Eos The Landslide Blog is written by Dave Petley who is widely recognized as a world leader in the study and management of landslides and emergency works are underway to protect the village from a slow moving mudflow that is heading towards the village There is a drone video of the landslide on Youtube:- Meanwhile, the Autonomous Province of Bolzano has released this image of the works underway to dredge the channel to allow the landslide to pass through:- is following the path of a small gulley called the Rio di Seres It was triggered by a period of heavy rainfall The Planet Labs image below shows this site in October 2023 And here is an excellent image captured yesterday:- here is a slider that allows the two images to be compared:- the landslide has originated as a failure in a steep The length of the landslide at the time of capture of the image yesterday was about 1.3 km Italy is the most landslide-prone country in Europe and the Dolomite region has a long history of failures the Italian authorities are very adept at handling such crises Planet Team (2024). Planet Application Program Interface: In Space for Life on Earth. San Francisco, CA. https://www.planet.com/ and make sure that you are executing your hurricane preparedness plan," Governor Ron DeSantis said in a Tuesday press briefing.Helene lashed Cuba with heavy rains overnight dumping as much as 8 inches (20.3 cm) in 24 hours across parts of the western tobacco-growing province of Pinar del Rio the provincial meteorological service said.CATEGORY 4Helene was expected to dump up to 15 inches (38.1 cm) of rain in some isolated spots after making landfall in Florida causing considerable flash and urban flooding the hurricane center said.Rhome of the hurricane center said about half of lives lost in hurricanes typically came from flash flooding caused by torrential rain often among people who drive into flooded roads and are swept away He urged those in affected areas to use extreme caution.Rhome added that the expected hurricane-force wind impact area stretched around 180 miles (290 km) north from the Florida panhandle to southern Georgia."You need to prepare for prolonged (energy) outages those trees are going to come down in strong winds block roads," Rhome said.Residents in the potential path are being told to prepare to be without power for up to a week Florida emergency officials said in a briefing.In southwestern Georgia farmers were scrambling on Wednesday to save their cotton and pecan crops an agriculture climatologist with the University of Georgia in Athens.Farmers usually have weeks Knox said on Wednesday."This is going to be a billion-dollar disaster," said Knox.(This story has been refiled to read Category 4 storm in the third bullet)Reporting by Rich McKay in Atlanta Dave Sherwood and Nelson Acosta in Havana and Carolos Carrillo and Mario Fuentes in Pniar del Rio Brad Brooks and Brendan O'Brien; Editing by Alex Richardson Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles., opens new tab , opens new tab Browse an unrivalled portfolio of real-time and historical market data and insights from worldwide sources and experts. , opens new tabScreen for heightened risk individual and entities globally to help uncover hidden risks in business relationships and human networks. © 2025 Reuters. All rights reserved The tourist card to discover what’s best in the city easily and cost effectively Home / Blog / Updated on 10 September 2024 From Bologna Welcome Also, in the splendid setting of the Castello dei Manzoli, whose origins date back to 1411, the 40th edition of the October Fair of San Martino in Soverzano Here you will find the historical re-enactment of the patrol of men-at-arms of the Compagnia di S For updates visit the official Sagre&Feste website (italian only)-> For mortadella lovers, the much-awaited Mortadella Please festival will be repeated in Zola Predosa (BO) with guided tours of the Alcisa and Felsineo food production companies Lastly, one of the most eagerly awaited autumn events is Baccanale in Imola and environs which every year christens a theme on which to build the entire gastronomic initiative in order to enhance the territory's offerings as well as the culinary experience for visitors This year the theme is "Filo d'olio" (thread of oil) from 19 October to 10 November. For updates visit the official website-> Discover all the local food festivals official website Saturday 30 November will kick off the 50th Dolomiti Superski winter season with the opening of the lifts in the ski areas of Cortina d'Ampezzo all 12 ski areas in the Dolomites will be operational with Cortina-Faloria extending its opening until 4 May Some individual lifts will open as soon as weather and snow conditions permit and will close between the end of March and the beginning of April The Sellaronda will be open from 05 December 2024 to 06 April 2025 CORTINA D‘AMPEZZOTofana- Modernization of the snowmaking system on the "TOFANINA" slope Vigil in Enneberg- General overhaul of the cable cars “PEDAGÁ” and “PIZ DE PLAIES”- Replacement of cabin clamps on the cable car "COL TORONN"Olang- New 8-seater chairlift "PLATEAU" with wind bubble (Doppelmayr) ALTA BADIACorvara- New 6-seater chairlift "BRAIA FRAIDA" (Leitner) replacing the old 4-seater chairlift- Installation of a photovoltaic system at the Boé summit station and Vallon valley stationLa Villa- Modernization of the snowmaking system on the "Gran Risa" slope- New reservoir for snowmaking “Codes” GRÖDEN / SEISER ALMSeiser Alm- Ski lift "PANORAMA" – 30-year inspection- Chairlift "FLORALPINA" – 20-year inspectionMonte Pana- Monte Pana Piz Sella areas – Modernization of snowmaking systemsSt Ulrich- Existing ski lift "PALMER" will be replaced by a new ski lift VAL DI FASSA / CAREZZACol Rodella – Campitello di Fassa- Construction begins for the new 3S cable car "CAMPITELLO-COL RODELLA," replacing the old cable car – Opening in December 2025Catinaccio – Vigo di Fassa- General overhaul of the chairlift “CAMPO SCUOLA CIAMPEDIE”Buffaure – Pozza di Fassa- Route adjustment of the “PANORAMA” slope to reduce its gradientCarezza- Existing ski lift “GOLF 1” will be replaced by a new ski lift ARABBA / MARMOLADAPasso Padon- New 6-seater chairlift “PIANI DI ORNELLA-PASSO PADON” replacing the old 2-seater chairlift- Modernization of the snowmaking system on the “ANTERCREP” slope- Increased safety for the “MESOLA” chairlift – new “Safety Kid” systemArabba- Modernization of the snowmaking system on the “BEC DE ROCES” slope- Adjustment of the slope “PONT DE VAUZ-ARABBA” 3 ZINNENHelm- New 6-seater chairlift “PORZEN” with wind bubble (Leitner) replacing the old 4-seater chairlift- Extension and adjustment of the “PORZEN” slope- New slope “PARFAL” VAL DI FIEMME / OBEREGGENJochgrimm- New ski lift “SCHWARZHORN II” replacing the old ski lift- Modernization of the snowmaking system and slope adaptations MARTINO DI CASTROZZA / PASSO ROLLECes- New 10-seater cable car “VALCIGOLERA” (Leitner) replacing the old 2-seater chairlift GITSCHBERG/JOCHTAL – BRIXENJochtal- New 6-seater chairlift “STEINERMANDL” with wind bubble (Leitner) replacing the old 2-seater chairlift- Funzone STEINERMANDL + Skimovie- Modernization of the snowmaking system ALPE LUSIA / SAN PELLEGRINOSan Pellegrino - Falcade- Extension of the "SALINE" slope in Falcade modernization of the snowmaking system on Col MargheritaSan Pellegrino - Costabella- Adjustment of the "MONZONI" slope and the "Monzoni" snowpark- Modernization of the snowmaking system widening of the “Fuchiade” slopeAlpe Lusia- Modernization of the snowmaking system CIVETTAVal Fiorentina- Modernization of the snowmaking system on the “FERTAZZA” slopePalafavera- General overhaul of the “PIODA” chairlift with upgraded safety measuresAlleghe- Adjustment of slopes and modernization of snowmaking systems- Chairlift “PELMO” – 20-year inspection The Holiday and Wellness Hotel Windschar is situated in a quiet and central.. The Hotel Des Alpes Cortina is located in the Nature Park of the Ampezzo Do.. The 4-star Hotel Greif in the centre of Bolzano is a jewel of design  Located 1.5 km from Rocca Pietore Waking up amidst the mountains and total immersion in nature surrounded by.. Hotel Miralago in Molveno is a cosy 3-star hotel in the centre of town and.. Reservation accepted for a minimum of two nights. The 90 sqm Bucaneve.. The Camping Civetta lies in the heart of the Dolomites Hotel | Chalet Das Alpenschlössel is a 5-star hotel in San Martino in Passi.. The Moritzino Club offers ONLY RESTAURANT SERVICE for lunch and dinner with.. The Bec de Roces mountain hut can be found at the foot of the Sella mountai.. the Burz mountain hut is located in the Arabba area of.. The Bloomest self-service laundry in Selva di Cadore is an essential servic.. The shop of the Dolomites products is a small shop located in Selva di Cado.. The Civetta Ski Rental Centre is located at the start of the ski lifts in P.. 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Sign up Explore our Food Tours → When they come into this shoebox of a pizzeria that still looks like the pé sujo (“dirty foot”) bar it previously was That’s because they’re expecting Santa Teresa’s most beloved pizza chef to be a rotund and cherry-cheeked grandfatherly figure perhaps in a red or green apron to make the point hit home The toothy-grinning and somewhat lanky real Chico is instead someone who likes wearing running shoes to work so he can sprint out of his kitchen to greet the passersby on this cobblestone street for which he feels such affection he turned down a proposal to move to California Chico’s pizza trajectory started with a scholarship in Italy to study industrial design He got a job as an assistant cook in a pizzeria but the owner failed to hire a proper cook when Chico started The task fell to the 20-something Brazilian backpacker all wanting to eat pizza,” he said of his first night and the variety of shapes he made was so amusing it would even be written about in a local newspaper he used his pizza and pasta skills to earn his keep picking up restaurant jobs or selling frozen pizzas and lasagna door-to-door that were so good he would declare to Italians that they could tell their spouses they had made them from scratch Chico was ready to live a life more footloose But when he came back to this steep street at the base of the Santa Teresa hillside neighborhood he felt a longing for this romantic corner tucked away in otherwise densely populated Rio and for the his parents and their charming home covered with grapevines There was an old bar on the street that Chico says was falling apart when he bought it 17 years ago He wasn’t radical about turning it around aesthetically: the pizzeria has nine plastic tables with shiny green tarps for tablecloths tucked behind a gate of high bars and with some knickknack decorations which means he’s a fan of Rio’s Fluminense team They’re also the same three colors on the Italian flag What makes his pies popular are the thin crusts which are crispy while still preserving a satisfying chew They’re also a local favorite for having toppings nicely caprichado (capricious which Brazilians use to mean their food has fanciful ingredients and in abundant portions) artichoke hearts and just the right amount of juicy capers to give the pizza a savory finish like the one about the castle he lived in for free in Italy because there was a ghost in it (“But she never showed up Or how he introduced a beloved Brazilian ingredient to the people of Italy “I was the first person to order heart of palm in Italy,” he said “It didn’t exist in the 1990s.” Now it’s on his menu at Pizzaria do Chico According to Chico his little pé sujo has had its brushes with fame: Elton John said he wouldn’t perform in Rio until he had the pizza delivered to his hotel and Stallone liked him so much he invited him to open a venue in California “But am I going to leave my parents here?” he asked his father played an hours-long game of cards with two men He came to Brazil as a refugee during World War II and still speaks Portuguese with an Italian accent as thick as the humid summer air around him. A kid passed by and yelled for Chico to watch him pop a wheelie on his bicycle It may have been 17 years since Chico opened his place on this short street but he is still boyishly excited to see the small antics of daily life that go on around him loading map - please wait...Map could not be loaded - please enable Javascript!→ more information with snowfall and avalanches in mountainous areas and flooding rivers in Emilia-Romagna Region and neighbouring Tuscany Italy’s fire service Vigili del Fuoco said it had carried out 8,000 interventions during the past week due to bad weather including 500 in 36 hours to 18 November in Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany In Emilia Romagna region the Idice River broke its banks in the municipality of Budrio Local media reported that over 100 livestock in the area have drowned Civil protection is working to repair a dyke on the river that broke on 18 November Several roads have been closed in the area The Idice River at Castenaso peaked at about 11.5 metres on 17 November Levels have since fallen to below 7 metres In San Martino in Argine the Idice peaked just under major flood stage (13.3 metres) on 17 November heavy rain and flooding affected areas in neighbouring Tuscany region from 16 November prompting authorities to declare a state of emergency A tornado was reported in Grosseto Province Thirteen people were rescued by helicopter after becoming stranded in floods in the municipality of San Gimignano The rising Arno river caused flood concerns in the tourist cities of Pisa and Florence Some flooding from the Arno was reported in Pontassieve Around 500 people were put under evacuation orders in Cecina in Livorno province due to the threat of flooding from the Cecina river Meanwhile Venice is still experiencing serious problems after three of the highest tides on record caused major flooding the historic city in the past week Other parts of the country have also seen severe weather including heavy snowfall and avalanches in the South Tyrol Region Italy’s northern neighbour Austria has also seen similar severe weather Floods and landslides over the last few days have left at least 1 person dead — Vigili del Fuoco (@emergenzavvf) November 17, 2019 — Vigili del Fuoco (@emergenzavvf) November 18, 2019 — Vigili del Fuoco (@emergenzavvf) November 17, 2019 — Vigili del Fuoco (@emergenzavvf) November 17, 2019 — Cristina Giachi (@CGiachi) November 17, 2019 Breaking NewsItaly Three Times More People at Risk From Yearly Coastal Flooding Than Previously Thought – New Research Colombia – Thousands Affected After Rivers Overflow in Santander Department Cookies | Privacy | Contacts © Copyright 2025 FloodList BMC Pulmonary Medicine warmly welcomes submissions to its new article Collection on crosstalk between the brain and lungs pathophysiology and management of lung disorders in brain-injured patients to create an open access resource for all those interested in the field To learn more about the Collection’s scope, read the opening editorial written by the Guest Editors knowledge gaps and challenges faced by researchers investigating crosstalk between the brain and the lungs Denise Battaglini is Consultant in Intensive Care at San Martino Policlinico Hospital Dr Battaglini is attending a PhD in Translational Medicine at the University of Barcelona She attended two research fellowhips in pneumonia and respiratory physiotherapy at the University of Barcelona and in neurological and pulmonary critical care at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro She is involved in several research projects regarding critical care management of patients with pulmonary and neurological diseases neurological complications of COVID-19 ARDS and lung-and-gut microbiota in neurocritically ill patients Dr Town is an Assistant Professor of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at the University of Washington He works in the Intensive Care Units at Harborview Medical Center where he is also the Director of the Medical ICU His clinical and academic interests are in quality improvement Dr Wahlster obtained her medical degree at the Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg followed by a post-doc in Epigenetics of Neurodegenerative Disease at Harvard Medical School She completed neurology residency and neurocritical care fellowship at MassGeneral/Brigham in Boston and is now the section head of Neurocritical Care in the Department of Neurology at Harborview Medical Center Her academic interests include Mechanical Ventilation in Acute Brain Injury Extubation and Tracheostomy Decisions in the NeuroICU Long-Term Outcomes of Patients and their Families After Severe Acute Brain Injury Neurological Care in Resource-Limited Settings During the submission process you will be asked whether you are submitting to a Collection please select “Brain-lung crosstalk” from the dropdown menu Articles will undergo the journal’s standard peer-review process and are subject to all of the journal’s standard policies Articles will be added to the Collection as they are published The Guest Editors have no competing interests with the submissions which they handle through the peer review process The peer review of any submissions for which the Guest Editors have competing interests is handled by another Editorial Board Member who has no competing interests View the latest posts on the BMC Series blog homepage © 2024 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Part of Springer Nature « California Announces New Curfew in Purple-Tier Counties Two Arrested on Drug Charges in Arcata » Developer and cannabis entrepreneur Glenn White stands in front of his construction site part of a three-building development within the Humboldt-Rio Dell Business Park Rio Dell Mayor Debra Garnes had the triumphant tone of vindication in her voice — or perhaps it was just civic pride — as she talked about the tax revenues flowing into her city from cannabis businesses “We’re one of the few cities that have come through the COVID thing pretty whole from a financial standpoint — better than we’ve been for a long long time,” Garnes told the Outpost in a phone interview Wednesday.  