outer hip is significantly greater at 45° than 83° which we believe is due to the rotation created from the swimmers turn needing to be absorbed with earlier contact at 45° generating a larger amount of rotation within the trunk We also found that abduction of the hips is greater at 45° than 83° which meets our hypothesis regarding distance travelled by the limbs being greater at lower angles At 45° the hind limbs effectively have to reach further to touch the box What needs to be considered however is that the abduction will not be entirely symmetrical initially based on our observations that the inner hind limb will contact the box first as inertia drives the trunk and outer hindlimb towards contact In the forelimbs we expected to see greater extension of the shoulder and elbow on the outside of the turn simply due to landing on an angled surface where the base is closer than the peak however these were not reflected in our results Extension of the inner carpal was greater overall which would be expected considering the need to turn and shoulder flexion was also greatest across all angles which is explained by the need to dip the shoulder to be able to retrieve the ball Dog at point of landing from an 83° flyball box so we would expect to see higher peak vertical ground reaction forces during our kinetics investigations Considering the greatest degree of extension is to the inner carpus on both box contact and landing it is perhaps surprising that there are relatively few carpal injuries within the sport We only found one difference between box angles on the forelimbs where elbow flexion was greater at 60 versus 45 which suggests that box angle does not appear to greatly influence the degree of flexion or extension of the forelimbs upon landing This supports the hypothesis that dogs have a turn technique which is independent of the angle of the box a consistent turn direction will mean that there will be constant ongoing asymmetry in flexion and extension between the inner and outer limbs Due to the difficulty to source a higher number of dogs able to safely perform the three box angles with more breeds addressed would make the results more generalisable to the flyball population a longer study allowing a lengthy adaptation of a larger sample to all angles would be warranted What is clear is that further research is needed to ascertain the extent of biomechanical changes occurring at the box turn which would need to include an understand of the angle of impact with the box These data could support the making of recommendations regarding training and equipment to improve competitor welfare or limit the types of injury described Thought should be given by the flyball community of ways to train or encourage dogs to turn in either direction at will or on command This may lead to a reduction in performance initially until the dog becomes habituated to the new challenge but will be advantageous in the longer-term regarding time off from the sport due to injury as well as a possible improvement in the dog’s wellbeing Our investigation has identified fundamental differences in the phases of turning in flyball dogs we now know that turning on a 45° box generates significantly more flexion in the forelimbs and carpus Our 3D analysis has shown is that the relationship between box angle and the physical demands placed on the dog are complex and as such we cannot definitely answer the question “Is there a perfect angle to prevent sport injuries in flyball dogs?” as no one angle may be more or less suitable for training and competition but the 60° angle seems to present a good compromise although further studies are needed to confirm this the direction of turn may be fundamental in generating the potential for injury The data was acquired according to modern ethical standards and according to guidelines set by The Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 The research has been approved by the Hartpury University Ethics Committee A written informed consent was also obtained from the owners of the participants of the study prior to data collection The reporting of the trial has complied with the ARRIVE guidelines Assuming the methods differ slightly in their intervention and outcomes we estimated a sample size of between 5 to 12 dogs was needed (MedCalc® Statistical Software version 20.115) however only five could be found with the necessary skills required Handlers confirmed that dogs were free from injury and disease and were examined by an experienced qualified veterinary physiotherapist prior to data collection to confirm the absence of any musculoskeletal issues or lameness Four of the dogs were whippet cross breeds Further demographic data for each participant can be seen in supplementary table S7 A standard flyball course was created in an indoor sports court with n = 4 hurdles positioned at 6,16,26 and 36 feet from the start/finish line (BFA,2023) which is the minimum height a dog is expected to jump during a BFA sanctioned