If she was tempted to say “I told you so,” she resisted the urge It also would have allowed up to three dispensaries within city limits Garnes had been advocating for the city to allow medical marijuana since her election to the council in 2014.  “To me it just made sense to bring into our coffers a legal source of revenue so that’s really how I started the conversation,” she said The rest of the council wasn’t exactly receptive “I got on the council and there was no talk of it no inclination towards even looking at it,” Garnes said the tide of public opinion was shifting rapidly and over a series of public meetings in Rio Dell that same year many residents spoke in favor of Garnes’s recommendation to regulate and monetize an activity that was already taking place.  Until the night of the vote, Garnes was convinced the ordinance would pass. When it didn’t, she responded with a scathing public letter saying the majority decision represented “a sad pathetic statement” by fearful grown men who had displayed a stunning level of fiscal irresponsibility.  Garnes wasn’t the only person upset by the vote Developers had purchased property at the old sawmill site banking on their ability to launch cannabis projects there Garnes isn’t entirely sure what happened behind the scenes her fellow councilmember Jack Thompson surprised her Though he’d voted against the ordinance he revived it — something only those who’d been on the majority side of the vote were allowed to do Thompson reintroduced the ordinance just as he was finishing out his final term in office.  The city proceeded to hold more public meetings about cannabis — more than 100 of which have been held to date — and eventually the council decided to give it a try, starting across the Eel River at the old mill site, which was rechristened as the Humboldt-Rio Dell Business Park There have been some setbacks — notably, the unexpected (and unrelated) deaths in 2017 of prominent developers Dennis Wendt and Michael Martino plus major infrastructure hurdles at the industrial property and But Rio Dell now finds itself riding high, so to speak, on cannabis. Last year, the city passed a series of reforms aimed specifically at stimulating cannabis industry investments and Garnes said the city has received three to four times more tax revenue than expected City Manager Kyle Knopp told the Outpost recently that those revenues are being put toward the police department and much-needed road repairs I think Rio Dell has done a really good job of setting this up clearing a path for developers to create good projects that comply with all these new regulations.” Two cannabis businesses — co-operative manufacturer/distributor Humboldt Brand and cultivator/distributor Humboldt 454 — are up and running at the business park There’s now a dispensary downtown with another recently approved by the city’s planning commission The most ambitious projects are still in the works “We are trying — I am trying like you wouldn’t believe — to make Rio Dell’s image so much better than [it’s been] since I’ve been here to show that we are to be reckoned with,” she said Map of the Humboldt-Rio Dell Business Park, former site of the Eel River Sawmill, where multiple cannabis industry projects are in various stages of development. Click here to view a pdf version of the map If you’ve driven past the old mill site at any point over the past year or so you may have wondered if the whole endeavor had stalled out Toward the northern end of the long gravel expanse that parallels Hwy three-story gray edifice just sitting there encased in scaffolding and looking distinctly abandoned for developer Glenn White — like the rest of us — 2020 hasn’t quite gone as planned “There’s a lot of stuff that didn’t happen the way we wish,” he told the Outpost during an interview last week he was working alongside his wife Michelle and an employee he called “Moose” inside a mobile office trailer on his property one of 16 parcels in the subdivided business park A framed photo on the bookshelf behind his desk showed White with his hand raised beside a towering kush plant on his late father’s property in northern Mendocino County A closer look reveals his dad’s face peeking out from behind the foliage White is a developer who has built large-scale projects in SoCal communities such as Santa Barbara but he has long wanted to return to the Emerald Triangle where his dad and friends came in the late ‘70s to escape the city and return to the land — and grow weed “My focus and everything was to retire [and] be a part of Humboldt,” White said He owns a home on a 20-acre ranch on a ridge above Rio Dell — “We always laughed and said I could get a zip line to work,” he said — and another ranch in northern Mendocino County He purchased his parcel at the business park in 2016 before recreational cannabis had been legalized in the state They’re never gonna let you go with that down there,’” White recalled. But his bet paid off and his companies Humboldt Live Resin (extraction) and Emerald County Statewide (distribution) were the first to be approved in the business park.  His ambitious plans include three buildings totaling more than 50,000 square feet manufacturing of concentrates and tissue culture cultivation will function as a distribution headquarters for Emerald County Statewide There was a lot of work to be done before he could even begin construction White ended up having to foot the bill for most of that work himself.  “A lot of stuff seemed simple at first,” he said The city and the Fortuna Fire Department wouldn’t approve his three-building development without water — specifically White brought up a trusted work crew from SoCal to dig the trench but when they approached the river they hit a wall “We were [saying], ‘What is that? Rock?” White recalled. Turned out to be the remnants of the the old freeway. After the ‘64 flood construction crews simply built a new one on top adding labor costs to a project that wound up costing him $824,000 he had to deed the infrastructure back to the City of Rio Dell Knopp described the pipeline as a major asset for the city “It has really opened up [possibilities] and put the business park in the fast lane “It takes a lot of time and money to move those types of projects forward and to have a private developer do that is really kind of a big deal.” the city agreed to place a lien on all parcels where developers may want to tap into the water line the city won’t issue a commercial business license unless the developers agree to repay White for their portion of the cost which is approximately $80,000 per connecting parcel He also experienced unexpected setbacks getting the gas and electrical infrastructure installed in part due to a series of delays from PG&E The utility company was beset by wildfires “They had valid excuses,” White said White’s crew had to install an underground vault to pull power up from behind the Humboldt Brand property On the morning we visited the property last week a PG&E employee was onsite finally hooking up the transmission lines.  White also faced setbacks from the pandemic “COVID definitely took a hit on us,” he said The business loans he’d lined up for his three-building development got delayed multiple times and finally canceled as investors retreated during the health crisis.  that week [the loan approvals] got delayed After experiencing his own financial setbacks with projects in Southern California focusing on his Rio Dell cannabis projects “Weve got some pretty big backers that will push the whole thing through,” he said He’s aiming to have his operations in all three buildings up and running by 2022 there are some even more ambitious developments being developed in the business park Redway-based Humboldt High Grade has plans for a two-story 62,000-square-foot building with a retail nursery a processing and distribution facility and 22,000 square feet of indoor cultivation The Rio Dell Planning Commission has approved 80,000 square feet of mixed-light greenhouse cultivation on two separate parcels owned by Marathon 101 Construction is set to begin next year.  Rio Dell’s community development director told the Outpost that there’s an investor interested in purchasing a remainder parcel that’s currently designated as a contaminated brownfield — a legacy of the old sawmills — and converting it into a solar farm And Caldwell said the cannabis developments aren’t limited to the Humboldt-Rio Dell Business Park There are also multiple projects in development on the Dinsmore Plateau Below is a map of the parcels where three cultivation projects are in various stages of development: the three projects — from applicants James Cortazar Rio’s Diamond Farms and Humboldt Sweet Grass — would comprise roughly three-and-a-half acres of mixed-light greenhouse cultivation.  ”Rio Dell is in a really in a great position,” Knopp said “I think a lot of the kudos goes to Mayor Garnes who spearheaded this discussion,” he said The city is now working on plans to make major investments in infrastructure over the next five to 10 years Knopp said — plans to improve the city’s streets water and wastewater systems while investing in the police department and adding more staff.  and the cannabis industry has played a positive role in that,” Knopp said Please sign in with your Snow-Forecast account details below Create a free account to receive instant Snow-Alerts and save your favourite resorts on your personal MySnow page The San Martino Di Castrozza snow report is: 0 out of 21 Lifts open Our Snow Report for San Martino Di Castrozza brings daily updates on the snow conditions, snow depths, piste and offpiste conditions and the number of open ski lifts. The latest San Martino Di Castrozza snow report shown below was updated on 2 May 2025. Snow Reports are provided regularly throughout the ski season courtesy of our own network of ski resort managers and Skiresort Service International GmbH In addition to the current report on ski conditions we also provide webcams (including a 4 week cam archive) current live observations from nearby weather stations and also historical snow data for San Martino Di Castrozza ):Last 7 daysThis monthThis season0Bluebird Powder days0Powder days2Bluebird daysSan Martino Di Castrozza Last 3 days snowfall mapSnow Radar Latest snow reports near San Martino Di Castrozza: Several North American ski areas that are still open plan to celebrate the unofficial Star Wars Day tomorrow Latest snow reports near San Martino Di Castrozza: Recorded snow depths for the upper and lower slopes in San Martino Di Castrozza 2024 - 2025 The long term average for the upper slopes is also shown for comparison Find the best conditions for skiing and snowboarding near San Martino Di Castrozza using our Snowfinder page. Volume 10 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1171958 Surface atmospheric temperatures over the Arctic Ocean are rising faster than the global average making some areas newly accessible to ocean-going ships because of the highly variable nature of sea-ice formation and drift in some areas we investigated interannual variability in polar class (PC) ship accessibility in the northern Bering Sea and seas north of the Bering Strait (East Siberian Beaufort) from February 2012 to February 2022 National Ice Center and calculations of the Risk Index Outcome (RIO) for PC3 and PC7 ships to characterize spatiotemporal trends in PC ship accessibility during the months of February We also characterized shipping activity on select days in 2021 PC ship accessibility during the months of February and June increased over the last decade areas that became more accessible over time did not support heavy ship traffic possibly because they were not located on preferred transit routes or because they were surrounded by unnavigable ice Ship accessibility was highly variable in the northernmost PC7 ship accessibility was interannually variable in waters south of the Bering Strait and ships were active in those regions (most were fishing vessels) indicating potentially hazardous conditions during this time of year Accessibility was considerably less variable over space and time (months years) for PC5 (ice capable) ships and for PC3 ships (heavy icebreakers) Information from this study can be used by PC ship operators planning safe and successful shipping routes and by coastal states preparing emergency services to protect the maritime community As governments and the private sector build out fleets of ice-capable ships knowledge of interannual variability in ship accessibility will also help planners match PC ship capabilities to mission requirements Most ships have specific design limitations that restrict safe operation to open to ice of a certain concentration and thickness Understanding where sea-ice conditions permit navigation for certain ships and the extent to which ice conditions are consistent (predictable) from month-to-month and year-to-year is critical for safe and efficient maritime transportation and operational planning especially route planning for multi-day voyages or transits Such awareness is also important for fleet managers who need to understand operational conditions if they are to ensure sufficient ship design and capability requirements for newly built ships (1) How has the area accessible to PC ships within the study site changed over the last decade (2) When and where is interannual variability in PC ship accessibility the greatest (3) To what extent do ships (PC and other vessels) currently operate in newly accessible areas or areas with high interannual variability in ship accessibility Figure 1 Study site, including the northern Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea, and East Siberian Sea (Esri, 2022a) We chose to focus on accessibility for PC ships during the months of February, June, September, and November over the last 10 years. Ships with a PC rating are built to safely navigate a defined range of ice conditions, which determines their assigned rating (PC1−PC7) within the Unified Requirements for PC Ships (International Association of Classification Societies, 2016) Not all ships built for ice operations have ratings defined by the PC system; some regions of the world use other classification systems and the PC rules do not apply to ship built prior to July 2007 the polar classes serve as an effective proxy for most ice-strengthened ships (PC6−PC7) The four months used in this analysis were chosen because they represent the time of year when Arctic sea ice is near the annual maximum extent and ships are active in the region (Feb), when the Arctic shipping season typically begins (Jun), when sea ice reaches the annual minimum extent (Sep), and when the shipping season typically ends (Nov; Eguíluz et al., 2016) An analysis of ship accessibility during these months should provide operators and planners with key insights into ship capabilities required for desired operational ranges during the most restrictive and the most permissive ice conditions in the study area We recognize that risk posed to vessels by interannual fluctuations in ice conditions is a function of not only sea-ice conditions but also of ship activity in those regions If ships do not operate in areas where ice conditions are highly variable then risk posed by those conditions is likely minimal To evaluate this possibility for the most recent calendar year we overlaid shipping activity on select days during February and November 2021 onto maps of interannual variability in ship accessibility developed in the first part of the study The PC system is not based on a ship’s functional role (e.g. escorting other ships) but rather on its design specifications and whether the ship can safely operate in a particular ice environment We limited the analysis to PC3 (heavy icebreakers) and PC7 (ice-capable) ships because they represent the range of ice-strengthened vessels for which movements are most likely restricted by ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean We did not consider PC2 and PC1 ships because they are capable of navigating most ice conditions Table 1 Description of sea ice navigable by ships in each polar class Sea-ice information was obtained from ice charts produced by the U.S These charts are based on ice observations made from synthetic aperture radar satellite imagery trained ice analysts use a standardized methodology to classify imagery according to observed ice concentration (in a range of tenths) and stage of ice development analysts replaced the categories for first-year ice (thin This update affects PC5 and PC7 calculations in November 2021 and February 2022 but the impact on our results appeared minimal and did not affect key findings Each sea-ice chart contains multiple polygons identifying various sea-ice characteristics, including sea-ice concentration and stage of development. This work was performed for the entire Arctic Ocean on a weekly basis before November 1, 2021, and on a bi-weekly basis thereafter. The results are shared as shapefiles and other geospatial products on the U.S. National Ice Center website.1 We obtained sea-ice charts for the first available dates in the months of interest for each year between February 1, 2012, and February 3, 2022 (Table 2; Figure 2) By stratifying the analysis by the first week of each month we sought to minimize variability due to within-season trends in ice cover To produce PC ship-accessibility maps from the ice charts we ran the IceMaps.py model with the ice charts as inputs The model used an established algorithm for calculating the Risk Index Outcome (RIO) from sea-ice concentration and stage of development (i Table 2 Dates of weekly sea-ice shapefiles used in this study Figure 2 Sea-ice maps for select dates in February (A−K), June (L−U), September (V−AE), and November (AF−AO). Table 2 lists dates for which sea-ice coverage is depicted in each map Hatched regions show areas where ice concentration is >10% Ci = concentration (in tenths) of ice type i within an ice regime RVi = risk value for a given ship’s PC designation for ice type i the products of C and RV are summed across all ice types in the regime including the area occupied by ice-free water to derive a single RIO value ranging from -30 to +30 the regime as a whole is considered accessible Figure 3 Ship-accessibility maps for PC3 (A) Polygons depict RIOrange values on a scale ranging from -30 to +30 Spatio-temporal patterns in ship accessibility were visualized in ArcGIS Pro 2.9.3 (Esri, 2022b) where we uploaded ship-accessibility maps clipped to the study site we summed the total area encompassed by polygons classified as ice-free water (RIO = 30) accessible ice cover (0 ≤ RIO < 30) we used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the monthly mean area of the study site accessible to PC3 and PC7 ships over the 10-11 years of the study We used a Student’s t-test for two-sample comparisons when ANOVA results indicated significant differences in accessibility among months We then overlaid a 10-km2 mesh grid (51,164 cells) onto the study site and used the spatial join geoprocessing tool ArcGIS to associate the RIO value calculated for each polar class with each grid cell. This was done separately for each month, February, June, September, and November. We used a non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test in MATLAB (The MathWorks Inc., 2021) to identify cells with significantly increasing or decreasing RIO values over the 10-11 years of the study Results were visualized in ArcGIS for each month x PC ship type combination All statistical tests were performed with α = 0.05 Interannual variability in ship accessibility was also calculated from ship-accessibility maps we used the same 10-km2 mesh grid to calculate the range of RIO values (RIOrange) in each cell (j) and each PC ship type (l) across all years of the study: RIOmax,jkl = maximum RIO value in cell j during month k for PC l RIOmin,jkl = minimum RIO value in cell j during month k for PC l Spatial patterns in interannual variability in PC ship accessibility were visualized by mapping RIOrange in each 10-km2 cell across the study site for each k × l combination The International Maritime Organization mandates that certain ships (e.g. ≥ 300 GT on international voyage) utilize Class A AIS transceivers Class B transceivers are carried by other vessels on a voluntary basis we obtained position reports produced by all ships with Class A and Class B transceivers that were present in the study area on February 3–5 These dates coincide with the date (± 24 hr) when 2021 ice charts were available from the U.S We focused on shipping activity in 2021 because it was the most recent calendar year for which AIS data were available in all four months Automatic Identification System datasets were pre-processed to remove duplicate reports as well as reports from non-ship platforms (e.g. beacons) and ships with <10 position reports during the month of interest We uploaded the position reports into ArcGIS and overlaid them on maps of significant gain/loss of PC7 ship accessibility and interannual variability (RIOrange) Maps for PC7 ships were used for this comparison because their capabilities for ice navigation most closely resemble those of commercial ships which are not ice-strengthened but compose the majority of ships in the study area We used the spatial join geoprocessing tool to identify the RIOrange coincident with each position report to quantify extent of overlap with interannual variability We defined areas of “high” interannual variability as those with RIOrange > 30 These values signified areas that shifted between accessible and inaccessible to a PC7 ship between two or more years during the study To evaluate whether ships operated in these areas we used the spatial join processing tool in ArcGIS to calculate the number and proportion of all vessels present where RIOrange > 30 Hereafter, we use the term “accessible” to refer to areas of either ice-free water or water that was ice-covered but navigable for a particular PC ship. Ice-free water was accessible to all ships, but access to ice-covered water varied among the polar classes. This led to differences in the total area (km2) accessible to PC3, PC5, and PC7 ships when all four months were combined (F2,122 = 30.34, P< 0.001, Figure 4) Figure 4 Percentage of the study site that was ice-free (RIO = 30) ice-covered but accessible (0≤ RIO < 30) and inaccessible (RIO < 0) due to ice conditions in February Small portions of the study site (< 0.04%) lacked information on ice stage of development in February 2013 We report ship accessibility in those areas as “unidentified.” Figure 5 Box plot of the percentage of the study site that was accessible (ice-free or ice-covered but navigable) to PC3 the horizontal line denotes the median value Boxes extend from the 25th to the 75th percentile of each group’s distribution of values Bars denote the minimum and maximum values Figure 6 Area of the study site accessible (ice-free or ice covered but accessible) to PC3 and PC7 ships in the months of (A) February 1,000 km2) of the study site that was ice-free or ice-covered but accessible to PC3 Consistent with increasing trends in ship accessibility at the spatial scale of the study site, we detected significant (P< 0.05) positive and negative trends in RIO values at smaller (10-km2) spatial scales within the study site. These areas are shown in Figure 7 Areas that were always accessible to a given PC ship are shown in light green Areas that were always inaccessible are shown in dark gray Figure 7 Significant trends in Risk Index Outcome (RIO) calculated for PC3 (A−D) and PC7 (I−L) ships in the months of February (n = 11 yr) Dark green indicates positive accessibility trends (from inaccessible to accessible) and red indicates negative accessibility trends (from accessible to inaccessible) (Mann-Kendall Trend test: P< 0.05) Figure 8 Area (km2) of the study site where PC3 (A) and PC7 (C) ships gained access and lost access due to changing sea-ice conditions from February 2012 to February 2022 In September and November, areas with significant change were considerably smaller than those in February or June, and areas where accessibility increased over time were roughly similar in size to areas where accessibility decreased (Figure 8). In addition, cells that gradually shifted from accessible to inaccessible, i.e., negative RIO trends, were located only in the northernmost reaches of the study site (Figure 7) Figure 9 shows the distribution and magnitude of interannual variability in PC3 and PC7 ship accessibility in the months of February Areas that were ice-free every year of the study are shown in light blue either open water or navigable ice cover (RIO = 0−30) every year unnavigable ice cover (RIO < 0) every year Areas in graduated shades of orange fluctuated between accessible (RIO ≥ 0) and inaccessible (RIO < 0) at least once during the study period Darker shades of orange indicate cells with higher values of RIOrange Figure 9 Range of Risk Index Outcomes (RIOrange) calculated for PC3 (A−D) and PC7 (I−L) ships in the months of February Figure 10 Automatic Identification System (AIS) position reports generated by vessels in the study site on February 3-5 Position reports are overlaid on maps of Gain/Loss (A–D) and RIOrange (E Table 4 Number of ships in the study site on February 3−5 including the number of ships in areas where RIOrange > 30 and the number that were commercial fishing vessels This study takes a practical approach to understanding interannual variability in PC ship accessibility in a region of the Arctic Ocean known to support a growing volume of maritime traffic (U.S. Committee on the Marine Transportation System, 2019) Although we do not directly address accessibility for ships that are not ice-strengthened and there are many operating in the region our results do have applications for maritime planning in general since PC ships represent the upper limit of operational capabilities for any vessel underway in the Arctic we identify overall trends in PC ship accessibility related to ice conditions encountered by ships in the northern Bering Sea and Beaufort Sea over the last 10-11 years We also identify ocean areas where PC ship accessibility has been most unpredictable from year to year and areas where it has been most predictable We also identify areas that have become more accessible and those that have become less accessible to PC ships over time provide prescriptive recommendations or a formal risk evaluation for a given ship class we offer comprehensive information on ship accessibility relative to spatiotemporal trends in sea-ice coverage to enable situational awareness of the operational environment in ice-prone waters This information could be incorporated into future analyses of maritime risk these regions occur up to 900 km offshore and are most widespread during February and June They represent grid cells in which RIO values gradually shifted from mostly negative values to mostly positive values indicating a progressive decline in sea-ice concentration or a trend away from older (thicker) ice and toward younger (thinner) ice Areas where PC5 and PC3 ship accessibility progressively increased also occurred in the northernmost regions of the study site but were smaller than areas of increase in PC7 ship accessibility They were also more prominent in June than in February Some of the regions becoming more accessible to PC5 and PC3 ships in June remained inaccessible to PC7 ships reinforcing the idea that at least some gains in PC5 and PC3 ship accessibility in the Arctic Ocean were due to reductions in sea-ice concentration and stage of development (i.e. thickness) as opposed to the total loss of sea-ice coverage in those regions This is important because it shows that changes over time in PC ship accessibility to the Arctic may not be detected in charts of sea-ice extent alone This made September 2012 an unusually low reference point against which we compared September ship accessibility in later years a substantial portion (up to one third) of it now melts while in the Beaufort Sea so the role of the Beaufort Gyre in the decline in accessibility we observed remains unclear With respect to accessibility for the more capable PC3 and PC5 ships our results suggest that these ships are considerably less sensitive to seasonal variability in the sea-ice landscape than are PC7 ships Not only was PC3 ship accessibility similar from month to month despite seasonal fluctuations in sea-ice extent but PC5 and PC3 accessibility increased at a slower rate in February and June than it did for PC7 ships relatively few areas within the study site shifted from inaccessible to accessible (or vice versa) to these ships over the last decade suggesting that greater changes in the ice environment are needed to influence areas where PC5 and PC3 ships can navigate compared to environmental changes affecting accessibility for PC7 ships In a scenario where autumn refreeze is delayed may become even less reliant upon the need for ice-strengthened ships Should vessels without ice-hardening expand northern operations under this assumption years with an unusually early refreeze event could present dangerous conditions for ship operators and their crew The shipping industry might avoid these costs by hiring an icebreaker to provide escort service for a non-ice-strengthened ship, but such services can be costly and the availability of icebreakers is limited (Lindborg and Andersson, 2020) Managers therefore have a financial incentive to optimize ship design or to plan shipping operations that avoid the need for ice-capable ships when possible Our results suggest that knowledge of seasonal differences in PC ship accessibility to a region of interest could help managers make decisions about how to balance the need for minimum ship capabilities with operational costs This is especially relevant to ships operating on established routes (e.g. from Russia’s Yamal Peninsula to greater Asia) where knowledge of the likelihood of a route remaining accessible during a voyage can inform decisions about the need to acquire PC ships and how to minimize operational costs while prioritizing safety of navigation If ice conditions observed over the last 10-11 years are indicative of future conditions PC ship accessibility to established trade routes through Arctic seas north of the Bering Strait may not be too different for PC3 and PC5 ships commercial operators may benefit from prioritizing new construction of PC5 ships over that of PC3 icebreakers These vessel types typically lack ice strengthening and passenger vessels in particular plan voyages well in advance of getting underway making this maritime sector potentially more prone than others to unexpected and unsafe encounters with ice hazards regardless of whether ships are ice-strengthened planners may consider the need for greater ice breaker support capabilities and emergency response assets in key areas to improve maritime safety where and when ice conditions are most unpredictable Most ship operators concerned with balancing safety risks with economic factors may already practice due caution in ice-prone regions of the Arctic Ocean and avoid areas where ice conditions are unpredictable from year to year unpredictable ice conditions may pose less of a risk to mariners than otherwise thought To determine the extent to which ships have been recently operating in newly accessible areas or highly variable areas we superimposed shipping activity over three-day periods in February and November 2021 onto PC7 ship-accessibility maps Because most commercial ships are not ice-strengthened ship-accessibility maps for PC7 vessels were likely most representative of conditions encountered by the maritime community as a whole If our results from June 2021 reflect commercial fishing vessel distribution typical for the month climate change may provide incentive for ships to follow fish populations further north into regions with highly variable ice conditions from year to year maritime authorities may consider prioritizing emergency response capabilities for the northern Bering Sea region during June and other early-summer months ships were uncommon during February and June and few operated in areas of gradually increasing accessibility or high interannual variability Only two ships were present in areas where accessibility significantly increased over time but they only passed through these areas as opposed to exhibiting a preference for them Areas opening up to ship traffic in northern Arctic seas may be undesirable to ship operators if they occur in regions off the beaten path where there is no cost or time incentive to travel Newly accessible areas may also be unavailable to ships in a practical sense if they are surrounded by ice that is inaccessible This was the case for most areas in the Chukchi Sea and East Siberian Sea that had become more accessible to PC3 This finding highlights the need for future projections about Arctic shipping based on sea-ice declines to incorporate a spatially explicit network-based approach to evaluating whether ships can access seas becoming navigable for the first time under the new climate regime as well as the costs and benefits of travelling there Related to this observation is that most shipping activity north of the Bering Strait in September and November occurred in the southernmost regions of the Arctic along coastlines and in open water or thin first-year ice even though waters to the north were accessible only four vessels (of 348 ships total) were active in the study site’s highest latitudes where PC7 ship accessibility was highly variable or where PC7 could not safely access those ships had PC ratings higher than PC7 a similar analysis of ship accessibility trends should be conducted for non-ice-strengthened ships and for other regions of the Arctic Ocean Sea-ice shapefiles are publicly available on the U.S Inquiries regarding the availability of the model used to generate ship-accessibility maps can be directed to the U.S All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version This research was supported by an appointment to the Visiting Faculty Scientist Program at the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the United States Department of Energy and NGA who assisted in developing the analytical tools and data products used in this study We also thank the two reviewers for their constructive feedback on the original manuscript The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher On the future navigability of Arctic sea routes: high resolution projections of the Arctic ocean and sea ice American Bureau 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Vlietstra, THVjeS5TLlZsaWV0c3RyYUB1c2NnYS5lZHU= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page Metrics details Disentangling the effects of climate and human impact on the long-term evolution of the Earth Critical Zone is crucial to understand the array of its potential responses to the ongoing Global Change This task requires natural archives from which local information about soil and vegetation can be linked directly to climate parameters speleothem multiproxy record from the SW Italian Alps spanning the last ~10,000 years of the present interglacial (Holocene) We correlate magnetic