competition constructed from 10 mm Tuffspun™ matting commonly used in both training and competition was used to denote the flyball lane each with a different angle of contact surface were also used All boxes were manufactured from heavy plywood by Guard Dog Products with standard dimensions to British Flyball Association guideline contact surfaces were covered with a 5 mm rubberised All boxes used the same detachable ball release mechanism which was inserted into each box prior to use A total of 11 Miqus M3 motion capture cameras (Qualysis Sweden) were arranged on tripods at varying heights around the flyball box to capture a total volume of 5 m x 3 m x 2 m allowing motion to be captured in 3 dimensions as each dog turned on the flyball box Five cameras were positioned around the box including one attached to a tripod with an extension mount to allow data from an overhead angle to be captured The remaining cameras were positioned either side of the flyball run to allow a total distance of 5 m of course to be captured an additional Miqus M3 camera was positioned facing the flyball box to capture standard 2-dimensional video Once all cameras were in place and capture volume was confirmed the system was calibrated using the manufacturers standard Handlers prepared their dogs as they would prior to a flyball competitions allowing acclimation to the research environment and equipment and were directed by their usual handler throughout the study Prior to data collection each dog was able to carry out a warmup in any manner their handler wished Dogs were then encouraged to complete the course three times per box angle whilst turning to their usual side (left or right) Where dogs did not successfully retrieve the ball they repeated the course until three successful ball fetches were completed Once three successful runs were achieved the flyball box was replaced by one with a different angle and the process was repeated until all three angles had been used The order in which the angles were used was randomised the maximum number of attempts a dog could have using any one angle was seven and dogs could also be withdrawn from the study by the owners at any time however all dogs completed all three angles a minimum of three times successfully All dogs were very experienced dogs and started the run at the same point using always the same handler and box loader (person loading the ball on the box) to ensure they developed a similar speed and technique has described that there is a great intra-dog consistency and therefore we were aware that dogs employ a very similar technique every time they complete the flyball turn as well as shoulder angle at the lowest phase of the landing were then used for analysis Duration of landing was measured in seconds (using video frames) The right forelimb was measured in the first instance with the left forelimb utilized if the angles of the right forelimb could not be clearly measured Forelimb choice was consistent within the dog All data was then collated using the manufacturers dedicated software All statistical analysis were performed with SPSS (IBM Corp NY: IBM Corp) and the confidence level was set as 95% (p < 0.05) one containing all parameters for forelimbs (FL) and another containing all parameters for the hindlimbs (HL) To analyse the prediction of parameter variance by the categorical descriptors of the obstacle we reduced non-significant effects one-by-one starting with the complete model until the final reduced model satisfied a minimal Akaike information criterion backward random effects elimination was performed followed by elimination of the fixed effects P-values were calculated using Satterthwaite’s approximation for degrees of freedom The LMMs were used to investigate the main and interaction effects of ‘box angles’ (45 push-off or landing) and the ‘limb’ (trail/lead or inner/outer) on joint angles considering the obstacles phases just the relevant obstacles phases were included box push-off included only joints extension or on contact phase only extension was analysed for carpal joint and ‘box angle’ were included in the model as fixed effect The full model considered the interactions obstacle*limb box angle*limb and box angle*limb*obstacle One model was created for maximum flexion and extension of each joint All models were fitted using restricted maximum likelihood estimation Model acquirements and assumptions were fulfilled as variances were homogeneous and residuals normally distributed Post hoc analyses of main effects and interaction effects were carried out using comparison of least mean squares of group means with Bonferroni correction The approximation for degrees of freedom is Satterthwaite’s Despite being increasingly common in the analysis of biological data LMM cannot provide analysis of variance to compare differences in kinematics variables between box angles at each phase of the obstacle (approach push-off and landing) or between limbs at a specific box angle further tests were