properties and the carbon stable isotope ratio to soil stability and pedogenesis whereas the oxygen isotope composition is interpreted as primarily related to precipitation amount modulated at different timescales by changes in precipitation source and seasonality when anthropic pressure over the catchment was scarce intervals of enhanced soil erosion are related to climate-driven vegetation contractions and occurred during drier periods Immediately following the onset of the Iron Age (ca periods of enhanced soil erosion coincided with a wetter climate We propose that the observed changes in the soil response to climate forcing were related to early anthropogenic manipulations of Earth’s surface which made the ECZ more sensitive to climate oscillations The aim is to connect local processes in the soil and vegetation overlying the cave system to regional (Alpine) climatic changes and anthropogenic disturbance to give insights on the links between the evolution of the ECZ climate and human activities in the area during the Holocene A detailed description of the cave and of the regional climate is provided in SOM1 growth rate; [230Th/232Th] for the dated points; filtered mass magnetic susceptibility (χ) series representing the background magnetic flux (BMF light-blue bars are the χ peaks >12 m3 kg−1 indicating the spikes of coarser material yellow: spikes characterized by a similar behaviour of δ13C and δ18O; blue: intervals where δ13C and δ18O show an opposite pattern Correlations plot of δ13C and δ18O time series previously smoothed with a 5-points running average This suggests that infiltration rates are not exerting a major control on the long-term pattern of soil erosion whose increases appear related to periods of reduced precipitation and possibly cooler conditions reducing the vegetation cover and enhancing the surficial erosion occasional heavy-rain events may have favoured the downward transport of detrital material but they should have less impact on the slow-flow component of the aquifer through which the BMF is delivered to the flowstone human impact on the local ECZ dynamics should have been almost negligible (especially if compared with nearby lowlands) and the arboreal cover over the cave catchment would have limited soil erosion and the transport of detrital material thus dampening the influence on soil of centennial-scale precipitation (and temperature) variability as well as reducing the impact of extreme rain events related to deforestation and increasing anthropic pressure over the catchment paired with climate-related regression of the timberline would have had a dramatic impact on soil conditions we correlate changes in the relative pattern of hydrological variations and soil conditions at Rio Martino since 2.8 ka enhanced erosion occurring during wetter rather than drier periods- to the establishment of intensive grazing due to the definitive settlement of high-altitude pastoralism in the catchment This triggered a rapid degradation and erosion of soil horizons leading to an overall increase in the vulnerability of soils to climate change it seems to have led to a marked enhancement of surface erosion and soil loss during periods when infiltration rates were high likely resulting in a permanent shift from arboreal to the present-day shrub-and-grasslands vegetation The RMD1 record also demonstrates that speleothem paleomagnetic properties are an effective tool to reconstruct past soil dynamics and their link with natural and anthropic processes potentially advancing our ability to understand the present and future evolution of the ECZ and its potential responses to ongoing climate and land-uses changes Samples for stable isotope analysis were drilled on a polished half of the core at 1 mm increments using a milling lathe (CNC Protosystem) at the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (Pisa) Stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotope analyses on 495 subsamples were performed with a Gas Bench II (Thermo Scientific) coupled to a Delta XP (Finnigan MAT) IRMS at the Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources of the Italian National Research Council (IGG-CNR About 0.12 mg of calcite were digested in H3PO4 (105%) and left to react at 70 °C for 1 h Sample results were corrected using the IAEA standard NBS-18 and a set of three internal standards which were calibrated by inter-laboratory comparisons and using the IAEA standards NBS-18 and NBS-19 and Results are referred to the V-PDB international standard Analytical uncertainties are of 0.15‰ and 0.10‰ 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events during isotope stage 3: Implications for the absolute chronology of Greenland ice cores Hydrological conditions over the western Mediterranean basin during the deposition of the cold Sapropel 6 (ca A MIS 9/MIS 8 speleothem record of hydrological variability from Macedonia (FYROM) Palaeoenvironmental changes recorded by speleothems of the southern Alps (Piani Eterni Italy) during four interglacial to glacial climate transitions Regional climate variability and ecosystem responses to the last deglaciation in the northern hemisphere from stable isotope data and calcite fabrics in two northern Adriatic stalagmites Reconstruction of temperature in the Central Alps during the past 2000 yr from a δ18O stalagmite record North Atlantic storm track changes during the Last Glacial Maximum recorded by Alpine speleothems Holocene palaeohydrological changes in the northern Mediterranean borderlands as reflected by the lake-level record of Lake Ledro Holocene flood frequency across the Central Alps–solar forcing and evidence for variations in North Atlantic atmospheric circulation Contrasting patterns of climaticmchanges during the Holocene across the Italian Peninsula reconstructed from pollen data Evidence for a widespread climatic anomaly at around 9.2 ka before present Holocene climatic instability: A prominent From pristine forests to high‐altitude pastures: an ecological approach to prehistoric human impact on vegetation and landscapes in the western Italian Alps Long-term changes in alpine pedogenetic processes: Effect of millennial agro-pastoralism activities (French-Italian Alps) Holocene vegetation and land‐use changes in response to climatic changes in the forelands of the southwestern Alps Mobility in the mountains: Late third and second millennia alpine societies’ engagements with the high-altitude zones in the Southern French Alps Holocene climate variability in the north-western Mediterranean Sea (gulf of lions) North Atlantic forcing of moisture delivery to Europe throughout the Holocene Ecological changes and human interaction in Valcamonica 8800 years of high-altitude vegetation and climate history at the Rutor Glacier forefield Evidence of middle Holocene timberline rise and glacier contraction Climatic change and contemporaneous land-use phases north and south of the Alps 2300 BC to 800 AD Late Holocene glacial and periglacial evolution in the upper Orco Valley Glacial history of the Maritime Alps from the last glacial maximum to the little ice age Mid-Holocene cluster of large-scale landslides revealed in the Southwestern Alps by 36Cl dating Insight on an Alpine-scale landslide activity Radiocarbon dating on landslides in the Northern Apennines (Italy) Enhanced zoogeomorphological processes in arid North Africa on the human-impacted landscape of the Anthropocene Frequency and intensity of high-altitude floods over the last 3.5 ka in northwestern French Alps (Lake Anterne) Holocene vegetation history and quantitative climate reconstructions in a high-elevation oceanic district of the Italian Alps Evidence for a middle to late Holocene precipitation increase Hard cheese: upland pastoralism in the Italian Bronze and Iron Ages Summer Farms: Seasonal exploitation of the uplands from prehistory to the present Archaeological assessment reveals Earth’s early transformation through land use Holocene tree-line variability in the Kauner Valley indicated by dendrochronological analysis of living trees and subfossil logs Download references We thank the Associazione Gruppi Speleologici Piemontesi (AGSP) for support during field operation This study is founded by the University of Pisa (Fondi di Ateneo assigned to ER and GZ) and by the Australian Research Council Discovery Project scheme (grant number DP160102969 ER also acknowledges funding from the National Geographic Society (CP-073ER-17) Eleonora Regattieri & Giovanni Zanchetta Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV Department of Resource Management and Geography Associazione Gruppi Speleologici Piemontesi AGSP-Club Alpino Italiano gives support during the field work and provide data about the cave hydrological settings made the sub-sampling for isotopes analyses and dating and provides Figure 1 provide information regarding the anthropic background in the area All authors discussed and interpreted the data All authors commented on early versions of the manuscript and reviewed the final version The authors declare no competing interests Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53583-7 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Vegetation History and Archaeobotany (2025) Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Anthropocene newsletter — what matters in anthropocene research Argentina’s Lionel Messi reacts during a friendly soccer match against Mexico at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington Lionel Messi is unlikely to be one of a maximum three over-age players on Argentina’s soccer team for the Rio Olympics, national team coach Gerardo Martino said in this video interview published Wednesday Martino said a decision on Messi and the Olympics hasn’t been made but he doesn’t see Messi’s inclusion feasible at least in part because the under-23 national team is stacked with attackers is over the under-23 age limit for Olympic soccer rosters nations can include three players with no age restrictions on the Olympic team won gold with Argentina at the Beijing 2008 Olympics despite the Court of Arbitration for Sport ruling his club team Argentina did not qualify for the 2012 Olympics VIDEO: Adidas unveils 2016 Olympic soccer ball Follow @nzaccardi A Division of NBCUniversal DISCLAIMER: This site and the products offered are for entertainment purposes only and there is no gambling offered on this site This service is intended for adult audiences No guarantees are made for any specific outcome If you or someone you know has a gambling problem San Martino Di Castrozza Weather (Next 3 days): The snow forecast for San Martino Di Castrozza is: Heavy rain (total 33.0mm) Becoming colder with a light covering of snow Temperatures will be slightly above freezing (max 4°C on Mon night San Martino Di Castrozza Weather (Days 4-6): A dusting of snow Milder later with heavy rain (total 27.0mm) on Sat night Mild temperatures (max 6°C on Sun afternoon Use our San Martino Di Castrozza ski hire interactive map to find exclusive snow-forecast discount codes Get the best value ski and gear hire in San Martino Di Castrozza The above table gives the weather forecast for San Martino Di Castrozza at the specific elevation of 1915 m. Our sophisticated weather models allow us to provide snow forecasts for the top, middle and bottom ski stations of San Martino Di Castrozza. To access the weather forecasts for the other elevations, use the tab navigation above the table. For a wider view of the weather, check out the Weather Map of Italy Click here to read further information on freezing levels and how we forecast our temperatures Be the first to write a review! View detailed snow forecast for San Martino Di Castrozza at:snow-forecast.com by Walter Manni /// August 31 Everybody knows that Emilia Romagna is a region historically devoted to speed and to the production of racing cars and motorcycles the historic road that cuts throughout Emilia Romagna it is possible to meet “motoring” places unique in the world where the passion and the myth of speed take a shape And it is always here that the engineering and motor skills have merged into one that has given life to the best motor brands in the world After having told you about the museums and the great brands of MotorValley today we lead you discovering part of the many great private collections that surrounded the Official Brands Museums collect and preserve part of the national automotive history a great heritage that is available to all the curious and passionate So if it is true that it is in Emilia Romagna that most of the Italian automobile museums are located if it is from these lands that the best talents come from the motor industry it is always in this region that are found the most beautiful and complete collections of the history of Italian motoring The Mauro Pascoli Vespa Collection is a collection mainly dedicated to a legend of two Italian wheels: The Vespa A place where the most beautiful pieces are not museumized but still maintain a relationship with the street with the signs of the kilometers made and the scars of the past Mauro Pascoli managed to involve not only the family but also many Vespa enthusiasts who spontaneously offered the museum useful material for the setting The “Mauro Pascoli Vespa Collection” is located in Ravenna – Via Faentina 175 / A The National Motorcycle Museum finds its origins from the common passion for the motion of three friends: G they conceived and set up the first Motorcycle Museum open to the public in Italy The museum was created with the specific aim of dealing with the subject of the “Motociclo” from its origins to the present day visitors and cycling enthusiasts will find around 250 specimens belonging to 55 different brands arranged chronologically according to the history of this fantastic two-wheeled vehicle The Museum is located in the Rimini countryside – Casalecchio Street 58 / N and has huge open spaces for events and clubs The Pollini Collection can be visited as if it were a real journey into the costumes and history of our country from the 50s to the early 2000s and the cars that marked those years The Bolognese Giovanni Pollini has managed to build over time a rich collection of model cars vintage drawings and other objects that gravitate around the car world made available by various collectors depending on the topics covered in the guided tours The Pollini collection is located in Via Guido Rossa 7 close to the Autocarrozzeria 3T in Casalecchio di Reno BO Visit only by reservation contacting the +39 051 520311 The Pollini Collection – Ph MotorValley.it DEMM was an Italian metalworking and motorcycle industry active from 1919 to 1988 and that for part of its history was located in Porretta Terme The DEMM museum was created thanks to the passion and stubbornness of Mazzini Mosè and his father Giuliano who brought back to the old splendor many examples of the company’s motorcycle production the real rarity such as the notorious “torpedo” that won in 1956 24 world records on the Monza circuit and other sports bikes that allowed the DEMM to excel in the Italian mountain championships in the years 1961 The DEMM museum is the result of the research and the enhancement of documents made by the Mazzini Family The DEMM museum is located in Mazzini Street Visits to the Collection are possible only by appointment by calling +39 320 0533370 or writing to the mail address mos.mazzini@libero.it The Scortichino Museum in Bondeno is a private museum that collects Italian and foreign motorcycles from the 50s until the 90s as well as everyday models such as Vespa or Lambretta The museum project envisages a continuous renewal of the vehicle fleet with the periodic addition of new historical elements restored and/or preserved The Museum is also a center for enthusiasts and often hosts motorcycle rallies of motorcyclists thanks also to the large wooded park that surrounds it and to stunning nature that surrounds it The museum is located in Cimarosa Street 44012 The Emilio Bariaschi Motorcycle Museum in Guastalla preserves motorcycles produced between the end of the Second World War and 1965 Because of its historical characterization the Museum is a sort of time machine that tells the roaring years of motorcycling in Italy and the first economic boom a period in which Italian companies like Gilera Moto Guzzi and MV have imposed themselves and have become famous all over the world The Panini family’s collection of cars is perhaps the most complete collection of Maserati cars in the world in 1996 Umberto Panini decided to buy about 19 cars belonging to the official Maserati brand collection and to exhibit them in his private facility The lovers will find themselves in front of the most historic models of the Trident house from 1926 onwards treated with loving care by the Panini family and handed down from generation to generation by Umberto to his son Matteo most of which are produced in Emilia-Romagna collectible bicycles and military vehicles Via Corletto Sud n° 320 and can be visited only by written request in the months of March The first structure of Scuderia San Martino Museum can be traced back to the 50s when some wealthy inhabitants of the country of Reggio Emilia (including Giulio Campari then owner of the famous beverage company) began collecting the cars of the time Since that time the Museum of San Martino in Rio has grown in size and today has an exhibition area of 650 square meters The Museum is part of various cultural circuits and together with the Scuderia San Martino it is a member of ASI and shares its status in the recognition of international motoring culture Over 300 motorcycles, with vintage pieces, and some unique cases that tell the story of the Bologna motorcycling, here is the substance of the Bruno Nigelli Collection that The Museum is completed with a collection of “horns” of every age from the trumpets of Laurel and Hardy films to the marine sirens up to the modern pneumatic horns and a collection of about 250 Italian and foreign motorcycle engines The Bruno Nigelli collection is located in Via Giuseppe Venturi The private Museum of Mario Sassi is a collection of historical motorcycles and other objects of Ducati brand from its origins (1926) to the 90s: from the first high-tech products such as radios cameras and mechanical calculators to the prestigious motorcycles of the company Old Racing Spare Parts is set up as a unique collection featuring all the most important Ducati models that have made the history of motorcycling: from the single-cylinder Desmo to the 750 GT-S from the 750 SS to the 900 SS and MHR 900-1000 Also on display is a Laverda 750 along with other very rare models The private collection of Mario Sassi is located in Casalgrande of Reggio Emilia Explorer and Adventurer: loves sailing the oceans climbing the highest mountains and surfing on the waves of the web by Walter Manni /// by Davide Marino /// July 31 by Walter Manni /// December 4 an email (in Italian) with selected contents and upcoming events by Walter Manni /// February 15 For information, contact us: inemiliaromagna@aptservizi.com Long gone are the glory days when the vast majority of tractors used on UK farms were built in UK factories only CNH Industrial’s New Holland plant in Essex survives as a major tractor assembly centre with JCB’s Fastrac production line near Cheadle being the only other source of UK-built tractors Germany and Italy have managed to retain tractor production on a large scale as have Japan and the United States – the latter being the source for the majority of the highest horsepower models used in Britain See also: Combines: where are they made? lower-powered models with thin profit margins lower-cost locations are increasingly being exploited Turkey has huge manufacturing capacity – its tractor market Likewise the scale of India’s market and improving production technologies make it a relatively new source of tractors for the West Although tractor sales growth in China has stalled over the past two years the trend towards better-equipped machines – and big investments there by Western manufacturers – have strengthened the country’s potential for export sales And in the sub-100hp and compact tractor sector South Korea is already a strong player in the global production network transmissions and cabs that go into the finished products or source major components from independent suppliers such as Carraro Check the map below to see which manufacturers are based in which countries – we’ve divided them into components and tractor assembly See more detail on the manufacturers below the map Tractors supplied under the Armatrac export brand of Turkish manufacturer Erkunt Traktör Sanayi are assembled in the town of Sincan on the outskirts of the Turkish capital Ankara An integrated complex of factories producing engines transmissions and cabs feeds the assembly lines of Minsk Tractor Works (MTZ) which turns out Belarus tractors in the east European country of the same name Branson is the export brand of Kukje Machinery Company and the tractors are built in Okcheon-gun Kukje has been owned by fellow South Korean manufacturer Tong Yang Moolsan (TYM) since 2016 All top-end Case-IH tractors are built in the United States using CNH powershift and stepless transmissions also built there Steiger and Quadtrac artics come from Fargo These feature powershift units from Univance in Japan and a ZF CVT from the Eccom range built in Passau All three ranges are powered by Cursor engines from FPT Industrial’s Bourbon-Lancy plant in central France Cab frame dressing line for Case-IH tractors at CNH’s St Valentin plant near Steyr European factories produce other Case models mostly using cabs from the CNH plant in Croix assembles all Luxxum (formerly Farmall Pro) using transmissions from CNH’s Antwerp facility in Belgium and FPT engines from Turin CNH’s Jesi plant near the Italian east coast port of Ancona is home to most of the smaller tractors in the Case range including the Quantum orchard models and the Farmall C But production of simpler Farmall A tractors is shared by Jesi (85A to 115A) and CNH’s Türk Traktör joint venture in Ankara which also produces the FPT S8000 engine that powers them All F5C and NEF power units used in other models are sourced from FPT’s Turin factory acquired with the Renault Agriculture operations in 2003 remains the principal home of Claas tractor production The one exception is the flagship Xerion built at the Harsewinkel headquarters plant of Claas Power comes from Mercedes-Benz branded off-highway versions of Daimler OM engines prepared by MTU All Arion and Axion tractors use powershift transaxles from the Gima joint venture with Agco in Beauvais CMatic stepless units for the Arion 500 come from Claas Industrietechnik in Paderborn and for the larger models from ZF Friedrichshafen’s German and Austrian plants are sourced from Carraro and Dana factories in Italy Claas rear axle and hydraulics assembly at Le Mans in France FPT Industrial ships engines from Italy for the Arion 400 and Axion 800 and 900 while John Deere’s Saran plant in France supplies diesel power for the Arion 500 and 600 tractors Cab frames are outsourced but “dressed” in the Le Mans factory while cabs for the Xerion are produced alongside the tractors in Harsewinkel more specialist tractors – the Nexos orchard and Elios farm models are built by the Agritalia unit of Carraro Group in Rovigo while the Atos 200 and 300 come from SDF Group’s Treviglio factory further west 7 and 9 Series – from 126hp to 336hp – are built in a new factory at Lauingen 80 miles north-west of Munich in southern Germany Diesel engines arrive from the Cologne plant of independent engine manufacturer Deutz Powershift and CVT transmissions for tractors from the 6 Series RCShift models upwards are shipped from ZF The Powershift models have transmissions built in SDF Group’s Treviglio factory in northern Italy Treviglio also makes the majority of smaller Deutz-Fahr tractors But the new 5D Keyline “economy” models are sourced from SDF’s newly upgraded Bandirma plant in north-west Turkey Apart from the 110-126hp Deutz-powered 5 Series tractors all the Treviglio-built products have SDF Farmotion engines assembled in the group plant in India Production of Fendt tractors is concentrated in the Bavarian town of Marktoberdorf along with the Vario stepless transmissions that go into them Cabs are shipped in from Asbach-Bäumenheim Cabs and transmissions for the Fendt 900 MT Vario twin-track tractor are sent to Agco’s Jackson This also builds Challenger versions for the North American market but the bigger 1100 MT has a locally-built cab and a powershift transmission from Caterpillar’s factory in Peoria Assembling a Fendt Vario transmission at the Marktoberdorf factory in southern Germany Front axles from Dana’s Spicer range produced in Italy include the central housing and independent wishbone suspension units on the new 900 and 1000 Vario models Fendt’s engine sourcing is quite diverse – the tracked machines and the 200/300 Vario tractors use Agco Power engines from Finland The 500 to current 900 Vario models have Deutz power; and the new Fendt 900 and 1000 Vario tractors have diesels from the newly formed MAN Engines unit of MAN Truck & Bus in Nuremberg The Iseki TG6 Series tractors and other models in the Japanese manufacturer’s range are built in Matsuyama on the southern Japanese island of Shikoku The production lines for JCB’s two ranges of Fastrac tractors are located alongside its wheeled loader operations near Cheadle in Staffordshire and transmissions from Fendt’s Marktoberdorf factory are installed as part of the modular powertrain Axles for the Fastrac 4000 are built by JCB Transmissions in Wrexham and purpose-built axles for the Fastrac 8000 are shipped from Dana’s Graziano facility in Italy Both series have a bespoke chassis fabricated by GKN Wheels & Structures in Telford while driver accommodation is produced by JCB Cab Systems in a new factory near Uttoxeter John Deere’s tractor production is shared across two locations – one in Germany and one in the US 8R and articulated 9R series emerge from Deere’s Waterloo Most use diesels from Deere’s engine plant nearby but the top-horsepower 9R and its derivatives are powered by a 14.9-litre motor from the Jamestown factory of Cummins in Lakewood JD’s Mannheim facility in south-west Germany assembles all the 5R- 6M- and 6R-series tractors up to the biggest 6250R model the larger 6-series tractors (170hp-250hp) were also built in Waterloo for the US market which means Mannheim will now build all 6R models for global sale the 5M tractors are sourced from a John Deere factory in Augusta while the 5E comes from Deere’s Hadapsar factory near Pune The 5G-series orchard and vineyard tractors are produced by Carraro Group’s Agritalia plant in Rovigo Tractors carrying the Kioti export brand of Daedong Industries are assembled along with engines up to 73hp at Dalseong-gun near Daegu engines are sourced from the relatively new Doosan Infracore compact diesel operation at the port city of Incheon to the north-west of the tractor plant Kubota M7 Series tractors are built in northern France using assemblies from Japan and Germany The M4002 and M5001 series tractors are built in Tsukuba near Tokyo and the M-GX series at Sakai Kubota set up an assembly-only plant in Dunkirk on the northern French coast using engines from Japan and transmissions from ZF Components are manufactured and assembled at three Argo Tractors plants in northern Italy where powershift and CVT transaxles and front axles for all models up to 140hp are built in-house Rex 3 orchard and Trekker crawler tractors are all assembled at the San Martino in Rio factory near Modena along with cab versions of the Rex 4 fruit tractors Platform versions of the Rex 4 are built in a dedicated plant in nearby Luzzara Both are within 14 miles of the cab and headquarters factories in Fabbrico where the rest of the Landini product range is built which uses powershift and CVT transmissions from ZF Engines for the Landini 2 Series are shipped from Yanmar’s Biwa factory and for the Rex 3F from Kohler Power in Reggio Emilia 20 minutes up the road from San Martino in Rio Engines for all Landini models up to 130hp are from Deutz in Germany while FPT’s Turin factory supplies diesels for the larger 114-225hp models Preparing Massey Ferguson cabs at Beauvais in France As one of the core plants producing Massey Ferguson tractors for global markets turns out five series from the 5700 Dyna-4 to the 8700 S Dyna-VT Cab production is in a dedicated plant nearby while Dyna-4 and Dyna-6 powershift transmissions for all models are manufactured and assembled in the Gima joint venture with Claas that forms part of the main factory complex produces MF’s ‘global platform’ tractors and 12×12 transaxles Stepless transmissions are brought in from Agco’s Marktoberdorf factory in Germany and all engines from Agco Power in Finland the MF 4700 and MF 5700 “global platform” tractors are built at Agco’s Changzhou factory near Shanghai MF 3700 orchard tractors are outsourced to SDF Group and the MF 1500 and 1700 compacts are supplied by Iseki in Japan All models in the McCormick range are built in the Argo Tractors factories in and around Fabbrico in the Reggio Emilia region of northern Italy The VT-Drive stepless transmissions for the X8 and X7 models are built in ZF’s German and Austrian plants along with the X7’s P6-Drive powershift transaxles Argo’s own powershift transmissions go into the 70-140hp X4M to X6.4 models – plus the X6.4’s VT-Drive stepless option – while orchard and vineyard tractors are built in the Luzzara and San Martino in Rio factories nearby These also manufacture transmission and axle components Cabs for all McCormick tractors come from Argo’s own facility in Fabbrico Engines from 114-310hp are courtesy of FPT while all smaller models get Deutz power (other than the Yanmar-powered X2 compacts) all New Holland tractors for the UK are assembled in one of three plants Basildon in Essex is the site of Britain’s only large-scale tractor production facility It uses transaxles manufactured in a CNH plant in Antwerp fully-dressed Horizon cabs from Croix near Lille in northern France High-horsepower manufacturing goes stateside with the T8 models built around CNH powershift and stepless transmissions in Racine The T9 artics are from the Fargo plant in North Dakota using powershift transmissions from Univance in Japan and Auto Command stepless transmissions from the Eccom range of ZF CNH company FPT Industrial ships Cursor engines from its Bourbon-Lancy plant in central France for these tractors The Jesi factory near the Italian port of Ancona produces the T4 specialist fruit and vineyard tractors the TD5 and T5 families and the transmissions that go into them Cab production is more diverse – for the T4 F/N/V and T5 Utility and Electro Command glazed frames from Cab Plus in Jesi are “dressed” in the tractor plant frames welded up in Croix head across to the St Valentin plant in Austria for dressing Cabs for TD5 models are shipped from Yaris Kabin in Turkey where CNH’s Türk Traktör joint venture builds New Holland T4 and T4S models powered by FPT S8000 engines LS Mtron’s Wanju-gun factory in South Korea supplies latest-generation Boomer compact tractors While the new Same Dorado Natural range of 65-97hp tractors are built in SDF Group’s Bandirma factory in Turkey the rest of the range comes from the headquarters plant in Treviglio front axles and engines are also produced there but the smaller capacity Farmotion diesels are shipped from SDF’s Indian factory Tractors carrying the Solis export brand of India’s International Tractors Limited (ITL) are manufactured in Hoshiarpur Smaller compact models are sourced through a partnership with Yanmar of Japan An integrated manufacturing and assembly plant for transmissions produces Tafe tractors for manufacturer Tractors and Farm Equipment The tractors from Tong Yang Moolsan (TYM) of South Korea are produced at the company’s Jeonbuk factory in the city of Iksan Doosan and Daedong engines from South Korea Deutz motors from Germany and UK-built Perkins engines are used in the various models All of the Finnish marque’s mainstream products are built at the Suolahti factory in the south of the country with the exception of the flagship S4 series produced in Massey Ferguson’s Beauvais plant The integrated Suolahti facility includes production and assembly of complete powershift and CVT transmissions for the N and T models As part of the Agco “global platform” family the Valtra A series tractors use 12×12 mechanical transaxles from the Changzhou factory in China and HiTech 4 powershift transmissions from Gima in Beauvais at the Linnavuori factory to the south-west of the tractor plant while cabs for the Suolahti-built models are assembled in Yliharma Orchard and other specialist A series models were previously sourced from Turkish partner Hattat but the newly introduced F series tractors come from  Carraro’s Agritalia operation The Winnipeg headquarters factory of Buhler Industries in Manitoba builds the big four-wheel-drive and Delta Track articulated tractors using powershift transmissions from Caterpillar’s Peoria plant in the US and Cummins X15 engines from Jamestown All tractors in the Zetor range have traditionally been built in the company’s Brno factory in the Czech Republic While that remains true for the Proxima and Forterra the Major and top-end Crystal models also built there now have Deutz engines from Germany The 43-49hp Perkins-engined Utilix and 68hp Deutz-powered Hortus are sourced from TYM of South Korea Visit our Know How centre for practical farming advice Best in Travel is here! Discover 2025’s destinations The 30 best countries, cities and regions to visit in 2025 Plan your trip with Elsewhere, by Lonely Planet See where a Lonely Planet Membership takes you Subscribe to our weekly newsletters to get the latest travel news, expert advice, and insider recommendations Explore the world with our detailed, insightful guidebooks Stay ahead of the curve with our guidebooks Uncover exciting new ways to explore iconic destinations Every month, we release new books into the wild Search Search Close search menu Explore Best in Travel 2024 Africa Close menu Countries Antarctica Antarctica Close menu Regions Asia Asia Close menu Countries Australia & the Pacific Australia & the Pacific Close 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an object of Christian worship, diagnostic studies were never carried out on the Holy Face until a test was recently commissioned to coincide with the 950th anniversary of the foundation of the cathedral. Scientists in nearby Florence at the National Institute for Nuclear Physics used three wooden samples and a fragment of canvas to determine when the relic arrived in Lucca At a news conference on Friday said that the team's research "closes the long-standing controversy over when it was made," adding "it can now be considered the oldest wooden sculpture in the western world." Metrics details The anti-hyperglycaemic drug metformin has important anticancer properties as shown by the direct inhibition of cancer cells proliferation Tumor cells avidly use glucose as a source for energy production and cell building blocks Critical to this phenotype is the production of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) whose role in glucose retention and metabolism is highly advantageous for cell survival and proliferation Here we show that metformin impairs the enzymatic function of HKI and II in Calu-1 cells This inhibition virtually abolishes cell glucose uptake and phosphorylation as documented by the reduced entrapment of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose In-silico models indicate that this action is due to metformin capability to mimic G6P features by steadily binding its pocket in HKII The impairment of this energy source results in mitochondrial depolarization and subsequent cell death These results could represent a starting point to open effective strategies in cancer prevention and treatment these data seem to indicate that metformin might reduce cancer fuel supply by directly hampering glucose trans-membrane transport and/or phosphorylation we studied the effect of metformin on the first steps of glucose metabolism in Calu-1 cells derived from human non-small cell lung cancer This approach documented that metformin directly inhibits HK I and HK II function in a dose and time dependent fashion The impairment of these important promoters of cell proliferation contributes to explain the anticancer properties of this biguanide and represents a starting point for effective strategies in cancer prevention and treatment Metformin effect on cancer metabolism was evaluated by estimating Calu-1 cells capability to retain FDG. Metformin treatment decreased tracer uptake in a dose and time dependent manner up to its virtual abolition after 24 hours exposure to 10 mM drug concentration (32.7 ± 1.0% in controls vs 3.1 ± 0.4% in treated cells, p < 0.0001) (Figure 1A). Effect of metformin on Calu-1 cells glucose consumption and HKs activity (A) Cell uptake of FDG was expressed as percentage of total tracer availability according to different metformin concentrations and exposure times 1 mM metformin did not produce any significant modification while tracer uptake decreased after 24 hrs exposure to metformin 5 mM Highest drug concentration (10 mM) caused a significant reduction and virtually abolished glucose consumption at 6 and 24 hr p values are shown for each comparison that was performed by one way analysis of variance (B) Calu-1 HKs activity (expressed as percentage of control) is represented as function of metformin concentrations The reaction was switched on after 10 minutes of metformin pre-incubation with Calu-1 total cell lysate (Lysate) or plus ATP 0.8 mM (Lysate + ATP) or Glucose 100 mM (Lysate + Glu) The reaction was switched on by adding to the solution respectively ATP + Glu (Lysate) Glucose (Lysate + ATP) and ATP (Lysate + Glu) Pre-incubation with metformin and glucose (Lysate + Glu) caused an inhibition of the HK I and II enzymatic activity that was dependent upon metformin concentration This finding was not observed when the enzymes were pre-exposed to metformin alone (Lysate) nor to metformin and ATP (Lysate + ATP) (C) Enzymatic activity (expressed as percentage of control) of human purified HK I HK II and HK IV observed after pre-incubation with glucose and different metformin concentrations The reaction was switched on after 10 minutes by adding to the solution 0.8 mM ATP Metformin induced a dose-dependent inhibition of catalytic activity of HK I and HK II it did not affect enzymatic activity of HK IV (D) Dose dependent interference of ATP on human purified HK II inhibition caused by metformin Phosphorylation rate is expressed as percentage of HKs activity measured after ten minutes pre incubation with glucose (100 mM) and different metformin concentrations and starting the reaction with ATP (0.4–1.2 mM) Starting the reaction with ATP concentrations ≥1.2 mM fully abolished metformin effect ATP levels below 1.2 mM reduced the extent of metformin inhibitory action in a dose dependent fashion * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01:*** = p < 0.001 thus excluding drug effects on trans-membrane glucose transport Molecular mechanism of HK II inhibition by metformin (F) Chemical structure of glucose-6-phosphate (G) Interactions map of the most stable binding mode of metformin in the closed HK II conformation (H) Interactions map glucose-6-phosphate in the closed HK II conformation these data document that the reduced FDG uptake reflects a selective metformin induced impairment of glucose phosphorylation Metformin displaces HK II from Mitochondria (A) HK I (green color) and mitochondria (red color) co-localization under control condition and after treatment with 5 mM metformin for 24 hr Images obtained by immunofluorescence labelling HK I and mitochondria (Mit) show that metformin did not affect HK I interaction with mitochondria (B) Images display the corresponding finding for HK II staining HK II binding to mitochondria is impaired by treatment with 5 mM metformin D) Quantitative measurement of HK I and HK II and mitochondria co-localization under control condition and after metformin treatment Metformin does not affect the binding of HK I to mitochondria (78% ± 4.7 vs 80% ± 5.2 p = ns) while it decreases the binding of HK II to mitochondria (43% ± 3.8 vs 66% ± 5 Metformin treatment impairs mitochondrial function inducing cell death (A) Calu-1 cells were treated for 1 hr with different doses of metformin; ATP and AMP concentrations (μMol/mg of proteins) were determined by enzymatic assay Measured AMP/ATP ratio increased as a function of metformin concentration (B) 10 mM metformin exposure of Calu-1 cells for 24 hr affect mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm) Upper pannels: Bivariate JC-1 analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential by flow cytometry Botton pannels: Immunofluorescence analysis of Calu-1 cells treated with JC-1.Metformin treatment induced an increase of depolarized regions as indicated by the disappearance of red and increase of green fluorescence (C) Apoptosis was evaluated after treating Calu-1 cells with metformin and staining with Annexin-V and propidium iodide (PI) at 24 hr The values indicate the percentage of death (Annexin-V− PI−) and necrotic/advanced apoptotic stage (Annexin-V+ Recent evidence indicates that the widely used anti-hyperglycemic drug metformin has important anticancer properties Its best-characterized action is the respiratory chain complex I inhibition resulting in ATP depletion and AMPK activation significant evidences suggest that metformin can affect glucose metabolism by alternative independent mechanisms The present study demonstrates that metformin decreases FDG uptake by directly inhibiting enzymatic activity of HKII and HKI and mimicking G6P in NSCLC Calu-1 cells It remains to explain how metformin could negatively modulate this mechanism in the presence of different concentration of glucose and metformin HKII Vmax and the Km decrease by the same factor so the ratio of Km/Vmax does not change the value of Ki which is not relevant in this kind of inhibition Our data show that only the HKII closed conformation can steadily harbour different orientations of metformin The region occupied by metformin corresponds to the binding site of G6P inhibitor of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by HKI and HKII but not by HKIV In silico data corroborate with experimental evidences showing that metformin does not inhibit glucokinase (HKIV) which is the only hexokinase isoform that does not show any auto-inhibition by it product G6P metformin shows a competition with ATP as documented by the increase inhibitory effect on HKII activity decreasing ATP concentration Thus ATP depletion induced by metformin treatment should be considered largely advantageous to the inhibitory effect of metformin on HKII In this scenario metformin is proposed to mimic G6P G6P influences HKII release from mitochondrial compartment19 The ability of metformin to mimic and occupy G6P binding site could explain the reduced HKII ability to be localized in mitochondrial compartment Beneficial anticancer effects of metformin are principally attributed to complex I inhibition mitochondrial dysfunction Here we provide evidence of a new effect of metformin associated with mitochondria compartment strengthening metformin as a mitochondrial inhibitor in anticancer strategy The mechanism by which metformin inhibits complex I and the oxidative phosphorylation remained unclear Addition of metformin decreases oxygen consumption and mitochondrial membrane potential only in intact cells but not in permeabilized cells or isolated mitochondria suggest the existence of novel cellular signaling pathway targeted to the respiratory chain complex I In this contest HKII could represent a good upstream candidate target of metformin action In conclusion the key finding of the present study is that metformin inhibits HK II in Calu-1 cells through an allosteric modification of its molecular structure blocking the synthesis of G6P our results demonstrate that HK II inhibition by metformin causes release of this enzyme from the outer membrane of mitochondria thus leading to the activation of apoptotic signals Once extended to other cancer models the blockage of HKII may be therapeutically useful for the management of cancer cells metabolism These results open new strategies not only toward metformin therapy but also for the study of new metformin related compounds Metformin was provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St FDG was produced according to standard methodology Daily quality controls always documented adequate standards and Calu-1 cells were obtained from Interlab Cell Line Collection (ICLC) and cultured in low Glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 2 mM glutamine 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin sulphate at 37°C in 5% CO2 uptake medium was added with PBS and FDG so to obtain a tracer concentration of 1 μCi/mL in each well Glucose-free medium was used for FDG uptake Tracer exposure was maintained for 60 minutes at 37°C Preliminary studies indicated that FDG uptake is linear over this period of time for all cell lines and that there is no depletion of the radioactive substrates from the culture media Cells then rinsed twice in cold PBS and counted to determine cell associated fluorine-18 radioactivity using a Packard Cobra II gamma counter (Packard Washing did not induce significant efflux of FDG as confirmed by preliminary studies comparing FDG uptake of cells washed for different periods of time in the presence or absence of the glucose transport inhibitors This indicates that after an incubation period of 60 minutes almost all FDG was trapped intra cells as FDG6P Radioactivity uptake values were normalized to the number of viable (trypan blue-negative) cells Total RNAs were isolated using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen Oligo dT primer cDNAs were synthesized using the SuperScript® III First-Strand Synthesis SuperMix (Invitrogen Expression analysis was performed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR on a LightCycler 480 (Roche Applied Science Expression data were normalized on the mean of housekeeping gene GAPDH gene expression data obtained in parallel Relative expression values with standard errors and statistical comparisons (one way analysis of variance) were obtained using Q-gene software Calu-1 cell extracts were resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane as previously described (FASEB) Membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C and probed with the following antibodies: anti human HK I (C35C4) and HK II (C64G5) purchased from Cell Signaling Technologies (Boston anti human Actin and Glut1 (SPM498) purchased from Abcam (Cambridge Primary antibodies were detected using a goat anti-mouse or goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP conjugated and developed with ECL substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific were incubated with MitoTracker probe (Life Technologies) and treated as previously described (FASEB) Coverslips were incubated O/N with rabbit anti-HK I (C35C4) or HK II (C64G5) primary antibodies (Cell Signaling Technologies) Specific staining was visualized with a goat anti-Rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody (Molecular Probes USA) washed and mounted using Prolong Gold antifade reagent (Life Technologies Ltd The images were collected using a three-channel TCS SP2 laser-scanning confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems Sequential acquisition was performed to avoid cross-talk between color signals Spatial co-localization was analysed by ImageJ 1.34f software (Wayne Rasband To measure GLUT1 plasma membrane expression Calu-1 cells were fixed with methanol and incubated with the anti-GLUT1 antibody (AbCam A FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse Ig (LiStarFish Samples were analysed with a FACScan (BD Pharmigen the reduction of NADP+ was followed at 340 nm through a coupled reaction with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) The assay mix contained: 100 mM Tris HCl pH 8.5 mM MgCl2 The assay was made on human purified HK II (ProSpec-Tany TechnoGene Ltd Several metformin concentrations (between 0.375 mM and 10 mM) were used The enzyme was incubated with metformin for ten minute before the assay in the absence or in presence of one of the HK substrates No metformin interference with G6PD activity was observed (data not shown) A complete description of in silico methodologies used in this study is available in Supplementary Information lysed with 2.5% Percloric Acid (PCA) and sonicated in ice three times for 10 seconds supernatants containing PCA were collected and neutralized with K2CO3 Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was determined using the cationic dye JC-1 (5,5,6,6-tetrachloro-1,1,3,3-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide) (Life Technologies Ltd Samples were analyzed by a FACScan (BD Pharmigen) or by three-channel TCS SP2 laser-scanning confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems Germany) according to the manufacturer's procedures Apoptosis was determined by annexin V-FITC that was associated with propidium iodide (PI) staining (as an index of cell death) double staining (eBioscience USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions Analysis was performed using FACScan (BD Pharmigen) All experiments were performed >3 times Statistical differences were assessed by ANOVA (SPSS 16.0; SPSS Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation Isoenzymes of mammalian hexokinase: structure subcellular localization and metabolic function Hexokinase-2 bound to mitochondria: Cancer's stygian link to the “Warburg effect” and a pivotal target for effective therapy Apoptosis-inducing antitumor efficacy of hexokinase II inhibitor in hepatocellular carcinoma Hexokinase II detachment from mitochondria triggers apoptosis through the permeability transition pore independent of voltage-dependent anion channels AMPK is a negative regulator of the Warburg effect and suppresses tumor growth in vivo Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action Metformin abolishes increased tumor (18)F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake associated with a high energy diet Glut-1 and hexokinase expression: relationship with 2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in A431 and T47D cells in culture Evaluation of the role of hexokinase type II in cellular proliferation and apoptosis using human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines Glucose sensing by MondoA:Mlx complexes: a role for hexokinases and direct regulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein expression Molecular and cellular regulation of glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins in cancer Correlation between 18F-FDG uptake on PET and molecular biology in metastatic pulmonary tumors me and hexokinase 2: multiple discoveries of key molecular events underlying one of cancers'most common phenotypes elevated glycolysis in the presence of oxygen Freely accessible databases of commercial compounds for high- throughput virtual screenings High aerobic glycolysis of rat hepatoma cells in culture: Role of mitochondrial hexokinase Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and cell death Subcellular localization of Hexokinases I and II directs the metabolic fate of glucose Metformin inhibits breast cancer cell growth colony formation and induces cell cycle arrest in vitro Metformin kills and radiosensitizes cancer cells and preferentially kills cancer stem cells Investigating metformin for cancer prevention and treatment: the end of the beginning Metformin--anadjunct antineoplastic therapy--divergently modulates tumor metabolism and proliferation interfering with early response prediction by 18F-FDG PET imaging Inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in muscle during exercise Characterization of 5′AMP-activated protein kinase activity in the heart and its role in inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase during reperfusion following ischemia 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside and metformin inhibit hepatic glucose phosphorylation by an AMP-activated protein kinase-independent effect on glucokinase translocation X-ray crystallography: Assessment and validation of protein small molecule complexes for drug discovery Challenges in the determination of the binding modes of non-standard ligands in X-ray crystal complexes Journal of computer-aided molecular design 25 Monitoring tumor glucose utilization by positron emission tomography for the prediction of treatment response to epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitors Download references This work was supported by MIUR (PRIN 2010JS3PMZ_009) the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC Start Up grant N 6266).We thank Prof De Flora for his helpful discussion and suggestions Marini Cecilia and Rio Alberto Del contributed equally to this work IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino- IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro CNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM) Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna Michela