applied to analyse in more depth the changes in kinematics (Results of further tests can be seen in the Supplementary material) To compare the variables between flyball box angles parametric data was analysed with one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (one-way repeated measures ANOVA) with distribution of variables as assessed by visual inspection of a boxplot and Greenhouse–Geisser correction applied when the sphericity was violated on the Mauchley’s test of sphericity Bonferroni correction for multiple pairwise comparisons was used and the results report SPSS Bonferroni adjusted p-values (Supplementary Tables S1-S4) To compare lead and trail limbs or inner and outer limbs data was consolidated and treated as related samples As such paired t-test was used to compare inner and outer limbs when data was parametric and Wilcoxon’s rank test was used when data was non-parametric (Supplementary Tables S5 and S6) The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request Evaluation of variability in performance and paw placement patterns by dogs completing the dog walk obstacle in an agility competition Söhnel, K. et al. Limb dynamics in agility jumps of beginner and advanced dogs. Journal of Experimental Biology https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202119 (2020) Comparative Kinematic Analysis of Hurdle Clearance Technique in Dogs: A Preliminary Report Jumping in dogs: concurrent assessment of four limbs with a portable electronic walkway Evaluation of Variability in Gait Styles Used by Dogs Completing Weave Poles in Agility Competition and Its Effect on Completion of the Obstacle Small and medium agility dogs alter their kinematics when the distance between hurdles differs Kinetic Gait Analysis of Agility Dogs Entering the A-Frame Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 32 Reduction of the A-Frame Angle of Incline does not Change the Maximum Carpal Joint Extension Angle in Agility Dogs Entering the A-Frame Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 31 Kinematics and kinetics of dogs completing jump and A-frame exercises Kinetics and Kinematics of Working Trials Dogs: The Impact of Long Jump Length on Peak Vertical Landing Force and Joint Angulation The effect of the A-frame on forelimb kinematics in experienced and inexperienced agility dogs An Internet survey of risk factors for injury in North American dogs competing in flyball Internet Survey of Participant Demographics and Risk Factors for Injury in Flyball Dogs Frequency of injuries and orthopaedic conditions sustained by flyball dogs Injury Risk Factors Associated With Training and Competition in Flyball Dogs Daniels, K. A. J. & Burn, J. F. A simple model predicts energetically optimised jumping in dogs. Journal of Experimental Biology https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.167379 (2018) Muscle Function and Kinematics during Submaximal Equine Jumping: What Can Objective Outcomes Tell Us about Athletic Performance Indicators Effect of fence height on joint angles of agility dogs Carpal Extension Angles in Agility Dogs Exiting the A-Frame and Hurdle Jumps Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 33 KINETICS IN JUMPING REGARDING AGILITY DOGS Single limb dynamics of jumping turns in dogs 2D Kinematic Analysis of the Esbarrada and Volta Sobre Patas Manoeuvres of Criollo Breed Horses Competing in Freio de Ouro Grip and limb force limits to turning performance in competition horses Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278 Sample size calculation in animal studies using resource equation approach The effects of altered distances between obstacles on the jump kinematics and apparent joint angulations of large agility dogs Understanding the Impact of Scale Height on the Kinetics and Kinematics of Dogs in Working Trials Download references The authors would also like to thank Jeannette Shelley of the British Flyball Association for her supporting role Our special thanks go out to all of the BFA community and committee who have supported this project at every step including taking time out of their busy lives to provide dogs for data collection project administration; Roberta Blake: methodology Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78863-9 Two videos obtained by CNN show new angles on Wednesday night’s midair collision above Washington DC In the videos both aircraft can clearly be seen flying towards each other then exploding and falling into the river after the fatal explosion The cause of the crash remains under investigation '+n.escapeExpression("function"==typeof(o=null!=(o=r(e,"eyebrowText")||(null!=l?r(l,"eyebrowText"):l))?o:n.hooks.helperMissing)?o.call(null!=l?l:n.nullContext||{},{name:"eyebrowText",hash:{},data:t,loc:{start:{line:28,column:63},end:{line:28,column:78}}}):o)+" \n '+(null!=(o=c(e,"if").call(r,null!=l?c(l,"cta2PreText"):l,{name:"if",hash:{},fn:n.program(32,t,0),inverse:n.noop,data:t,loc:{start:{line:63,column:20},end:{line:63,column:61}}}))?o:"")+"\n"+(null!