Massollo & Gianmario Sambuceti Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) BS designed and performed most of the experiments western blot and biochemical experiments; CM produced performed and analysed FDG uptake experiments; AD produced molecular modelling data participated in the design and analysis of biochemical experiments; SR designed produced and analysed biochemical data; MM produced FDG uptake experiments; AMO produced analysed FACS experiments; AA performed RT-PCR experiments; MP performed immunofluorescence experiments; SM participated to perform western blot experiments; UP designed All authors discussed the results and collaborated to write the manuscript The authors declare no competing financial interests This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Download citation Current Treatment Options in Oncology (2024) Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Cancer newsletter — what matters in cancer research Marion Willingham selects her favourite stories in this weekly newsletter My personal style signifiers are my thin wire glasses by the Danish brand Lindberg The last thing I bought and loved was a Japanese teapot with two handles and two spouts. I commissioned my friend, the potter Ido Ferber It’s a traditional teapot but it’s so weird a pair of Lindberg glasses © Paul HempsteadHis two-handled two-spouted Ido Ferber teapot © Paul HempsteadThe place that means a lot to me is the part of rural Japan where I come from is famous for its pottery because of a guy named Shōji Hamada – I grew up nearby My dad is Japanese and my mother is Austrian‑Italian I think the house looks a little bit like a German fachwerk house with exposed wood structures and white walls But it also has a Japanese essence; it’s super-freestyle The best souvenir I’ve brought home was from a recent trip to California. I went to Point Reyes and Inverness for a residency at the JB Blunk Estate – I have a show there in January next year I didn’t want to take a massive chunk but I found three super-tiny pieces that were kind of cute How To Take a Japanese Bath, his favourite recent read © Paul HempsteadThe best book I’ve read in the past year was also from California, from a nice bookshop called Point Reyes Books. I was looking for something super-skinny and found How To Take A Japanese Bath It’s an old step-by-step guide to enjoying a Japanese bath written in English by artist Leonard Koren but with amazing illustrations by a Japanese manga artist called Suehiro Maruo a public bath is quite a big thing – I really enjoy it But it must be hard to follow the rules – like removing debris with a net and adding an insulated cover after bathing – if you don’t know them Kobayashi wears Massimo Osti Studio jacket and trousers at home in his one-roomed open loft in Hackney © Paul HempsteadThe work of art that changed everything for me was a video game called Eve for the original iMac but my uncle from Austria gifted me this collaboration between Peter Gabriel and Yayoi Kusama It was in English so I couldn’t understand any of the words at the time but the music of Peter Gabriel came together with Yayoi Kusama’s paintings in this surrealistic world It followed human history from zero through to the Middle Ages and the industrial age I had a life-changing experience playing this game At the time I didn’t know who Peter Gabriel and Yayoi Kusama were; now I’m like I haven’t thought deeply about the afterlife – I’m already overwhelmed by this life They travelled a lot when they were younger – in India Tibet and Europe – so they picked up lots of different styles before they moved back to the countryside together My mum had super-pink short hair and my dad had dreadlocks When I was very young I was a little shy about it but when I graduated from high school I started to think they were quite cool They had their own identity and didn’t care about what other people thought My favourite gift to give people is a little hand soap that I make in the shape of a hand. My very close family friends have a 240-year-old soap factory in Austria, so they produce it for me. Rio Kobayashi Hand Soap, from £60, hato.store His neon light by Jochen Holz © Paul HempsteadRio Kobayashi Hand Soap, from £60, hato.store © Paul HempsteadAnd the best gift I’ve received is a glass neon light I got from Jochen Holz It’s green-based neon in an organic shape that gets bigger and narrower The last music I downloaded was “Next Levels” by King Geedorah – it’s like jazzy hip-hop A T-shirt by Noriko Okaku, Kobayashi’s latest wardrobe addition © Paul HempsteadThe last items of clothing I added to my wardrobe were two T-shirts by a very talented artist called Noriko Okaku She’s a good friend of Sarah Lucas and was living in her place when she started picking up quotes Sarah was always saying and making T-shirts out of them On the back there’s a drawing of the Cerne Abbas Giant The best way to spend £20 is on scratchcards Every phone call she shows me something new: recently she learnt how to do a “kiss” face because I went to Joshua Tree from LA with one of my friends from Japan so we played everything that could possibly be related to California made by a friend © Paul HempsteadI feel really lost if I don’t have a bicycle I like how quickly you can get from A to B I have a Panasonic bike that was custom-made by a friend who picked up some nice parts and created a kind of mountain bike My favourite app when I have time to kill is Sudoku I believe in life after death because it’s part of Asian culture but I haven’t really thought deeply about it – I’m already overwhelmed by this life A Kobayashi-designed apron hangs on a Martino Gamper hook Beside it is a Barber Osgerby cap © Paul HempsteadIn another life He sometimes brags that he played with Jamiroquai when he was in London with a whole crowd of different people all focused on you You can’t create that kind of vibe with furniture Some of my best ideas have come from having a day off Something interesting always evolves from the jokes Kobayashi reads on his mezzanine in front of an exhibition poster by Åbäke © Paul HempsteadA poster by Keita Takemura for Kobayashi’s first solo show last year along with a lamp by Bethan Laura Wood and a painting by Peter MacDonald © Paul HempsteadRecommended My favourite room in my house is the only room – I have an open loft in Hackney with a mezzanine. I spend most of my time in the living/kitchen space, where I have speakers that I designed, posters for my exhibitions, an IKEA sofa and lots of plants. Usually I have a table, the Fatty Tuna dining table I created with artist James Hague but it has been taken to The Design Museum fish whose names change as they get older are called “career fish” When it went from my living room to The Design Museum An indulgence I would never forgo is really good sushi it’s difficult – either you pay too much money or it’s not authentic But I could never forgo a salmon roll wrapped in nori The best advice I’ve ever received was “don’t think Healthcare workers are on the front lines of the global effort to care for patients with COVID-19 while putting themselves at risk for infection and more — fresh on the job or retired — they are all remembered here we include names of people who did not die from COVID-19 but whose deaths were clearly related to the stress and demands of the pandemic This list is not yet complete, and we need your help to keep it up to date. Please submit names through this form with as much information as possible We rely on the links you include to verify each case We are unfortunately unable to include names without confirmation of their death related to COVID-19 To all who have submitted the names of colleagues this list includes more than 1800 names from 64 countries Capt. César Antonio Carrillo Védova (retired) Bishop Bruce Edward Davis, 57 Shift Leader/Central State Hospital Forensics Lt. Col. Ramón Galué Arévalo South Africa (worked at Isipingo Rail for 50 years and retired in 2015; dedicated his life to his community and his family) Commodore (retired) Jeanne P.M.R. Winaktu Former Director of Indonesian Navy Hospital Former Head of Indonesian Navy Health Service Cite this: In Memoriam: Healthcare Workers Who Have Died of COVID-19 - Medscape - Apr 01 Click the topic below to receive emails when new articles are available You will receive email when new content is published Landini tractors will be produced in Brazil at a new factory being built by the Argo Group of Italy to supply the local market The new facility will be located in Belo Horizonte the capital city of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais and involves an initial investment equivalent to US$13 million (£7.6 million) “The State of Minas Gerais is situated in an ideal geographical area for the production of agricultural equipment thanks to the comprehensive network of parts manufacturers and qualified manpower located in the area,” explains Tiago Bonomo The factory will start manufacturing Landini tractors from 100hp to 180hp before adding models from 60hp The aim is to cover the entire Brazilian market by offering tractors of high level technological quality and creating a widespread dealer network As a result of on-going investment in product research and development at Argo Tractors the Landini range will offer flexible solutions to farming customers in Brazil McCormick and Valpadana tractors in factories at Fabbrico San Martino in Rio and Luzzara in northern Italy New production processes are helping to reduce waste improve productivity and further increase the efficiency of these production assets Argo Group revenues amounted to €480 million (£383 million) in 2013 an increase compared to the 2012 figure of €472.9 milion (£375 million) despite the economic and financial difficulties faced in a number of its target markets The sales volumes achieved meant Argo substantially maintained its portion of the global market recording good sales performance in Africa with exports from Italy accounting for 84.5% of sales revenues EBITDA reached €47.6 million (£38 million) and earnings before taxes were €21.6 million (£17 million) up from €17.3 million (£13.8 million) as a result of improved operational management of the Argo Tractors business Argo Tractors is currently in the midst of its most ambitious new product development and launch programme with new ranges spanning 60-220hp being rolled out this year and further models with continuously variable transmissions and power outputs up to 300hp also in the pipeline Landini tractors are distributed by sales and service affiliate AgriArgo UK based at Harworth near Doncaster Please contact the news editor Daniel Wild by emailing daniel.wild@farminguk.com or ringing 01484 400666 if you have a query regarding the content of this news article everyone in the square in Giavera del Montello where the anticipation for an unprecedented show for families is growing (14.02.2025) The magical season of Carnevali di Marca intensifies its events and heads towards the grand finale in early March Between parades of allegorical floats and shows for families there are six events scheduled for the fifth weekend of Carnevali di Marca starting at 2:30 pm and with the voices of Roberto Biz and Federico Campodall’Orto the second edition of the parade of allegorical floats organized by the municipal administration of Farra di Soligo and Carnevali di Marca starting at the Soligo celebration area and continuing along Via dei Colli Fifteen floats and masked groups are expected on the parade: the “Carlo Brandolini” nursery school of Soligo and the “San Martino” nursery school of Col San Martino (“The magical circus of the little ones”) the “Bruno Munari” nursery school of Farra di Soligo (“Reading the Rabaltai of Ciano del Montello (“Journey in the color of peace”) the Colombera Committee of Cusignana (“Journey”) the Coriandolando Group for Pieve di Soligo (“The Jungle Book”) the Fon Fierun of Corbanese (“Hopi White Eagle”) the Cerletti wine school (“A great wine is made in a great barrel”) the San Rocco Celebration Committee of Gaiarine (“Musica maestro”) the Friends of Levada Group (“Carnival in Rio”) the Parish Group of Nervesa della Battaglia (“Dreaming of the Caribbean”) the Sempre Quei Tezze (“The Farmer Seeks a Wife”) the Selva Carnival Committee (“The Court of King Carnival”) the Quei de Soligo Group (“Peter Pan and the Crew of Soligo”) organized by the Pro Loco and sponsored by the municipal administration the parade of allegorical floats – a recovery of the event not held on 26 January due to bad weather – will start from the central Piazza Martiri della Libertà to go through the streets of the town where the Pro Loco and the municipal administration organize the traditional Carnevale del Mazariol there will be 10 allegorical floats parading through the streets of the center accompanied by the new voice of Jessica Dal Bo The parade will be opened by the Allegorical Association of San Gaetano di Montebelluna (theme: “New Cinema Paradiso”) the Team Costruttori allo Sbando (“The Daltons”) the Ragazzi degli Anni ’80 of Lovadina (“The Rainbow Dragon and the Village of Clouds”) the Gruppo Giovani Anni ’50 of Silea (“The Sea and Its Treasures) the Friends of Ponte Crepaldo of Eraclea (“A Dancing Tribe”) che passione!” of Rossano Veneto (“A Fantastic Story”) the Gruppo Simpabersa APS of San Stino di Livenza (“Dancing with Heroes”) the Friends of via Colombo of Jesolo (“Different Pieces of a Perfect Puzzle”) and the float of the Comitato Colombera of Cusignana (“Journey to the East”) with the organization of the Pro Loco and speaker Nicola Stefani the spotlight will be on one of the most traditional parades of allegorical floats The Sernaglia Carnival has in fact reached its 76th edition having been born in the second half of the 40s of the last century as a moment of closeness to the seasonal emigrants who leave the country to seek fortune abroad which will develop through the streets of Sernaglia starting from Viale Divisione Julia and arriving in Piazza Martiri the dance groups of the allegorical floats will perform on stage until 8 pm when the fireworks display will begin The catwalk will be opened by the float of the Festeggiamenti di Sernaglia della Battaglia association (“I sogni nel cassetto”) Then there is space for the San Rocco Celebration Committee of Gaiarine (“Musica maestro”) the Pro Loco of Cornuda (“The Kingdom of Anubis”) Fon Fierun of Corbanese (“Hopi Aquila Bianca”) the Sempre Quei of Tezze (“The Farmer Seeks a Wife”) The 28th edition of the Corsa Internazionale Oderzo Marcadoc – The hills of Venice deals with tourist cultural and food and wine information of the Marca Trevigiana and the Veneto BUENOS AIRES — Argentina coach Gerardo Martino on Thursday (June 23) named part of his squad for the Rio Olympics but superstar Lionel Messi was not included after being chosen for the Copa America instead Lionel Messi of Argentina reacts after falling down in the first half against the United States during a 2016 Copa America Centenario Semifinal match at NRG Stadium on June 21 The full list of 22 will be revealed in the coming days but not before Sunday’s final of the Copa He won gold at the Beijing Olympics in 2008 but Martino had already decided that the Barcelona star would not compete at both the Copa and the Olympics in August Nine players were named in the squad on Thursday They were Giovani Lo Celso (Rosario Central) Leandro Paredes (Empoli) and Cristian Espinoza (Huracan) Argentina were Olympic champions in 2004 and 2008 and will be favourites in Rio They are in Group D of the competition along with Portugal Todayonline.com and Today Online domains and apps are now part of 'Channelnewsasia.com' domain We know it's a hassle to switch browsers but we want your experience with TODAY to be fast Upgraded but still having issues? Contact us Lionel Messi will focus on the Copa America rather than represent Argentina at the Rio Olympics Argentina star Lionel Messi will not play at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro national team head coach Gerardo Martino has confirmed who is being widely tipped to win a fifth Ballon d'Or crown on Monday will focus on the Copa America in June before getting a break ahead of the 2016-17 season rather than turn out in Brazil at the Games which take place in August Messi was part of the Argentina team that won a gold medal in Beijing in 2008 but Martino does not feel it would be wise to select him as one of the country's three over-23 players later this year "Exposing Leo by using him in another competition after all the football he has played would be overkill in my opinion," the former Barcelona boss told Clarin "It would come back to haunt us in terms of what we have in store in the second half of the year "Common sense dictates that he and other players in his position should only feature in the Copa America "Considering the amount of football in their legs because many of our most important players reach the latter stages of international competitions having played a lot of games I think it is only logical to take the weight of having to play in both the Copa America and the Olympics off their shoulders "I see it as more important for them to be in good shape for World Cup qualifying for them to be able to spend pre-season with their clubs and have a break after the Copa America." In what was the 181st encounter between the neighbouring national teams and the first meeting on neutral territory in 87 years, Argentina produced just enough to exit the Estadio La Portada de la Serena with a 1-0 win over a resilient Uruguay side As is always the case in El Clasico del Rio de la Plata a hostile atmosphere consumed the match from kickoff until the final whistle On the scoreboard, however, Sergio Aguero's name stood alone Here's what you need to know from yet another phenomenal installment of El Clasico del