=(o=(c(e,"ifAll")||l&&c(l,"ifAll")||n.hooks.helperMissing).call(r,null!=l?c(l,"cta2Text"):l,null!=l?c(l,"cta2Link"):l,{name:"ifAll",hash:{},fn:n.program(34,t,0),inverse:n.noop,data:t,loc:{start:{line:64,column:20},end:{line:70,column:30}}}))?o:"")+" infrared (IR) spectroscopy is vital for understanding the composition and structure of ice in various space environments This article explores the impact of incident angles on IR spectroscopy focusing on molecular components present in interstellar and circumstellar ice mantles such as CO The experiment involves changing the angle at which the infrared beam hits the surface used for ice deposition It is important to measure the density of the ice layer accurately especially for experiments that involve using different angles in infrared spectroscopy the experimental methodology allowed us to derive the it effective refraction index values in the infrared range for each ice component Existing corrections typically consider geometric configurations but overlook the refractive index of the ice (n) The study reveals that the incident angle and the refractive index determine the pathlength of the IR beam across the ice sample This insight challenges conventional corrections impacting the integrated absorption values of the IR bands and column densities variations in the incidence angle affect the longitudinal (LO) and transverse (TO) optical modes of the ice leading to observable changes in the IR band profiles that provide information on the amorphous or crystalline structure of the ice The practical implications of this work apply to experimental setups where normal IR measurements are unfeasible the standard 45∘ angle for IR spectroscopy will benefit from a more accurate estimation of ice column density ex-NASA Space Station Payload manager/space biologist Devon Island and Everest Base Camp veteran Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker Access to high-quality health care is crucial to a community’s well-being education and infrastructure that promote a healthy lifestyle The Indy Health District launched in fall 2024 to create healthier communities across 1,500 acres on the north side of Indianapolis city leaders and health professionals from IU Health the nonprofit wants to address socioeconomic and health disparities from all sides—and reverse alarming data showing residents in the district have much lower life expectancies compared to residents in other parts of the Indianapolis metro area we have listened closely to the voices of community members within the district’s boundaries to guide the development of this organization and will remain committed to listening to their input and feedback,” said Jamal Smith executive director of the Indy Health District “Our ultimate goal is to create physical and institutional frameworks that elevate the health and well-being of everyone who lives works and plays in the Indy Health District.” To monitor progress in its long-term mission the group created a Health Impact Dashboard to track health outcomes and changes in primary social determinants of health One of their six guiding principles is to ensure community access to high-quality medical care and health care amenities Other efforts include cleanup and restoration of landscapes Learn more about the Indy Health District Here's a good look at Motorola's next budget flip phone revealing every angle of the upcoming flip-style foldable is expected to be the cheapest of the flip phones in Motorola's 2025 series The promotional images reveal at least three Motorola Razr 2025 colors including a sleek navy blue colorway with what appears to be a carbon-fiber-style finish and texture The photos also show off a green finish with both light and darker tones plus another colorway somewhere between silver and tan The latter color is only shown off via its side profile making it unclear what exactly this finish will look like or be called You can view the full gallery of Motorola Razr 2025 leaked images below: (Image credit: Evan Blass)(Image credit: Evan Blass)(Image credit: Evan Blass)(Image credit: Evan Blass)(Image credit: Evan Blass)Official social media teasers from Motorola revealed the apparent launch date for the Razr 2025 This is significantly earlier than Motorola's launch of the Razr 2024 and Razr Plus 2024 last year Per the latest rumors and leaks the regular Razr 2025 is set to keep its general form factor while the Plus model is expected to pick up a few major upgrades The Motorola Razr Plus 2025 could get a faster chip All the upgrades will be officially revealed later this week your trusted companion in the world of Android He has spent the last three years reporting and commenting on all things related to consumer technology for various publications John's University with a bachelor's degree in journalism When he isn't experimenting with the latest tech you can find Brady running or watching Big East basketball you will then be prompted to enter your display name.