Rio de la Plata: Summing up Javier Mascherano's contribution is near impossible a far cry from how he's deployed at FC Barcelona distributing the ball with unparalleled precision and allowing Argentina's attacking gauntlet to move forward with fluidity 8 - Mascherano made the most passes in this game (84), failing only eight (90.5% accuracy). Boss. pic.twitter.com/QeYAwl9aHb Messi might wear the captain's armband and is indisputably the most talented player on the planet but what the 31-year-old brings to Argentina is almost equally as important to La Albiceleste's hopes of claiming a 15th title Argentina possesses a player with leadership skills who can make immense contributions from one penalty area to the other "The security at the Copa America is a joke .. you can't miss the adventure of sledding: this is one of the most classical and traditional winter pleasures for adults and children Sleds have always been used as a transport mean in the North of Europe: nowadays it is not only a leisure with athletes speeding on the frozen slopes this activity has become more and more popular not only for children almost all ski areas in the Dolomites offer sledge and bob slopes served by lift facilities and sometimes floodlit Val Senales: from Baita Lazaun on the glacier of Val Senales Presulis Hideaway Apartments & Restaurant on the Alpe di Siusi is the i.. situated between Siusi and Fiè allo Sciliar,.. located in Siusi allo Sciliar in South Tyrol The Waldrast - Forestside Living is located at the edge of the forest on th.. The Hotel Bad Ratzes is a family hotel located in the Alpe di Siusi Located between Siusi allo Sciliar and Castelrotto The Gourmet Hotel Sonnalp is situated in Obereggen The Good Life Hotel Zirm is a Ski in Ski Out Hotel The Berghaus Rosengarten Hotel in Nova Levante is a haven of peace surround.. Immersed in an unspoiled landscape between Ortisei and Castelrotto the lifts in the Dolomiti Superski ski area - in summer SuperSummer - are always in action to give tourists an all-round experience in the Dolomites The lifts are open from mid-May until the beginning of November BIKE TRANSPORT INCLUDEDCard not transferable *Kids born after 01/01/2017 will be granted a free card of the same duration as that of the card purchased by an accompanying "paying adult" The free card is intended in the ratio of one child for one accompanying person upon simultaneous purchase New | If you purchased the Dolomiti Superski season skipass in winter you are entitled to a 10% discount on the purchase of the Dolomiti Supersummer season liftpass for the summer Season card Supersummer - VALIDITY from 23/05 to 09/11/2025Adult - € 410Junior (<18 years after 01/01/2007) - € 285Kids (<8 years born after 01/01/2017) - € 205 Argentina has only nine players on its Olympic squad and the president of the Argentine Olympic committee has hinted the country may not be able to send a team.In addition the Argentine federation is facing charges of financial corruption and mismanagement.Gerardo Werthein president of the Argentine Olympic committee said he hoped a team could be assembled for Rio de Janeiro despite some clubs balking at releasing players."I have started talking with the football leadership "The clubs and the people who lead them are more responsible (than AFA) We have worked hand-in-hand...for Argentina to have a team."Argentina's men's team's first game at the Olympics is against Portugal on Aug 4.Martino was previously the head coach of Paraguay taking the team to the quarterfinals of the 2010 World Cup and a runners-up finish in the Copa America.After a spell with Newell's Old Boys he had a season in charge of Barcelona before taking the Argentina job As Brazil comes under the World Cup spotlight life goes on as usual for millions of Brazilians working to make a living in the shanty towns - or favelas The largest favela in Rio de Janeiro is Rocinha where homes are packed together in a sprawling maze of streets and alleys Click on the faces below to explore the city within a city with six of its residents about 6% of Brazil's population live in favelas or shanty-towns - around 11.25 million people across the country there could be even more living in these communities Rocinha is Brazil's largest favela and unofficial estimates say it has up to 180,000 compared to the census figure of just 70,000 The expansion of the favelas - and their irregular and unregulated nature - means that these areas often lack basic services and public investment But even among favelas there can be big social contrasts Favelas with a privileged location like Rocinha have relatively better standards than other shanty towns further away from jobs and services; and even within Rocinha there are richer and much poorer communities The poorer areas are usually higher on the hilltop a majority have running water and about 99% have electricity Sanitation is often a big problem - in Rocinha sewage flows down a large channel in the middle of houses Recent reports suggest 65% of favela residents are a part of Brazil's new middle classes And despite these people's relatively low incomes many of these communities are a long way from being "slums" as they are often portrayed is known as Che because of all the Che Guevara posters in his barbershop He says he has a good life thanks to his job He managed to buy "a cosy house that has everything" - Internet "Rocinha is divided between people that are well off like me and people that are very poor," says Wellington he is also an unofficial postman - he takes care of one of the several mail boxes spread around in Rocinha for people to pick up their letters since Rio's regular mail service doesn't delve deep into the favela's alleyways Wellington says he barely knows the other side of Rio because everything you need is in Rocinha - from banks to health centre and dentists is a tour guide and knows Rocinha inside out He started learning English by himself when he was 12 German and Italian - and has never left Brazil but I see the world every day in my place," says Carlos He works night shifts at a hotel in Rocinha writes poetry and works in arts and crafts Carlos likes to take visitors deep into the favela "I like to walk the favela from top to bottom to show people that the favela is like a city within the city." He says 99% of the visitors are foreigners as Brazilians "don't have the slightest curiosity to get to know the favela Carlos says he likes to take visitors deep into the favela to expose its infrastructure problems and the lack of public investment she moved to Rio de Janeiro in search of work and opportunity She settled in Rocinha and made a living working as a domestic maid Today she divides her time between working as a cleaning lady and selling vegetables in a farmer's market in the upmarket neighbourhood of Leblon Maria das Gracas never finished elementary school and is extremely proud of her daughters two of whom have already made it into university Now she has decided to dust off her books and go back to school takes a shower and puts on her uniform to go to her evening classes "I'm learning a bunch of new words But sometimes I have to ask my daughters for help with my math homework." Maria das Gracas is very proud of her two daughters In an effort to reduce crime in Rio's favelas Brazilian authorities introduced a "pacification" programme a policy of police occupation aimed at regaining control of the territories from drug gangs Major Pricilla Azevedo became the commander of Rocinha's local Pacifying Police Unit (UPP) last year after its officers were accused of the disappearance of a local man shaking public confidence in the programme Major Azevedo took on the challenging role after the state's pacification programme faced a crisis in the community Officers of the local UPP were accused of the disappearance of Amarildo de Souza a bricklayer who vanished after being summoned for interrogation by police - an incident that shook the residents' confidence in the programme The pacification programme has faced serious setbacks with recent attacks by armed groups defying some of the units Major Azevedo was the commander of Rio's first UPP established in December 2008 in the Santa Marta favela in Botafogo says the situation in Rocinha is much better than a year ago She says they sometimes face resistance from criminals who don't want to lose control of their territory but she insists that will not affect the programme as a whole arrived in Rocinha from Brazil's Northeast in the 1960s She helped set up one of the first daycare centres in the shanty town Goncalina still works at the day care centre as a volunteer selling second-hand items in the school shop to raise funds She recalls the days when most of the shacks in the favela were made of thin wood and there was still place for the vegetable plantations in the favela from which the community takes its name Rocinha "When I talk to the oldest people here they say there were big plantations There's none of that anymore - Rocinha has grown and people preferred to build houses." Goncalina says she could move out of the favela but she likes the family atmosphere of the Rocinha community has been working as a moto-taxi driver for eight years helping people overcome Rocinha's slopes and narrow alleyways to reach their destination in the sprawling shanty-town Felipe Ribas makes a living as a moto-taxi driver to help raise his two children He became a father at 18 years of age and had to leave school to start working "My mother was always concerned that I would get involved with drugs But thank god she can be proud of me," he says But his dream is to be a musician - he plays percussion instruments and joins his friends from the Frisson band for sessions playing pagode songs whenever he has a chance Moto-taxi driver by day and musician by night Felipe says life in Rocinha is hard - but there is "no victory without sacrifices" Take a two-minute tour through the streets and alleyways of Rocinha on Felipe Ribas's moto-taxi We've speeded up the video so you can see more of the twists and turns as he weaves through the favela Eduardo Martino (photographer) and Rozalia Hristova (producer) Flash floods in one of the driest regions in the world - Chile's Atacama desert - leave two people dead and 24 missing Need a sub-100hp tractor for routine duties on a livestock unit 
There’s plenty of choice to suit all budgets Sales of 80-100hp tractors may be in steady decline as farms move up the power scale but they are still widely used on stock farms From the most basic models with a simple 12×4 transmission to those sporting a power shuttle multi-speed powershift and high-performance hydraulics Perkins-powered with 16×16/2 synchro shuttle transmission 5t electronic linkage lift from 48-litre (92hp) and 60-litre (102hp) gear pump hydraulics Basic spec tractors with MTZ engines and 14×4 synchro 7×2 or 18×8 transmissions 45-litre/min gear pump hydraulics and 3.7t lift linkage Stockman’s tractor with spec choices including basic Farmyard and Standard models 12×4 or 20×12 synchro shuttle and (from 82hp) 12×12 power shuttle transmissions coupled to FPT 3.2-litre and 4.5-litre four-cylinder engines 50-litre plus 29-litre/min gear pump hydraulics and 3.56t mechanically operated rear linkage Mid-spec tractor with power shuttle transmission – 24×24/2 standard 12×12 and 20×20 options – partnering FPT 3.4-litre four-cylinder engine Gear pump 65- or 84-litre/min hydraulics plus 38-litre/min steering pump and 3.2t and 4.7t electrically operated rear lift Compact but high-spec tractor powered by FPT 3.4-litre four-cylinder engine with ZF 32×32/4 transmission Gear pump hydraulics with 60-litre or 100-litre/min output plus 36-litre/min steering pump optional electric spool valves and electronically controlled 5.4t linkage Compact sub-100hp tractors for livestock farms with 3.2-litre four-cylinder FPT engine driving through Carraro synchro shuttle 12×12 and 20×20 or 24×12/2 power shuttle transmissions 3.1t mechanical or electronic linkage with 59-litre or 85-litre/min gear pump hydraulics higher-spec and low-profile options and choice of 10×10 or 20×20 synchro shuttle and 20- or 30-speed power shuttle transmission with two-speed powershift Powered by Perkins four-cylinder engines; 60-litre/min gear pump hydraulics with separate 40-litre/min steering pump Compact stock tractor with 4-litre SDF engine driving through 10- 30 and 45-speed synchro shuttle transmissions or up to 60×60/3 on higher-spec models with Stop&Go clutch control 55-litre/min hydraulics plus 54-litre/min steering pump New fuller spec option powered by Deutz 3.6-litre compact four-cylinder engine with synchro 10×10 to 40×40/2 creep transmissions Separate 55-litre/min pumps for hydraulic services and steering Lowest power tractors with CVT transmission a single-range Vario with power shuttle coupled to AGCO Power 3.3-litre three-cylinder engines Choice of 48- or 76-litre/min gear pump hydraulics Simple-spec tractors with 4.0-litre four-cylinder in-house engines 16×8 mechanical transmission and 32-litre/min hydraulics Iseki’s most powerful tractors in Britain are powered by three-cylinder 3.3-litre Power engines coupled to a power shuttle 18×18 transmission in the 8080 and a two-speed powershift version (36×36) in the 8100 A 65-litre/min gear pump is supplemented by a 25-litre/min steering pump Latest models of this simple-spec range have switched to 3.4-litre FPT compact four-cylinder engines but Carraro transmissions continue – synchro shuttle 12×12 and 24×24 with mechanical or electric splitter A 67-litre/min gear pump is now matched with a 30-litre steering pump 4.5-litre Deere-engined stockman’s tractor now available only with power shuttle transmission in 16×16 or 32×16/2 configurations but same 70-litre/min hydraulics plus 24-litre dedicated steering pump Newly updated four-model range with improved gear shift and more fuel-efficient Kubota 3.3-litre and 3.7-litre compact four-cylinder engines Power shuttle transmissions are 18×18 for 63hp and 71hp All-new range of stockmen’s tractors powered by Deutz 3.6-litre compact four-cylinder engines Choice of 12×12 and 16×16 transmissions with synchro or power shuttle the latter also 24×24 or 32×32 with two-speed powershift 44-litre or 57-litre/min gear pump hydraulics plus 32-litre/min steering pump Basic-spec stock tractor with synchro shuttle 24×12 and 32×12 transmissions coupled to 3.4-litre Perkins engine and bull gear rear axle 52-litre/min gear pump hydraulics plus 30-litre steering pump and mechanical linkage operation Choice of basic (Techno) and higher spec (TOP) models with single or Dual Power outputs from 3.4-litre Perkins four-cylinder engine synchro 24×12 or 32×16 or power shuttle 36×12/3 or 48×16/3 transmissions mechanical or electronic linkage control from 52-litre/min gear pump hydraulics plus 30-litre steering pump Compact livestock farm tractor coupling 3.3-litre three-cylinder AGCO Power engine and choice of Carraro synchro shuttle 24×24 12×12 or 24×24/2 or power shuttle 24×12/2 transmissions Mechanical 2.5t or 3t linkage control using 62-litre/min gear pump hydraulics Agco Power 3.3-litre three-cylinder engines drive bottom three models in six-model range via power shuttle 16×16/4 all-electronic shift transmission Gear pump hydraulics with 57-litre or 100-litre/min output plus 33-litre steering pump and mechanically controlled 4.3t linkage 3.6-litre Deutz-powered newcomers with wide spec choice including 44-litre or 57-litre gear pump hydraulics plus 32-litre steering pump; 2.7t or 3.3t mechanical or electronic linkage; and 12×12 or 16×16 synchro and power shuttle transmissions plus 24×24/2 and 32×32/2 power shuttle Bigger and more powerful livestock tractor with different power outputs from Perkins four-cylinder 3.4-litre engine on synchro (24×12 32×12) and power shuttle (36×12/3 and 48×16/3) versions Gear pump 52-litre/min hydraulics with 30-litre/min steering pump and 4.35t linkage with mechanical or electronic control large cabbed tractor with 4.4-litre Perkins engine coupled to power shuttle 36×12/3 or 48×16/3 transmission Electronically-controlled 5.5t linkage with 60-litre/min gear pump plus 30-litre/min dedicated to steering Wide spec choice on 3.4-litre FPT four-cylinder engine tractor but all transmissions power shuttle – 12×12 24×24/2 – and hydraulics gear pump with 61-litre or 80-litre/min output plus 36-litre/min steering pump and mechanical 3.5t or 5.4t linkage High-spec compact farm tractor with ZF 16×16/4 or 32×32/4 transmission 3.4-litre compact four-cylinder FPT engine 61-litre or 80-litre/min gear pump hydraulics with 36-litre/min steering pump and mechanically controlled 3.6t or 5.4t linkage SDF 1000 series diesel powered stockman’s tractor with choice of synchro shuttle 15×15 40×40/2 or power shuttle 40×40/2 and 30×30/2 power shuttle transmissions 56-litre plus 37-litre/min hydraulic/steering gear pump hydraulics with mechanical 4.3t linkage control – electronic and 6.6t options on 102hp model Two-model range of light-spec stockmen tractors with 3.3-litre three-cylinder AGCO Power engines coupled to 12×12 power shuttle transmission 3.3t mechanical linkage fed by 55-litre/min gear pump hydraulics better equipped three-cylinder tractors using AGCO Power 3.3-litre engines driving through power shuttle 36×36/3 or 20×20/5 transmissions Gear pump 73-litre/min hydraulics feed 4t or 5.3t electronically operated linkage Simple-spec tractors powered by YTO four-cylinder 4.4-litre engine with 12×4 transmission 50-litre/min gear pump hydraulics and 1.7t mechanical lift linkage Family of stockman tractors with different transmission and detail specification differences powered by Zetor 4.15-litre four-cylinder engines 16×16/2 (Proxima Plus) and power shuttle 24×24/3 (Proxima Power) transmissions; 50-litre/min gear pump hydraulics with 4.2t lift mechanical linkage See also our online tractor database